Data mining-2

Data Mining Primitives,
Languages and System
Architecture
CSE 634-Datamining Concepts and Techniques
Professor Anita Wasilewska
Presented By
Sushma Devendrappa - 105526184
Swathi Kothapalli - 105531380

Sources/References
 Data Mining Concepts and Techniques –Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber,
2003
 Handbook of Data Mining and Discovery- Willi Klosgen and Jan M Zytkow,
2002
 Lydia: A System for Large-Scale News Analysis- String Processing and
Information Retrieval: 12th International Conference, SPRING 2005,
Buenos Aires, Argentina, November 2-4 2005.
 Information Retrieval: Data Structures and Algorithms - W. Frakes and R.
Baeza-Yates, 1992
 Geographical Information System -
http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/

Content
 Data mining primitives
 Languages
 System architecture
 Application – Geographical information system (GIS)
 Paper - Lydia: A System for Large-Scale News Analysis

Introduction
 Motivation- need to extract useful information and knowledge from a large
amount of data (data explosion problem)
 Data Mining tools perform data analysis and may uncover important data
patterns, contributing greatly to business strategies, knowledge bases, and
scientific and medical research.

What is Data Mining???
 Data mining refers to extracting or “mining” knowledge from large
amounts of data. Also referred as Knowledge Discovery in Databases.
 It is a process of discovering interesting knowledge from large amounts of
data stored either in databases, data warehouses, or other information
repositories.

Architecture of a typical data mining system
Graphical user interface
Pattern evaluation
Data mining engine
Database or data warehouse server
Database Data warehouse
Knowledge base
Filtering
Data cleansing
Data Integration

 Misconception: Data mining systems can autonomously dig out all of the
valuable knowledge from a given large database, without human
intervention.
 If there was no user intervention then the system would uncover a large set
of patterns that may even surpass the size of the database. Hence, user
interference is required.
 This user communication with the system is provided by using a set of data
mining primitives.

Data Mining Primitives
Data mining primitives define a data mining task, which can be specified in
the form of a data mining query.
 Task Relevant Data
 Kinds of knowledge to be mined
 Background knowledge
 Interestingness measure
 Presentation and visualization of discovered patterns

Task relevant data
 Data portion to be investigated.
 Attributes of interest (relevant attributes) can be specified.
 Initial data relation
 Minable view

Example
 If a data mining task is to study associations between items frequently
purchased at AllElectronics by customers in Canada, the task relevant data
can be specified by providing the following information:
 Name of the database or data warehouse to be used (e.g., AllElectronics_db)
 Names of the tables or data cubes containing relevant data (e.g., item, customer,
purchases and items_sold)
 Conditions for selecting the relevant data (e.g., retrieve data pertaining to
purchases made in Canada for the current year)
 The relevant attributes or dimensions (e.g., name and price from the item table
and income and age from the customer table)

Kind of knowledge to be mined
 It is important to specify the knowledge to be mined, as this determines the
data mining function to be performed.
 Kinds of knowledge include concept description, association, classification,
prediction and clustering.
 User can also provide pattern templates. Also called metapatterns or
metarules or metaqueries.

Example
A user studying the buying habits of allelectronics customers may
choose to mine association rules of the form:
P (X:customer,W) ^ Q (X,Y) => buys (X,Z)
Meta rules such as the following can be specified:
age (X, “30…..39”) ^ income (X, “40k….49K”) => buys (X, “VCR”)
[2.2%, 60%]
occupation (X, “student ”) ^ age (X, “20…..29”)=> buys (X, “computer”)
[1.4%, 70%]

Background knowledge
 It is the information about the domain to be mined
 Concept hierarchy: is a powerful form of background knowledge.
 Four major types of concept hierarchies:
schema hierarchies
set-grouping hierarchies
operation-derived hierarchies
rule-based hierarchies

Concept hierarchies (1)
 Defines a sequence of mappings from a set of low-level concepts to higher-
level (more general) concepts.
 Allows data to be mined at multiple levels of abstraction.
 These allow users to view data from different perspectives, allowing further
insight into the relationships.
 Example (location)

all
Canada
USA
British
Columbia
Ontario
VictoriaVancouver Toronto Ottawa
New York Illinois
New York Buffalo Chicago
Level 0
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Example

Concept hierarchies (2)
 Rolling Up - Generalization of data
Allows to view data at more meaningful and explicit abstractions.
Makes it easier to understand
Compresses the data
Would require fewer input/output operations
 Drilling Down - Specialization of data
Concept values replaced by lower level concepts
 There may be more than concept hierarchy for a given attribute or
dimension based on different user viewpoints
 Example:
Regional sales manager may prefer the previous concept hierarchy but
marketing manager might prefer to see location with respect to linguistic
lines in order to facilitate the distribution of commercial ads.

Schema hierarchies
 Schema hierarchy is the total or partial order among attributes in the
database schema.
 May formally express existing semantic relationships between attributes.
 Provides metadata information.
 Example: location hierarchy
street < city < province/state < country

Set-grouping hierarchies
 Organizes values for a given attribute into groups or sets or range of values.
 Total or partial order can be defined among groups.
 Used to refine or enrich schema-defined hierarchies.
 Typically used for small sets of object relationships.
 Example: Set-grouping hierarchy for age
{young, middle_aged, senior} all (age)
{20….29} young
{40….59} middle_aged
{60….89} senior

Operation-derived hierarchies
 Operation-derived:
based on operations specified
operations may include
decoding of information-encoded strings
information extraction from complex data objects
data clustering
Example: URL or email address
xyz@cs.iitm.in gives login name < dept. < univ. < country

Rule-based hierarchies
 Rule-based:
Occurs when either whole or portion of a concept hierarchy is defined as a
set of rules and is evaluated dynamically based on current database data and
rule definition
 Example: Following rules are used to categorize items as low_profit,
medium_profit and high_profit_margin.
low_profit_margin(X) <= price(X,P1)^cost(X,P2)^((P1-P2)<50)
medium_profit_margin(X) <= price(X,P1)^cost(X,P2)^((P1-
P2)≥50)^((P1-P2)≤250)
high_profit_margin(X) <= price(X,P1)^cost(X,P2)^((P1-P2)>250)

Interestingness measure (1)
 Used to confine the number of uninteresting patterns returned by the
process.
 Based on the structure of patterns and statistics underlying them.
 Associate a threshold which can be controlled by the user.
 patterns not meeting the threshold are not presented to the user.
 Objective measures of pattern interestingness:
simplicity
certainty (confidence)
utility (support)
novelty

 Simplicity
a patterns interestingness is based on its overall simplicity for human
comprehension.
Example: Rule length is a simplicity measure
 Certainty (confidence)
Assesses the validity or trustworthiness of a pattern.
confidence is a certainty measure
confidence (A=>B) = # tuples containing both A and B
# tuples containing A
A confidence of 85% for the rule buys(X, “computer”)=>buys(X,“software”)
means that 85% of all customers who purchased a computer also bought
software

 Utility (support)
usefulness of a pattern
support (A=>B) = # tuples containing both A and B
total # of tuples
A support of 30% for the previous rule means that 30% of all customers in
the computer department purchased both a computer and software.
 Association rules that satisfy both the minimum confidence and support
threshold are referred to as strong association rules.
 Novelty
Patterns contributing new information to the given pattern set are called
novel patterns (example: Data exception).
removing redundant patterns is a strategy for detecting novelty.

Presentation and visualization
 For data mining to be effective, data mining systems should be able to
display the discovered patterns in multiple forms, such as rules, tables,
crosstabs (cross-tabulations), pie or bar charts, decision trees, cubes, or
other visual representations.
 User must be able to specify the forms of presentation to be used for
displaying the discovered patterns.

Data mining query languages
 Data mining language must be designed to facilitate flexible and effective
knowledge discovery.
 Having a query language for data mining may help standardize the
development of platforms for data mining systems.
 But designed a language is challenging because data mining covers a wide
spectrum of tasks and each task has different requirement.
 Hence, the design of a language requires deep understanding of the
limitations and underlying mechanism of the various kinds of tasks.

Data mining query languages (2)
 So…how would you design an efficient query language???
 Based on the primitives discussed earlier.
 DMQL allows mining of different kinds of knowledge from relational
databases and data warehouses at multiple levels of abstraction.

DMQL
 Adopts SQL-like syntax
 Hence, can be easily integrated with relational query languages
 Defined in BNF grammar
[ ] represents 0 or one occurrence
{ } represents 0 or more occurrences
Words in sans serif represent keywords

DMQL-Syntax for task-relevant data specification
 Names of the relevant database or data warehouse, conditions and relevant
attributes or dimensions must be specified
 use database ‹database_name› or use data warehouse ‹data_warehouse_name›
 from ‹relation(s)/cube(s)› [where condition]
 in relevance to ‹attribute_or_dimension_list›
 order by ‹order_list›
 group by ‹grouping_list›
 having ‹condition›

Syntax for Kind of Knowledge to be Mined
 Characterization :
‹Mine_Knowledge_Specification› ::=
mine characteristics [as ‹pattern_name›]
analyze ‹measure(s)›
 Example:
mine characteristics as customerPurchasing analyze count%
 Discrimination:
mine comparison [as ‹ pattern_name›]
for ‹target_class› where ‹target_condition›
{versus ‹contrast_class_i where ‹contrast_condition_i›}
analyze ‹measure(s)›
 Example:
Mine comparison as purchaseGroups
for bigspenders where avg(I.price) >= $100
versus budgetspenders where avg(I.price) < $100
analyze count

Syntax for Kind of Knowledge to be Mined (2)
 Association:
mine associations [as ‹pattern_name›]
[matching ‹metapattern›]
 Example: mine associations as buyingHabits
matching P(X: customer, W) ^ Q(X,Y) => buys (X,Z)
 Classification:
mine classification [as ‹pattern_name›]
analyze ‹classifying_attribute_or_dimension›
 Example: mine classification as classifyCustomerCreditRating
analyze credit_rating

Syntax for concept hierarchy specification
 More than one concept per attribute can be specified
 Use hierarchy ‹hierarchy_name› for ‹attribute_or_dimension›
 Examples:
Schema concept hierarchy (ordering is important)
 define hierarchy location_hierarchy on address as
[street,city,province_or_state,country]
Set-Grouping concept hierarchy
 define hierarchy age_hierarchy for age on customer as
level1: {young, middle_aged, senior} < level0: all
level2: {20, ..., 39} < level1: young
level2: {40, ..., 59} < level1: middle_aged
level2: {60, ..., 89} < level1: senior

Syntax for concept hierarchy specification (2)
 operation-derived concept hierarchy
 define hierarchy age_hierarchy for age on customer as
{age_category(1), ..., age_category(5)} := cluster (default, age, 5) <
all(age)
 rule-based concept hierarchy
 define hierarchy profit_margin_hierarchy on item as
level_1: low_profit_margin < level_0: all
if (price - cost)< $50
level_1: medium-profit_margin < level_0: all
if ((price - cost) > $50) and ((price - cost) <= $250))
level_1: high_profit_margin < level_0: all
if (price - cost) > $250

Syntax for interestingness measure specification
 with [‹interest_measure_name›] threshold = ‹threshold_value›
 Example:
with support threshold = 5%
with confidence threshold = 70%

Syntax for pattern presentation and visualization
specification
 display as ‹result_form›
 The result form can be rules, tables, cubes, crosstabs, pie or bar charts,
decision trees, curves or surfaces.
 To facilitate interactive viewing at different concept levels or different
angles, the following syntax is defined:
‹Multilevel_Manipulation› ::= roll up on ‹attribute_or_dimension›
| drill down on ‹attribute_or_dimension›
| add ‹attribute_or_dimension›
| drop ‹attribute_or_dimension›

Architectures of Data Mining System
 With popular and diverse application of data mining, it is expected that a
good variety of data mining system will be designed and developed.
 Comprehensive information processing and data analysis will be
continuously and systematically surrounded by data warehouse and
databases.
 A critical question in design is whether we should integrate data mining
systems with database systems.
 This gives rise to four architecture:
- No coupling
- Loose Coupling
- Semi-tight Coupling
- Tight Coupling

Cont.
 No Coupling: DM system will not utilize any functionality of a DB or DW
system
 Loose Coupling: DM system will use some facilities of DB and DW system
like storing the data in either of DB or DW systems and using these systems for
data retrieval
 Semi-tight Coupling: Besides linking a DM system to a DB/DW systems,
efficient implementation of a few DM primitives.
 Tight Coupling: DM system is smoothly integrated with DB/DW systems.
Each of these DM, DB/DW is treated as main functional component of
information retrieval system.

Paper Discussion
Lydia: A System for Large-Scale News Analysis
Levon Lloyd, Dimitrios Kechagias,
Steven Skiena
Department of Computer Science
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Published in 12th International Conference
SPRING 2005, Buenos Aires, Argentina, November 2-4 2005

Abstract
 This paper is on “Text Mining” system called Lydia.
 Periodical publications represent a rich and recurrent source of
knowledge on both current and historical events.
 The Lydia project seeks to build a relational model of people, places,
and things through natural language processing of news sources and
the statistical analysis of entity frequencies and co-locations.
 Perhaps the most familiar news analysis system is Google News

Lydia Text Analysis System
 Lydia is designed for high-speed analysis of online text
 Lydia performs a variety of interesting analysis on named entities in
text, breaking them down by source, location and time.

Block Diagram of Lydia System
Document Extractor
DataBase
Applications
Juxtaposition
Analysis
Synset
Identification
Heatmap Generation
POS Tagging
Syntax Tagging Actor Classification Geographic
Normalization
Rule Based
Processing

Process Involved
 Spidering and Article Classification
 Named Entity Recognition
 Juxtaposition Analysis
 Co-reference Set Identification
 Temporal and Spatial Analysis

News Analysis with Lydia
 Juxtapositional Analysis.
 Spatial Analysis
 Temporal entity analysis

Juxtaposition Analysis
 Mental model of where an entity fits into the world depends largely
upon how it relates to other entities.
 For each entity, we compute a significance score for every other
entity that co-occurs with it, and rank its juxtapositions by this
score.
Martin Luther King
Israel North Carolina
Entity Score Entity Score Entity Score
Jesse Jackson
Coretta Scott King
Atlanta, GA
Ebenezer Baptist
Church
545.97
454.51
286.73
260.84
Mahmoud Abbas
Palestinians
Ariel Sharon
Gaza
9, 635.51
9, 041.70
3, 620.84
4, 391.05
Duke
ACC
Virginia
Wake Forest
2, 747.8
1, 666.92
1, 283.61
1, 554.92

Cont.
To determine the significance of a juxtaposition, they
bound the probability that two entities co-occur in the
number of articles that they co-occur in if occurrences
where generated by a random process. To estimate this
probability they use a Chernoff Bound:

Spatial Analysis
 It is interesting to see where in the country people are talking about
particular entities. Each newspaper has a location and a circulation
and each city has a population. These facts allow them to
approximate a sphere of influence for each newspaper. The heat on
entity generated in a city is now a function of its frequency of
reference in each of the newspapers that have influence over that
city.

Temporal Analysis
 Ability to track all references to entities broken down by article type
gives the ability to monitor trends. Figure tracks the ebbs and flows
in the interest in Michael Jackson as his trial progressed in May
2005.

How the paper is related to DM?
 In the Lydia system in order to Classify the articles into different categories
like news, sports etc., they use Bayesian classifier.
 Bayesian classifier is classification and prediction algorithm.
 Data Classification is DM technique which is done in two stages
-building a model using predetermined set of data classes.
-prediction of the input data.

Application
GIS (Geographical Information System)

What is GIS???
A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing,
and displaying geographically referenced information;
Example: GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection
from pollution.

How does a GIS work?
 GIS works by Relating information from different sources
 The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate different information
in a spatial context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship.
 Most of the information we have about our world contains a location
reference, placing that information at some point on the globe.

Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Line Graph (DLG) of roads.

Data capture
 If the data to be used are not already in digital form
- Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a computer mouse
- Electronic scanners can also be used
 Co-ordinates for the maps can be collected using Global Positioning System
(GPS) receivers
 Putting the information into the system—involves identifying the objects on
the map, their absolute location on the Earth's surface, and their spatial
relationships .

Data integration
 A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult to
associate through any other means.
Mapmaking

Mapmaking
 Researchers are working to incorporate the mapmaking processes of
traditional cartographers into GIS technology for the automated
production of maps.

What is special about GIS??
 Information retrieval: What do you know about the swampy area at the
end of your street? With a GIS you can "point" at a location, object, or area
on the screen and retrieve recorded information about it from off-screen
files . Using scanned aerial photographs as a visual guide, you can ask a GIS
about the geology or hydrology of the area or even about how close a swamp
is to the end of a street. This type of analysis allows you to draw conclusions
about the swamp's environmental sensitivity.

Cont.
 Topological modeling: Have there ever been gas stations or factories that
operated next to the swamp? Were any of these uphill from and within 2 miles of the
swamp? A GIS can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships among mapped
phenomena. Conditions of adjacency (what is next to what), containment (what is
enclosed by what), and proximity (how close something is to something else) can be
determined with a GIS

Cont.
 Networks: When nutrients from farmland are running off into streams,
it is important to know in which direction the streams flow and which
streams empty into other streams. This is done by using a linear network. It
allows the computer to determine how the nutrients are transported
downstream. Additional information on water volume and speed
throughout the spatial network can help the GIS determine how long it will
take the nutrients to travel downstream

Data Output
 A critical component of a GIS is its ability to produce graphics on the
screen or on paper to convey the results of analyses to the people
who make decisions about resources.

The future of GIS
 GIS and related technology will help analyze large datasets, allowing
a better understanding of terrestrial processes and human activities
to improve economic vitality and environmental quality

How is it related to DM?
 In order to represent the data in graphical Format which is most
likely represented as a graph cluster analysis is done on the data
set.
 Clustering is a data mining concept which is a process of grouping together
the data into clusters or classes.

Data mining-2

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