Data Collection presentation research subject
- 1. Data collection in research
- 2. neethu asokan What is data ? Fact & statistic collected together for reference or analysis research data is defined as recorder factual material commonly retained by and accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings.
- 3. neethu asokan Data collection Data collection is a systematic process of collecting information about objects of study (people, objects, phenomena for instance) in order to test the hypothesis or answer the research questions of the study.
- 4. neethu asokan Purposes Research design Sampling design Data gathering and /or field work techniques Data processing and analysis
- 5. neethu asokan Types of data collection A common classification is based upon who collected the data. Primary data: the primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time. Secondary data: on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process. Ex: Personal diaries, letters, biographies.
- 6. Methods and Tool of Data Collection Methods of data collection: The various steps or strategies used for gathering and analyzing data in a research investigation are known as the methods of data collection. Technique of data collection: The means of gathering data with the use of specific tools used in given methods are known as techniques of data collection. Instruments/tools for data collection: A research instrument is a device used to measure the concept of interest in a research project that researcher uses to collect data.
- 9. neethu asokan There are many methods of collecting primary data. The main methods include: Questionnaires Interviews Focus group interviews Observation Case-studies
- 10. Selection of Methods of Data Collection: 1. The nature of Phenomenon under study 2. Type of research subjects 3. The type of research study 4. Purpose of research study 5. Size of study sample 6. Distribution of the target population 7. Time frame of the study 8. Literacy level of the subjects 9. Availability of resources and manpower 10. Researchers Knowledge level and competence.
- 11. Primary screening/ data Primary data are information collected by a researcher specifically for a research assignment. Primary data are original in nature and directly related to the issue or problem and current data. Primary data are the data which the researcher collects through various methods like interviews, surveys, questionnaires etc.
- 12. neethu asokan Quantitative information Numerical or quantitative information is obtained from research methods such as surveys of populations or from repeated experimental procedures. Qualitative information Qualitative (non-numerical) information may be recorded during interviews with human participants, often on video or audiotape, possibly with supporting notes, and may be transcribed into written form later.
- 13. neethu asokan Questionnaires Questionnaire is a set of questions has been prepared to ask a number of questions and collect answers from respondents relating to the research topic. A number of questions usually in printed or electronic form are to be answered by the individuals. The forms often have blank spaces in which the answers can be written. A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic.
- 14. Interview In this method the interviewer personally meets the informants and asks necessary questions to them regarding the subject of enquiry either face to face or telephonically. Usually a set of questions or a questionnaire is carried by him and questions are also asked according to that. The interviewer efficiently collects the data from the informants by cross examining them.
- 15. Characteristics of Interviews: Interview is a mode of obtaining verbal answers to questions put verbally. The investigator records information furnished by the respondent in the interview. Interview is not a mere casual conversational exchange, but a conversation with a specific purpose. Interview is a interactional process. Interview is not a standardized process; it can be modified according to situations.
- 16. Advantages of Interview Method: Provide in-depth and detailed information. Permits greater depth of response Data from illiterate subjects. Higher response Clarify misunderstandings Ask questions at several levels. Helps to gather other supplementary information. Use of special devices.
- 17. neethu asokan Types of Interviews 1. Structured Interview (Directive). 2. Unstructured Interview (Non Directive). 3. Semi-structured Interview. 4. In-Depth Interview. 5. Focused Group Interview. 6. Telephonic Interview.
- 18. 1. Structured interview questions are carefully planned and asked in a specific order, often with fixed answers like multiple-choice or yes/no options. Merits: Data from one interview to the next one are easily comparable Recording and coding data does not pose any problem. Attention is not diverted to irrelevant and time consuming conversation. Demerits: It tends to lose the spontaneity of natural conversation The scope of exploration of information of data is limited
- 19. 2. Unstructured interview questions, on the other hand, are more open-ended and allow for a free-flowing conversation without a set order or specific answers. Merits: It is less prone to interview’s bias It provides greater opportunity to explore the problem in an unrestricted manner. It is used for gathering information on sensitive topics. Demerits: The data obtained from one interview is not comparable to the data from the next. Time may be wasted in unproductive conversation. There is no order or sequence in this interview.
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- 21. neethu asokan Personal and telephone interview Personal interview method requires adperson know as the interviewer asking question generally in a face to face contact to the other persons. This sort of interview may be in the form if direct personal investigation or it may be indirect oral investigation. Telephone interview method is collecting information consists in contacting respondents on telephone itself
- 22. neethu asokan Focus group A focus group is a moderator keeps a small and homogeneous group, usually less than 15 people, focused on the discussion of a research topic or issue. Focus group sessions may be recorded using audio and/or videotapes. The method is useful for exploring ideas and obtaining in-depth information about how people think about an issue.
- 23. neethu asokan Observation Observation, particularly participant observation, has been used in a variety of disciplines as a tool for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures in qualitative research. Observations enable the researcher to describe existing situations using the five senses, providing a "written photograph" of the situation under study
- 24. neethu asokan TYPES OF OBSERVATION 1. Structured and Unstructured Observation When observation is done by characterizing style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation , definition of the units to be observed , selection of pertinent data of observation then it is structured observation When observation is done without any thought before observation then it is unstructured observation
- 25. 2. Participant & Non Participant Observation When the Observer is member of the group which he is observing then it is Participant Observation In participant observation Researcher can record natural behavior of group , Researcher can verify the truth of statements given by informants in the context of questionnaire , Difficulty to collect information can obtain through this method but in this researcher may loose objectivity of research due emotional feelings. Prob. of control in observation isn’t solved. Non Participant Observation: When observer is observing people without giving any information to them then it is non participant observation
- 26. neethu asokan 3. Controlled & Uncontrolled Observation: When the observation takes place in natural condition i.e. uncontrolled observation. It is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons. When observation takes place according to definite pre arranged plans , with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
- 27. Case study The case study method is a technique by which individual factor whether it be an institution or just an episode in the life of an individual or group is analysed in its relationship to any other in the group. It is a very important form of qualitative analysis and involves a carful and complete observation of a social unit a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group or even the entire community.
- 28. neethu asokan Survey is used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys are used in different areas for collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may be conducted in the field by the researcher.
- 29. neethu asokan Some Advantages of using Primary data: The investigator collects data specific to the problem under study. There is no doubt about the quality of the data collected (for the investigator). If required, it may be possible to obtain additional data during the study period.
- 30. neethu asokan Some disadvantages of using primary data The investigator has to contend with all the hassles of data collection. Ensuring the data collected is of a high standard Cost of obtaining the data is often the ajor expense in studies.
- 31. neethu asokan Secondary screening / data The term secondary data refers to data that were collected for other studies. For they first researcher they are primary data, but for the secondary research, they are secondary data. Secondary data is one type of quantitative data that has already collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours.
- 32. neethu asokan Advantages of using Secondary data: The data’s already there- no hassles of data collection It is less expensive and faster The investigator is not personally responsible for the quality of data
- 33. neethu asokan Disadvantages of using Secondary data: Not easily available Not adequate May not meet the needs of researcher Outdated information Variation in definition Inaccurate or bias
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