DAMPING AND WAVES.pptx physics and its laws
- 2. DAMPING AND WAVES DAMPING WAVES AND THEIR TYPES CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES BY HAMZA, SANAN, KASHAN, ALI, ABDULLAH AND JOSHWA
- 3. DAMPING Damping is the effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of vibrations of an oscillating system. EXAMPLE If you were to swing a ball attached to the end of a string hanging on the ceiling, you would eventually see that it comes to a stop. This is called damping.
- 4. WAVES A wave is a disturbance that moves outward from its point of origin, transferring energy by means of vibrations with little or no transport of medium.
- 5. Types of waves on the basis of medium requirement 1. MECHANICAL WAVES 2. ELCTROMEGNATIC WAVES
- 6. 1. MECHENICAL WAVES Such type of waves which require material medium to propagate from one point to another are called mechanical waves. If medium does not exist, mechanical wave cannot travel from one point to another. Examples such as sound waves, and waves produced in water by throwing stone.
- 7. 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Such type of waves which do not require material medium to propagate from one point to another are called electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves consists of electric and magnetic fields. Examples of electromagnetic waves are x-rays, light waves, ultraviolet rays etc.
- 9. Types of waves on the basis of propagation 1. TRANSVERSE WAVES 2. LONGITUDINAL WAVES
- 10. 1. TRANSVERSE WAVES Such type of waves in which the disturbance of the particles occur perpendicular to the direction of motion of the waves are called transverse waves. Waves produced in water is an example of transverse waves.
- 11. A wave’s crest is its highest point, and its trough is its lowest point. A wave’s amplitude is the maximum distance (positive or negative) a wave reaches from its rest position. Wavelength is the distance between the same spot on two sections of a wave. A wave’s frequency can be measured by how many crests (or how many troughs) pass a location in a certain amount of time.
- 12. 2. LONGITUDINAL WAVES Such type of waves in which the disturbance occurs parallel to the line of travel of the waves are called longitudinal waves. Spring is a good example of longitudinal waves.
- 13. Characteristics Of waves Some of the characteristics of waves are as follows. A. Wave Cycle: A wave cycle is the complete up-and-down motion of a wave, from one crest to the next crest, or from one trough to the next trough. A wave cycle is represented by “N”.
- 14. B. Frequency: The number of waves that passes through some point per unit time is called the frequency of the waves. Mathematically it can be written as, f = 𝑁 𝑡 Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
- 15. C. Time Period: The time required for one wave to pass through the certain point is called the time period. It is the time any vibrating element of wave takes to move through one complete oscillation. It is represent by “T” and its unit is second (s). Mathematically: T = 1 f (1)
- 16. D. Wave Speed: The distance travelled by a wave per unit time is called wave speed. Mathematically: v = Δ𝑑 Δ𝑡 (1.1) If a wave travels distance equal to its wavelength”λ”, then the time taken will be equal to its time period. Putting the values in eq. 1.1 v = λ 𝑇 (1.2) A frequency is reciprocal of time period in eq.1, putting in eq. 1.2 v = f λ (2) Equation 2 is the universal wave equation used for all types of waves irrespective their nature.