Data acquisition & control

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Digital Data Acquisition System & control
KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH
CENTER
PRESENTATION
ON
GUIDED BY:- Presented BY:-
VISHAL THAKKAR Patel Andil (13-39)
SUBJECT:-Industrial Instrumentation

TOPICS TO BE COVERED:-
● Introduction
● Need of data Acquisition system
● Objective of Data Acquisition System
● Data Acquisition
● Analog Data Acquisition system
● Single channel DAS
● Multichannel DAS
● Multichannel Analog Multiplexed system
● Multiplexing o/p of Sample/Hold circuit
● Multiplexing after A/D conversion
● Computer based DAS
● Application of DAS
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Introduction
● A data acquisition system consists of many components that are
integrated to:
● Sense physical variables (use of transducers).
● Condition the electrical signal to make it readable by an A/D board.
● Convert the signal into a digital format acceptable by a computer.
● Process, analyze, store, and display the acquired data with the
help of software .
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Need of DAS
● Data acquisition systems interface between the real world of
physical parameters, which are analog, and the artificial world of
digital computation and control.
● DAQ are used widely because they are low cost, accurate, and
relatively simple to implement.
● Data acquisition systems are capable of measuring hundreds of
variables simultaneously.
● They are now used by most engineers and scientists for laboratory
research, industrial control, test, and measurement of input and
output data to and from a computer.
● Industries that presently employ such automatic systems include
steel making, food processing, paper production, oil refining, chemical
manufacturing, textile production, cement P. 4

Objective of Data Acquisition System
● The data acquisition system must acquire the necessary data at
correct speed & at the correct time.
● It must use all the data efficiently to inform the operator about the
state of the plant.
● It must monitor the operation of complete plant .
● It must provide effective human communication system which helps in
identifying the problem areas.
● It must be able to collect, summaries & store data properly for
diagnosis.
● It must be able to compute unit performance indices using real time
communication. P. 5

P.6
Data Acquisition System
Block Diagram

Flow Of Information DAS
1. The input transducers measure some property of the environment.
2. The output from the transducers is conditioned (amplified, filtered..)
3. The conditioned analog signal is digitized using an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC).
4. The digital information is acquired, processed and recorded by the
computer.
5. The computer may then modify the environment by outputting control
signals. The digital control signals are converted to analog signals using a
digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
6. The analog signals are conditioned (e.g. amplified and filtered)
appropriately for an output transducer.
7. The output transducer interacts with the environment. P. 7

Analog Data Acquisition System
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Transducers
●Transducer is used to convert the physical quantity into an electrical
signal.
Examples:
● Strain gauge
● Thermocouple
● Piezoelectric device
● The transducer generate a voltage proportional to physical quantity being
measured.
● This voltage is applied to data acquisition system as a input.
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Signal Conditioning
● The output of transducer is a representation of physical signal, which
we have to measure.
● This signal has to be modified before it becomes usable & satisfactory
to drive the signal presentation stage.
●The proper representation of analog or digital signal obtained from the
signal conditioning stage.
● The conditioning equipment required for process like
● Amplification
● Attenuation
● Integration
● Differentiation
● Subtraction
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Multiplexers
● It allows a single channel to share it with more than one input quantity.
It accept multiple analog input.
● With the help of multiplexer we can transmit more than one quantity
using same channel.
● The multiplexers are mostly used when many quantities are to be
transmitted.
● Also when the distance between the source & distance is more
multiplexers are used.
● Multiplexers reduce the cost of installation, maintenance & periodic
replacement of channels if those are used for separate i/p signal.
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Calibrating Equipment
● Before each test, the calibration is carried out. This is called pre-
calibration.
● Similarly after each test calibration is carried out & it is called post-
calibration.
● It is usually consists millivolt calibration of all i/p ckt & shunt calibration
of all bridge type transducer.
Visual display devices
● These are used to monitor the i/p signal continuously. These devices
includes panel meters ,storage CRD ,CROs etc.
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Analog recorders
● These are required to record the o/p signal. The analog recorders
includes the strip chart recorder, magnetic tape recorder etc.
Analog computers
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● These are used as data reduction device. The o/p voltage of the
analog computer may be converted to digital form for further
computation.
● Even though the accuracy of analog computation is comparatively
less than the digital one the analog computers are used because of its
less cost.

Single channel DAS
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● It’s basically working as the common analog DAS. Same components
are used for it.

Multichannel DAS
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● The individual analog signal are applied to signal conditioning circuit.
These signal are then multiplexed. Sample & Hold is used to store the
previous data. This signal is then digitized. When conversion is complete
the status line form converter cause the S/H to return to sample mode &
acquires the signal of the next channel.

Sample & Hold circuit
● Sample and hold circuits are used in linear systems. In some kinds of
analog-to-digital converters, the input is compared to a voltage
generated internally from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
● The circuit tries a series of values and stops converting once the
voltages are equal, within some defined error margin. If the input value
was permitted to change during this comparison process, the resulting
conversion would be inaccurate and possibly unrelated to the true input
value.
● Such successive approximation converters will often incorporate
internal sample and hold circuitry. In addition, sample and hold circuits
are often used when multiple samples need to be measured at the
same time. Each value is sampled and held, using a common sample
clock.
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Implementation of Sample & Hold circuit
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● The simplest implementation of a S&H circuit is shown below. The
voltage V’ would ideally stay constant in the hold mode by having a
value equal to Vin at the instance of clock going low. But there are two
error sources due to switch:
1.The channel charge go to both junctions to causes negative glitches.
If source impedance of Vin is small, then the glitch is small and last a
short duration.
2.2. The channel charge go to V’ causes a negative voltage that is long
lasting

Implementation of Sample & Hold circuit
● In above fig. When switch s is closed then ,
Vout(t) = Vin(t)
● When switch is opened the capacitor C holds the i/p voltage to the last
t(sampled) value, because negligible current is drawn by the follower.
Therefore,
Vout (t – t sampled) = Vin * (t sampled)
●The type of capacitor used for this application is important. A low
leakage capacitor such as a polystyrene or polypropylene type would be a
good choice.
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Multichannel Analog Multiplexed System
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Multichannel Analog Multiplexed System
●In this system, there is a single analog to digital converted preceded
by a multiplexer. The individual analog signal are applied directly. They
are amplified & signal conditioned to the multiplexer. Then analog to
digital converter convert these analog signals to digital signals.
● For the utilization of time , the multiplexer gets or selects new
channel to be converted while the previous data stored in the sample &
hold circuit is converted into digital form
● when this conversion completes the status line from the converter
makes the sample & hold circuit to go back to sample mode.
●This process is comparatively slower but has obvious advantage of
low cost due to sharing of more than one channel
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Multiplexed output of sample/hold circuit
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Multiplexed output of sample/hold circuit
● When more no of channels are to be monitored at the same time, the
multiplexing of the o/p of sample & hold circuit is done.
●In this case, each sample & hold circuit is attached to each channel. They
are synchronously updated by timing circuit.
● The sample & hold circuit are first multiplexed & then they are connected
to analog to digital converter.
●The advantage of this multiplexing techniques is that this is moderately
faster than earlier.
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Multiplexed After A/D CONVERSION
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Multiplexed After A/D CONVERSION
● In this techniques each sample& hold circuit & the AtoD converter is
assigned to the individual channel.
● The conversion speed is as per the requirement. The technique is
exhibiting parallel conversion. In industrial system, the number of strain
gauge , thermocouples, LVDTs are distributed over large area.
●As the analog signal is digitized at the center , the data transmission
provides great immunity against line frequency & other interferences.
The data in digital form performs logical operations.
●Based on relative speed at which changes occur in the data , the
scanning rate can be increased or decreased.
P. 24

Computer based DAS
● The field of data acquisition encompasses a very wide range of
activities. At its simplest level, it involves reading electrical signals into a
computer from some form of sensor.
● These signals may represent the state of a physical process, such as
the position and orientation of machine tools, the temperature of a furnace
or the size and shape of a manufactured component.
● The acquired data may have to be stored, printed or displayed. Often the
data have to be analyzed or processed in some way in order to generate
further signals for controlling external equipment or for interfacing to other
computers.
● This may involve manipulating only static readings, but it is also
frequently necessary to deal with time-varying signals as well. Some
systems may involve data to be gathered slowly, over time spans of many
days or weeks.
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Computer based DAS
● Other will necessitate short bursts of very high speed data acquisition
– perhaps at rates of up to several thousand readings per second.
● DAQ is used widely for laboratory automation, industrial monitoring
and control, as well as in a variety of other time-critical applications.
● The most central reason for using the PC for data acquisition and
control is that there is now a large and expanding pool of programmers,
engineers and scientists who are familiar with the PC.
● Indeed it is quite likely that many of these personnel will have learnt
how to program on an IBM PC or PC clone
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Application Of DAS
● DAS is used for collecting information.
●DAS is used for performing repeated calculations
●DAS is used to generate information for display.
●DAS find application in aircraft control system.
●DAS is used in electrical power generation.
●DAS is used in industrial process system.
●DAS is used to convert data into useful form.
P. 28

Data acquisition & control

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