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This document discusses environmental psychology and how environmental disasters affect the psyche. It defines environmental psychology as studying the relationship between humans and their environment, incorporating how humans impact the environment and vice versa. The document outlines the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the DSM and how natural disasters as well as human-made disasters like terrorism can lead to symptoms of PTSD, especially intrusive thoughts, avoidance, numbing and hyperarousal. It notes that women and certain groups may be more vulnerable to adverse impacts of disasters.
Culminating presentation
- 1. A Michael Middleton PresentationA Michael Middleton Presentation
- 2. Environmental Psychology:Environmental Psychology: How Environmental Disasters AffectHow Environmental Disasters Affect the Psychethe Psyche
- 3. Environmental Psychology Defined:Environmental Psychology Defined: ● A broad and interdisciplinary field of studyA broad and interdisciplinary field of study concentrating on the relationship betweenconcentrating on the relationship between humans and their environment.humans and their environment. ● Sustainability issues have pushed theSustainability issues have pushed the boundaries of this field of study. It now moreboundaries of this field of study. It now more fully incorporates the effects of humans onfully incorporates the effects of humans on their environment as well as the environmenttheir environment as well as the environment on them. Technology and societal issueson them. Technology and societal issues factor heavily in this field of psychology.factor heavily in this field of psychology.
- 4. ““...an encounter between a hazard (forces of...an encounter between a hazard (forces of harm) and a human population in harm's way,harm) and a human population in harm's way, influenced by the ecological context, creatinginfluenced by the ecological context, creating demands that exceed the coping capacity of thedemands that exceed the coping capacity of the affected community”affected community” (Ursano, 69).(Ursano, 69). A Definition of Disaster.A Definition of Disaster.
- 5. Consider the implications of that definition.Consider the implications of that definition.
- 6. Two Types of DisastersTwo Types of Disasters NaturalNatural ● EarthquakesEarthquakes ● TornadoesTornadoes ● FloodsFloods ● HurricanesHurricanes ● FiresFires ● TsunamiTsunami ● AvalancheAvalanche Human-MadeHuman-Made ● TerrorismTerrorism ● Oil SpillsOil Spills ● Chemical leaksChemical leaks ● NuclearNuclear ● MiningMining ● WarWar ● TechnologicalTechnological
- 7. Two Types of DisastersTwo Types of Disasters NaturalNatural ● EarthquakesEarthquakes ● TornadoesTornadoes ● FloodsFloods ● HurricanesHurricanes ● FiresFires ● TsunamiTsunami ● AvalancheAvalanche Human-MadeHuman-Made ● TerrorismTerrorism ● Oil SpillsOil Spills ● Chemical leaksChemical leaks ● NuclearNuclear ● MiningMining ● WarWar ● TechnologicalTechnological
- 8. Disasters Overlap as TechnologyDisasters Overlap as Technology Advances.Advances. Ask yourself how many of the examples given inAsk yourself how many of the examples given in the previous slide occurred during thethe previous slide occurred during the Fukushima Earthquake in Japan? Are thereFukushima Earthquake in Japan? Are there more examples that aren't listed?more examples that aren't listed?
- 9. External Events That Can Help induceExternal Events That Can Help induce Trauma in Disaster VictimsTrauma in Disaster Victims ““destruction of their dwelling, substantial property loss, loss ofdestruction of their dwelling, substantial property loss, loss of job, exposure to traumatic stimuli, familiarity andjob, exposure to traumatic stimuli, familiarity and identification with victims, worry about safety of significantidentification with victims, worry about safety of significant others, stress reactions of significant others, preexistingothers, stress reactions of significant others, preexisting stress, major trauma or loss especially within the laststress, major trauma or loss especially within the last year,year, lack of social support, lack of material support, and poorlack of social support, lack of material support, and poor coping skillscoping skills based on past experiences” (Myers, 42).based on past experiences” (Myers, 42).
- 10. External Events That Can Help induceExternal Events That Can Help induce Trauma in Victims dealing with violentTrauma in Victims dealing with violent Disasters.Disasters. ““Lack of warning, lack of familiarity, weapons that can't beLack of warning, lack of familiarity, weapons that can't be easily seen or identified, a wide spread perception thateasily seen or identified, a wide spread perception that government response systems aregovernment response systems are not prepared, seriousnot prepared, serious threat to personal safety, a sudden change in scene andthreat to personal safety, a sudden change in scene and realityreality (such as a building being there one moment and(such as a building being there one moment and destroyed the next), the scope of destruction, the amount ofdestroyed the next), the scope of destruction, the amount of fatalities, exposure tofatalities, exposure to gruesome or grotesque situations,gruesome or grotesque situations, intentional human causality, intensity of emotions andintentional human causality, intensity of emotions and psychological reactions, high degree of uncertainty, lack ofpsychological reactions, high degree of uncertainty, lack of personal control or accurate information, immediate or longpersonal control or accurate information, immediate or long term healthterm health problems”problems” (Myers, 239-246).(Myers, 239-246).
- 11. Post Traumatic Stress DisorderPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion according to the DSMCriterion according to the DSM
- 12. Criterion A: StressorCriterion A: Stressor The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in whichThe person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present:both of the following have been present: ● The person has experienced, witnessed, or been confrontedThe person has experienced, witnessed, or been confronted with an event or events that involve actual or threatened deathwith an event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneselfor serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others.or others. ● The person's response involved intense fear,helplessness, orThe person's response involved intense fear,helplessness, or horror. Note: in children, it may be expressed instead byhorror. Note: in children, it may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior.disorganized or agitated behavior.
- 13. What disaster events might cause someone toWhat disaster events might cause someone to experience symptoms of Criterion (A) ?experience symptoms of Criterion (A) ?
- 14. Criterion B: Intrusive RecollectionCriterion B: Intrusive Recollection The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of theThe traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one of the following ways:following ways: ● Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, includingRecurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: in young children, repetitive playimages, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: in young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed.may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed. ● Recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: in children, there may beRecurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: in children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable contentfrightening dreams without recognizable content ● Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a senseActing or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociativeof reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes,including those that occur upon awakening or whenflashback episodes,including those that occur upon awakening or when intoxicated). Note: in children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur.intoxicated). Note: in children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur. ● Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues thatIntense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event. ● Physiologic reactivity upon exposure to internal or external cues thatPhysiologic reactivity upon exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic eventsymbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
- 15. What events might cause these symptoms outside of a warWhat events might cause these symptoms outside of a war environment?environment?
- 16. Criterion C: avoidant/numbingCriterion C: avoidant/numbing Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing ofPersistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by atgeneral responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by at least three of the following:least three of the following: ● Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with theEfforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the traumatrauma ● Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of theEfforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the traumatrauma ● Inability to recall an important aspect of the traumaInability to recall an important aspect of the trauma ● Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activitiesMarkedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities ● Feeling of detachment or estrangement from othersFeeling of detachment or estrangement from others ● Restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings)Restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings) ● Sense of foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career,Sense of foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span)marriage, children, or a normal life span)
- 17. Have you experienced one of these symptoms?Have you experienced one of these symptoms? How might it feel to experience three of themHow might it feel to experience three of them simultaneously?simultaneously?
- 18. Criterion D: hyper-arousalCriterion D: hyper-arousal Persistent symptoms of increasing arousal (not present before thePersistent symptoms of increasing arousal (not present before the trauma), indicated by at least two of the following:trauma), indicated by at least two of the following: ● Difficulty falling or staying asleepDifficulty falling or staying asleep ● Irritability or outbursts of angerIrritability or outbursts of anger ● Difficulty concentratingDifficulty concentrating ● Hyper-vigilanceHyper-vigilance ● Exaggerated startle responseExaggerated startle response
- 19. Though rape may not be immediately thought ofThough rape may not be immediately thought of as part of enviromental psychology,theseas part of enviromental psychology,these symptoms are especially prevalent in rapesymptoms are especially prevalent in rape victims.victims. In a meta-analysis of 160 samples of disaster victims over 20In a meta-analysis of 160 samples of disaster victims over 20 years, it was found that in 94% of the samples, females wereyears, it was found that in 94% of the samples, females were “more adversely impacted irrespective of if they were children,“more adversely impacted irrespective of if they were children, adolescents, or adults...”adolescents, or adults...” (Myers, 58).(Myers, 58).
- 20. Criterion E: durationCriterion E: duration Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in B, C, and D) is more thanDuration of the disturbance (symptoms in B, C, and D) is more than one monthone month.
- 21. Often soldiers will fake normalcy in order toOften soldiers will fake normalcy in order to continue with their duties making this criteriacontinue with their duties making this criteria difficult to ascertain in their situationdifficult to ascertain in their situation.
- 22. Criterion F: functional significanceCriterion F: functional significance The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairmentThe disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. ● Specify if:Specify if: Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than three monthsAcute: if duration of symptoms is less than three months Chronic: if duration of symptoms is three months or moreChronic: if duration of symptoms is three months or more ● Specify if:Specify if: With or Without delay onset: Onset of symptoms at least six monthsWith or Without delay onset: Onset of symptoms at least six months after the stressorafter the stressor
- 23. Keep in mind that trauma can have varying effectKeep in mind that trauma can have varying effect on different socioeconomic groups as well as ageon different socioeconomic groups as well as age groups. Traumatic experiences do not necessarilygroups. Traumatic experiences do not necessarily indicate a person will suffer from PTSD, but thereindicate a person will suffer from PTSD, but there is a strong correlation between disaster eventsis a strong correlation between disaster events and this particular disorder.and this particular disorder.
- 24. Questions to consider.Questions to consider. ● How might you react to an environmentalHow might you react to an environmental disaster and how might that differ from otherdisaster and how might that differ from other traumatic events?traumatic events? ● How are natural environmental disastersHow are natural environmental disasters different from other disaster events such asdifferent from other disaster events such as terrorism?terrorism?
- 25. Works CitedWorks Cited Fullerton, Carol, and Robert Ursano.Fullerton, Carol, and Robert Ursano. Textbook of Disaster PsychiatryTextbook of Disaster Psychiatry. New York: Cambridge. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.University Press, 2007. Print. Myers, Diane.Myers, Diane. Disaster Mental Health ServicesDisaster Mental Health Services. New York: Routledge Taylor& Francis Group,. New York: Routledge Taylor& Francis Group, 2005. Print.2005. Print. "PTSD Screening Instruments.""PTSD Screening Instruments."United States Department of Veterans AffairsUnited States Department of Veterans Affairs. US Department of. US Department of Veterans Affairs, 02 Nov 2012. Web. 4 Apr 2013.Veterans Affairs, 02 Nov 2012. Web. 4 Apr 2013.