Data collection.pdf
- 1. Data collection Presented by Dr.M.Muthulakshmi Assistant professor of commerce A.P.C Mahalaxmi College forWomen Thoothukudi
- 2. Meaning of data The search for answers to research questions is called collection of data. Data or facts and other relevant materials past and present serving as bases for study and analysis. Some examples of data are: The items of raw materials required for a product line The gender age social class religion income level of respondents in a consumer behavior study The opinion of people on voting in the general election
- 3. Types of data The data needed for social science research may be broadly classified into (a) data pertaining to human beings Data relating to organizations Data pertaining to territorial areas. Personal data or data relating to human beings consisting of: Democratic and socioeconomic characteristics of individuals Behavioral variables
- 4. Importance of data The data serve as a basis or raw materials for analysis. Without an analysis of factual data no specific inferences can be drawn on the questions under study. the relevance and accuracy and reliability of data determine the quality of the findings of a study. Date of forms the basis for testing the hypothesis formulated in a study. data also provide the facts and figures required for constructing measurement scale and tables which are analysed with statistical Techniques. inferences on the result of statistical analysis and tests of significance provide the answers to research questions. does the scientific process of measurements analysis testing and inferences depends on the availability of relevant data and their accuracy.
- 5. Sources of data The sources of data may be classified into primary sources and secondary sources. Primary sources the primary sources are original source from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously collected, e.g., collection of data directly by the researcher on brand awareness brand preference brand loyalty and other aspects of consumer behaviour from a sample of consumers by interviewing them. primary data or first-hand information collected through various methods such as observation interviewing mailing etc.
- 6. Secondary sources These are sources containing data which have been collected and complied for another purpose. The secondary sources consist of readily available compendia and already compiled statistical statements and reports whose data may be used by researchers for their studies. e.g., census reports annual reports and financial statements of companies statistical statements reports of government departments annual reports on currency and finance published by the reserve Bank of India statistical statements relating to cooperative and regional rural banks published by NABARD, reports of the national sample survey organisation reports of trade associations publications of international organisations such as UNO, IMF, world Bank, I L O, W H O, etc. Secondary sources consist of not only published records and reports but also unpublished records
- 7. Choice of methods of data collection The nature of study of the subject matter Unit of enquiry The spice and spread of the sample Scale of the survey The educational level of respondents The type and depth of information to be collected. The availability of skilled and trained manpower The rate of accuracy and representative nature of the data required
- 8. Methods of collecting primary data Observation Interviewing. Mail survey Experimentation Simulation Projective techniques
- 9. Observation method Observation may be defined as a systematic viewing of specific phenomenon in its proper setting for the specific purpose of gathering data for a particular study Observation as a method includes both seeing and hearing A researcher silently watching a city council or trade union committee or a departmental meeting or a conference of politicians pics of hills that help him to formulate a new hypothesis
- 10. Observation s scientific Observation become scientific when it 1. Serves a formulated research purpose 2. Is planned deliberately 3. Is recorded systematically 4. Is subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability. 5. Types of observation Participant observation Non participant observation Direct observation Indirect observation Controlled observation Uncontrolled observation
- 11. Interviewing Interviewing is one of the prominent methods of data collection It may be defined as a systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant initiated to obtain information relevant to a specific study. It involves not only conversation but also learning from the respondents’ gestures facial expressions and pauses and it environment Interviewing occurs face-to-face contact or contact over the telephone and calls for interviewing skills. It is done by a structured schedule for an unstructured guide.
- 12. Types of interviews The interviews may be classified into 1. Structured or directive interview 2. Unstructured or non directive interview 3. Focused interview 4. Clinical interview 5. Depth interview 6. Telephone interview 7. Group interview
- 13. Mail survey This method involves sending questionnaires to the respondents with the request to complete them and return them by post This can be used in the case of educated respondents only The mail questionnaire should be simple so that the respondents can easily understand the questions and answer them It should preferably contain mostly closed-ended and multiple choice questions so that it could be completed within a few minutes
- 14. Procedure for mail survey the researcher should prepare a mailing list of the selected respondents by collecting the addresses from the telephone directory of the association or organization to which they belong. Covering letter should accompany a copy of the questionnaire It must explain to the respondent the purpose of the study and the importance of his cooperation to the success of the project.
- 15. Experimentation Experimentation is a research process used to study the causal relationship variables. It aims at studying the effect of an independent variable on dependent a variable keeping the other independent variable constant through some type of control. Procedure for experimentation 1. Determine the hypothesis to be tested and the independent and dependent variables involved in it 2. Operationalize variables by identifying their measurable dimensions 3. Select the type of experimental plan 4. Choose the setting.The setting may be a field or laboratory 5. Make the experimental condition nearly the same as expected real-life conditions. 6. Make a record of pre-experimental conditions. 7. Introduce appropriate methods for controlling extraneous variables that are not manipulated in the experiment Types of experiment 1. Laboratory experiment 2. Field experiments
- 16. Simulation Simulation is a process of conducting experiments in a symbolic model representing a phenomenon. In other words simulation is a theoretical model of the elements’ relations and the processes that symbolize some referent system. e.g., the flow of money in the economic system may be simulated in an operating model consisting of a set of pipes through which liquid moves. Experiments are done on the model instead of the real system because the latter would be too inconvenient and expensive. Types of simulation 1. Man simulation 2. Computer simulation 3. Man computer simulation Applications of simulation 1. Political problems 2. Economic problems 3. Business problems 4. What strategies and tactics
- 17. Projective techniques Projective techniques involve presentation of ambiguous stimuli to the respondents for the interpretation. In doing so the respondents reveal their inner characteristics The stimuli maybe picture a photograph an ink blot or an incomplete sentence. the basic assumption of projective techniques is that the person project his own thoughts ideas and attributes when he perceives and response to ambiguous or unstructured stimulus materials. Does a person unconscious operations of the mind or brought to a conscious level in a disguised and protected form and the person projects his inner characteristics.
- 18. Thank you