Ctel Review Mod1

CTEL MODULE 1 REVIEW Language and Language Development

Domain 1: Language Structure and Use 001 Phonology and Morphology 002 Syntax and Semantics 003 Language Functions and Variations 004 Discourse 005 Pragmatics

Domain 2: First and Second Language Development 006 Theories, Process, and Stages of Language Acquisition 007 Theories, Models, and Processes of Second Language Acquisition 008 Cognitive, Linguistic, and Physical Factors Affecting Language Development 009 Affective Factors Affecting Language Development 010 Sociocultural and Political Factors Affecting Language Development

001 - Phonology and Morphology CTEL Handbook Chapter 1 Pgs 13-23 Participant Manual pg 12-13

A group of elementary beginning level English Learners has difficulty pronouncing a particular English phoneme. Which of the following strategies is likely to be the most effective first step in addressing the students‘ difficulty? A. using meaningful minimal pair activities, such as rhyming words in poems and songs, to develop the students' ability to identify and produce the phoneme in the context of whole words B. using an illustration or model of a human mouth to point out to the students the specific parts of the mouth and point of articulation involved in producing the phoneme C. reading aloud meaningful connected discourse, such as dialogues and stories that contain instances of the phoneme, to expose the students implicitly to the phoneme in the context of whole paragraphs D. repeating the phoneme several times while pointing to its corresponding letter(s) on an alphabet chart to prompt the students to associate the phoneme with its most common graphic representation(s) Sample Question 001

A group of elementary beginning level English Learners has difficulty pronouncing a particular English phoneme. Which of the following strategies is likely to be the most effective first step in addressing the students‘ difficulty? A. using meaningful minimal pair activities, such as rhyming words in poems and songs, to develop the students' ability to identify and produce the phoneme in the context of whole words Correct Response: A. (KSA: 001) Minimal pair activities demonstrate a contrast between two similar phonemes (e.g., van/ban, sheep/ship). Contextualized minimal pair activities, such as rhyming words in poems and songs, are likely to be effective for actively engaging elementary beginning-level English Learners in discriminating and producing phonemes that are causing them difficulty (e.g., phonemes that are not transferable from the primary language). Sample Question 001

002 Syntax and Semantics CTEL Handbook Chapter 1 Pgs 23-30 Participant Manual pg 14-15

Read the sentences below and answer the question that follows. We worked hard on the bake sale. To raise money for the class trip. Students in an early-advanced ELD class frequently make mistakes in their writing similar to the one underlined above. The first step the teacher should take in addressing this problem is to help the students learn how to do which of the following? A. distinguish between phrase fragments and complete sentences B. distinguish between coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions C. distinguish between prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases D. distinguish between gerund phrases acting as subjects and those acting as direct objects Sample Question 002

The first step the teacher should take in addressing this problem is to help the students learn how to do which of the following? A. distinguish between phrase fragments and complete sentences Correct Response: A. (KSA: 002) Complete sentences require both a subject and a predicate. The underlined portion of the passage represents a fragment that has neither a subject nor a predicate. As a first step in learning how to construct complete sentences, students making this type of mistake need to learn how to distinguish between phrase fragments and complete sentences. Sample Question 002

003 Language Functions and Variations CTEL Handbook Chapter 1 Pgs 30-33, 43-48 Participant Manual pg 17-20

A person may choose to use different variations of a language depending on the context of a discourse. Which of the following situations best illustrates this phenomenon? A. A person uses one set of vocabulary words and language structures when discussing a topic with friends but uses another set when discussing the same topic with colleagues. B. A teacher who speaks both English and Spanish asks parents and guardians which language they would prefer to use during parent-teacher conferences. C. An English Learner uses double negatives when speaking or writing in English in class but constructs the negative correctly when completing language exercises. D. A person who grew up speaking a regional dialect moves to another part of the United States and continues to use the native dialect with which he or she is comfortable. Sample Question 003

A person may choose to use different variations of a language depending on the context of a discourse. Which of the following situations best illustrates this phenomenon? A. A person uses one set of vocabulary words and language structures when discussing a topic with friends but uses another set when discussing the same topic with colleagues. Correct Response: A. (KSA: 003) People regularly vary their speech (e.g., word choice, complexity of syntax) based on the context of a discourse. Typically, this stylistic variation relates to adjustments in the level of formality of language use and is influenced by the degree of social distance between the speaker and his or her conversational partner(s). A common example of this phenomenon is when a person uses a different style of speech with friends than with colleagues to discuss the same topic. Sample Question 003

004 - Discourse CTEL Handbook Chapter 1 Pgs 33-39 Participant Manual pg 21-23

Which of the following activities is likely to be most effective in helping high school English Learners develop familiarity with standard discourse structures and conventions used in academic essays? A. helping students analyze sample essays and construct graphic organizers illustrating the structure of different types of essays, which they can refer to when drafting their own essays B. asking students to review samples of different types of essays and to identify the vocabulary and grammatical structures the samples have in common C. providing students with copies of essays that have key content-related vocabulary words omitted and asking the students to try to fill in the missing words D. having a small group of students brainstorm a topic for an essay, after which each student writes a short draft of an essay that is analyzed by the rest of the group Sample Question 004

Which of the following activities is likely to be most effective in helping high school English Learners develop familiarity with standard discourse structures and conventions used in academic essays? A. helping students analyze sample essays and construct graphic organizers illustrating the structure of different types of essays, which they can refer to when drafting their own essays Correct Response: A. (KSA: 004) Different types of academic essays use different text structures (e.g., attributive, compare/contrast, problem/solution). Analyzing each of these text structures based on representative sample essays helps English Learners become familiar with the features, components, and organization of each essay type. Creating a graphic organizer that provides a concrete visual outline of each text structure further facilitates students' understanding of different essay types and also provides them with a tool for helping them construct their own essays. Sample Question 004

005 - Pragmatics CTEL Handbook Chapter 1 Pgs 39-43 Participant Manual pg 24-27

In order to develop pragmatic competence as a writer, a student must pay most attention to which of the following? A. lexical specificity B. audience and purpose C. syntactic complexity D. structure and organization Sample Question 005

In order to develop pragmatic competence as a writer, a student must pay most attention to which of the following? B. audience and purpose Correct Response: B. (KSA: 005) Pragmatic competence is associated with a person's awareness of the effects of context on language use. A writer with well-developed pragmatic competence will adjust the features of his or her writing (e.g., formality of language use) based on contextual factors, such as the target audience and intended purpose for writing. Sample Question 005

006 Theories, Process, and Stages of Language Acquisition CTEL Handbook Chapter 2 Pgs 49-54 Participant Manual pg 32-35

Which of the following is the primary tenet of social-interactionist theories of language acquisition? A. Language learners need to be exposed to comprehensible input that is at a slightly higher level of difficulty than they can currently produce in the target language. B. Language learners need a "silent period" to develop their receptive language skills in a target language before they can produce meaningful discourse. C. Language learners acquire a target language over time by developing an interlanguage that increasingly resembles the target language. D. Language learners need to have meaningful opportunities to negotiate meaning with others and to construct comprehensible output in the target language Sample Question 006

Which of the following is the primary tenet of social-interactionist theories of language acquisition? D. Language learners need to have meaningful opportunities to negotiate meaning with others and to construct comprehensible output in the target language Correct Response: D. (KSA: 006) Proponents of social-interactionist theories of language acquisition emphasize the role of social interaction in language development. They believe that language learners develop proficiency in a target language by engaging in meaningful interactions with adults and peers in the environment, which provides them with opportunities to negotiate meaning and to produce comprehensible output. Sample Question 006

007 Theories, Models, and Processes of Second Language Acquisition CTEL Handbook Chapter 2 Pgs 54-67 Participant Manual pg 36-41

Students in a seventh-grade intermediate level ELD class are giving oral reports. The teacher encourages the students in the audience to raise their hands during each presentation to ask the speaker to repeat or explain things that they do not understand. Participating in this way helps promote English Learners' communicative competence primarily by: A. helping them apply cognitive processes for synthesizing and internalizing language. B. ensuring that instruction is within their zones of proximal development. C. promoting their development of social language-learning strategies. D. enhancing their awareness of grammatical features of communication. Sample Question 007

Participating in this way helps promote English Learners' communicative competence primarily by: C. promoting their development of social language-learning strategies. Correct Response: C. (KSA: 007) An important aspect of developing communicative competence in a new language is learning how to compensate for one's deficiencies (e.g., lack of familiarity with specific vocabulary or language structures used by a speaker). Social language-learning strategies (e.g., repetition, elaboration, requests for clarification) are the primary tools language learners use to compensate for such language deficiencies and to negotiate meaning in new contexts. Encouraging English Learners to ask a speaker to repeat or explain things during oral presentations promotes and reinforces students' development of key social language-learning strategies. Sample Question 007

008 Cognitive, Linguistic, and Physical Factors Affecting Language Development CTEL Handbook Chapter 2 Pgs 70-74, 77-80 Participant Manual pg 44

Which of the following is the best example of an instructional unit based on the transformative approach to multicultural curriculum reform? A. a thematic unit on Thanksgiving that focuses on the subsistence activities of Native Americans in early New England B. a thematic unit on Thanksgiving that examines the cultural and religious origins of the celebration C. a thematic unit on Thanksgiving that explores the perspectives of both the Native Americans and the English colonists in early New England D. a thematic unit on Thanksgiving that traces the diffusion of the celebration to cultural regions outside New England Sample Question 008

Which of the following is the best example of an instructional unit based on the transformative approach to multicultural curriculum reform? C. a thematic unit on Thanksgiving that explores the perspectives of both the Native Americans and the English colonists in early New England Correct Response: B. (KSA: 008) For English Learners at the early-intermediate level, comprehensible input in an academic setting would require language that is modified for students‘ developmental level and involves the use of paraphrase and repetition as well as multimodal contextual support. Comprehensible output is facilitated for these students by providing them with meaningful, purposeful contexts within which to negotiate meaning with conversational partners. A science experiment that includes teacher demonstration, partner work, and small-group discussion will likely provide students with rich opportunities for both comprehensible input and output. Sample Question 008

009 Affective Factors Affecting Language Development CTEL Handbook Chapter 2 Pgs 74-77 Participant Manual pg 45

Which of the following approaches to providing English Learners with feedback is likely to be most effective in creating an environment that promotes their English language development? A. The teacher regularly points out students' errors immediately and explicitly. B. The teacher primarily provides feedback to those students whose language usage is most problematic. C. The teacher regularly rephrases significant usage errors, ignoring random errors that do not affect a message's comprehensibility. D. The teacher primarily uses contrastive analysis when choosing what errors to correct, ignoring those errors that are not directly linked to primary-language interference. Sample Question 009

Which of the following approaches to providing English Learners with feedback is likely to be most effective in creating an environment that promotes their English language development? C. The teacher regularly rephrases significant usage errors, ignoring random errors that do not affect a message's comprehensibility. Correct Response: C. (KSA: 009) In natural settings, both first- and second-language learners are corrected on only a small number of their most global language errors. In a language classroom, excessive error correction can interrupt the flow of communication and negatively impact student self-esteem and motivation. A teacher can most effectively promote English Learners' fluent language use by implicitly correcting only those errors that interfere significantly with the meaning of a message. Sample Question 009

010 Sociocultural and Political Factors Affecting Language Development CTEL Handbook Chapter 2 Pgs 81-89 Participant Manual pg 46

A high school regularly sponsors and promotes multicultural events and activities. This factor is most likely to lead to which of the following outcomes for English Learners in the school? A. It will tend to lessen the likelihood that English Learners will acculturate successfully in U.S. mainstream culture. B. It will tend to raise English Learners' self-esteem and thus facilitate their acquisition of English. C. It will tend to expand English Learners' understanding of educational and career opportunities. D. It will tend to increase cultural dissonance in the school among students from different cultural groups. Sample Question 010

A high school regularly sponsors and promotes multicultural events and activities. This factor is most likely to lead to which of the following outcomes for English Learners in the school? B. It will tend to raise English Learners' self-esteem and thus facilitate their acquisition of English. Correct Response: B. (KSA: 010) A school that sponsors multicultural events and activities recognizes and accepts student diversity. This creates a welcoming school climate that respects students' cultural backgrounds. Because culture and language are so integrally connected, this culturally inclusive environment is likely to facilitate English Learners' language acquisition by increasing their sense of well-being and self-worth. Sample Question 010

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