Database System Concepts 6th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

Database System Concepts 6th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
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Contents vii
Chapter 8 Relational Database Design
8.1 Features of Good Relational
Designs 323
8.2 Atomic Domains and First Normal
Form 327
8.3 Decomposition Using Functional
Dependencies 329
8.4 Functional-Dependency Theory 338
8.5 Algorithms for Decomposition 348
8.6 Decomposition Using Multivalued
Dependencies 355
8.7 More Normal Forms 360
8.8 Database-Design Process 361
8.9 Modeling Temporal Data 364
8.10 Summary 367
Exercises 368
Bibliographical Notes 374
Chapter 9 Application Design and Development
9.1 Application Programs and User
Interfaces 375
9.2 Web Fundamentals 377
9.3 Servlets and JSP 383
9.4 Application Architectures 391
9.5 Rapid Application Development 396
9.6 Application Performance 400
9.7 Application Security 402
9.8 Encryption and Its Applications 411
9.9 Summary 417
Exercises 419
PART THREE DATA STORAGE AND QUERYING
Chapter 10 Storage and File Structure
10.1 Overview of Physical Storage
Media 429
10.2 Magnetic Disk and Flash Storage 432
10.3 RAID 441
10.4 Tertiary Storage 449
10.5 File Organization 451
10.6 Organization of Records in Files 457
10.7 Data-Dictionary Storage 462
10.8 Database Buffer 464
10.9 Summary 468
Exercises 470
Chapter 11 Indexing and Hashing
11.1 Basic Concepts 475
11.2 Ordered Indices 476
11.3 B+
-Tree Index Files 485
11.4 B+
-Tree Extensions 500
11.5 Multiple-Key Access 506
11.6 Static Hashing 509
11.7 Dynamic Hashing 515
11.8 Comparison of Ordered Indexing and
Hashing 523
11.9 Bitmap Indices 524
11.10 Index Definition in SQL 528
11.11 Summary 529
Exercises 532

viii Contents
Chapter 12 Query Processing
12.1 Overview 537
12.2 Measures of Query Cost 540
12.3 Selection Operation 541
12.4 Sorting 546
12.5 Join Operation 549
12.6 Other Operations 563
12.7 Evaluation of Expressions 567
12.8 Summary 572
Exercises 574
Chapter 13 Query Optimization
13.1 Overview 579
13.2 Transformation of Relational
Expressions 582
13.3 Estimating Statistics of Expression
Results 590
13.4 Choice of Evaluation Plans 598
13.5 Materialized Views** 607
13.6 Advanced Topics in Query
Optimization** 612
13.7 Summary 615
Exercises 617
PART FOUR TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
Chapter 14 Transactions
14.1 Transaction Concept 627
14.2 A Simple Transaction Model 629
14.3 Storage Structure 632
14.4 Transaction Atomicity and
Durability 633
14.5 Transaction Isolation 635
14.6 Serializability 641
14.7 Transaction Isolation and
Atomicity 646
14.8 Transaction Isolation Levels 648
14.9 Implementation of Isolation Levels 650
14.10 Transactions as SQL Statements 653
14.11 Summary 655
Exercises 657
Chapter 15 Concurrency Control
15.1 Lock-Based Protocols 661
15.2 Deadlock Handling 674
15.3 Multiple Granularity 679
15.4 Timestamp-Based Protocols 682
15.5 Validation-Based Protocols 686
15.6 Multiversion Schemes 689
15.7 Snapshot Isolation 692
15.8 Insert Operations, Delete Operations,
and Predicate Reads 697
15.9 Weak Levels of Consistency in
Practice 701
15.10 Concurrency in Index Structures** 704
15.11 Summary 708
Exercises 712

Contents ix
Chapter 16 Recovery System
16.1 Failure Classification 721
16.2 Storage 722
16.3 Recovery and Atomicity 726
16.4 Recovery Algorithm 735
16.5 Buffer Management 738
16.6 Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile
Storage 743
16.7 Early Lock Release and Logical Undo
Operations 744
16.8 ARIES** 750
16.9 Remote Backup Systems 756
16.10 Summary 759
Exercises 762
PART FIVE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Chapter 17 Database-System Architectures
17.1 Centralized and Client–Server
Architectures 769
17.2 Server System Architectures 772
17.3 Parallel Systems 777
17.4 Distributed Systems 784
17.5 Network Types 788
17.6 Summary 791
Exercises 793
Chapter 18 Parallel Databases
18.1 Introduction 797
18.2 I/O Parallelism 798
18.3 Interquery Parallelism 802
18.4 Intraquery Parallelism 803
18.5 Intraoperation Parallelism 804
18.6 Interoperation Parallelism 813
18.7 Query Optimization 814
18.8 Design of Parallel Systems 815
18.9 Parallelism on Multicore
Processors 817
18.10 Summary 819
Exercises 821
Chapter 19 Distributed Databases
19.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Databases 825
19.2 Distributed Data Storage 826
19.3 Distributed Transactions 830
19.4 Commit Protocols 832
19.5 Concurrency Control in Distributed
Databases 839
19.6 Availability 847
19.7 Distributed Query Processing 854
19.8 Heterogeneous Distributed
Databases 857
19.9 Cloud-Based Databases 861
19.10 Directory Systems 870
19.11 Summary 875
Exercises 879

x Contents
PART SIX DATA WAREHOUSING, DATA
MINING, AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Chapter 20 Data Warehousing and Mining
20.1 Decision-Support Systems 887
20.2 Data Warehousing 889
20.3 Data Mining 893
20.4 Classification 894
20.5 Association Rules 904
20.6 Other Types of Associations 906
20.7 Clustering 907
20.8 Other Forms of Data Mining 908
20.9 Summary 909
Exercises 911
Chapter 21 Information Retrieval
21.1 Overview 915
21.2 Relevance Ranking Using Terms 917
21.3 Relevance Using Hyperlinks 920
21.4 Synonyms, Homonyms, and
Ontologies 925
21.5 Indexing of Documents 927
21.6 Measuring Retrieval Effectiveness 929
21.7 Crawling and Indexing the Web 930
21.8 Information Retrieval: Beyond Ranking
of Pages 931
21.9 Directories and Categories 935
21.10 Summary 937
Exercises 939
PART SEVEN SPECIALTY DATABASES
Chapter 22 Object-Based Databases
22.1 Overview 945
22.2 Complex Data Types 946
22.3 Structured Types and Inheritance in
SQL 949
22.4 Table Inheritance 954
22.5 Array and Multiset Types in SQL 956
22.6 Object-Identity and Reference Types in
SQL 961
22.7 Implementing O-R Features 963
22.8 Persistent Programming
Languages 964
22.9 Object-Relational Mapping 973
22.10 Object-Oriented versus
Object-Relational 973
22.11 Summary 975
Exercises 976
Chapter 23 XML
23.1 Motivation 981
23.2 Structure of XML Data 986
23.3 XML Document Schema 990
23.4 Querying and Transformation 998
23.5 Application Program Interfaces to
XML 1008
23.6 Storage of XML Data 1009
23.7 XML Applications 1016
23.8 Summary 1019
Exercises 1021

Contents xi
PART EIGHT ADVANCED TOPICS
Chapter 24 Advanced Application Development
24.1 Performance Tuning 1029
24.2 Performance Benchmarks 1045
24.3 Other Issues in Application
Development 1048
24.4 Standardization 1051
24.5 Summary 1056
Exercises 1057
Chapter 25 Spatial and Temporal Data and Mobility
25.1 Motivation 1061
25.2 Time in Databases 1062
25.3 Spatial and Geographic Data 1064
25.4 Multimedia Databases 1076
25.5 Mobility and Personal Databases 1079
25.6 Summary 1085
Exercises 1087
Chapter 26 Advanced Transaction Processing
26.1 Transaction-Processing Monitors 1091
26.2 Transactional Workflows 1096
26.3 E-Commerce 1102
26.4 Main-Memory Databases 1105
26.5 Real-Time Transaction Systems 1108
26.6 Long-Duration Transactions 1109
26.7 Summary 1115
Exercises 1117
PART NINE CASE STUDIES
Chapter 27 PostgreSQL
27.1 Introduction 1123
27.2 User Interfaces 1124
27.3 SQL Variations and Extensions 1126
27.4 Transaction Management in
PostgreSQL 1137
27.5 Storage and Indexing 1146
27.6 Query Processing and
Optimization 1151
27.7 System Architecture 1154
Chapter 28 Oracle
28.1 Database Design and Querying
Tools 1157
Optimization 1172
28.5 Concurrency Control and
Recovery 1180
28.7 Replication, Distribution, and External
Data 1188
28.8 Database Administration Tools 1189
28.9 Data Mining 1191

xii Contents
Chapter 29 IBM DB2 Universal Database
29.1 Overview 1193
29.2 Database-Design Tools 1194
29.5 Multidimensional Clustering 1203
Optimization 1207
29.7 Materialized Query Tables 1212
29.8 Autonomic Features in DB2 1214
29.9 Tools and Utilities 1215
29.10 Concurrency Control and
Recovery 1217
29.12 Replication, Distribution, and External
Data 1220
29.13 Business Intelligence Features 1221
Chapter 30 Microsoft SQL Server
30.1 Management, Design, and Querying
Tools 1223
Optimization 1236
30.5 Concurrency and Recovery 1241
30.7 Data Access 1248
30.8 Distributed Heterogeneous Query
Processing 1250
30.9 Replication 1251
30.10 Server Programming in .NET 1253
30.11 XML Support 1258
30.12 SQL Server Service Broker 1261
30.13 Business Intelligence 1263
PART TEN APPENDICES
Appendix A Detailed University Schema
A.1 Full Schema 1271
A.2 DDL 1272
A.3 Sample Data 1276
Appendix B Advanced Relational Design (contents online)
B.1 Multivalued Dependencies B1
B.3 Domain-Key Normal Form B8
B.4 Summary B10
Exercises B10
Bibliographical Notes B12
Appendix C Other Relational Query Languages (contents online)
C.1 Query-by-Example C1
C.2 Microsoft Access C9
C.3 Datalog C11
C.4 Summary C25
Exercises C26
Bibliographical Notes C30

Contents xiii
Appendix D Network Model (contents online)
D.1 Basic Concepts D1
D.2 Data-Structure Diagrams D2
D.3 The DBTG CODASYL Model D7
D.4 DBTG Data-Retrieval Facility D13
D.5 DBTG Update Facility D20
D.6 DBTG Set-Processing Facility D22
D.7 Mapping of Networks to Files D27
D.8 Summary D31
Exercises D32
Bibliographical Notes D35
Appendix E Hierarchical Model (contents online)
E.1 Basic Concepts E1
E.2 Tree-Structure Diagrams E2
E.3 Data-Retrieval Facility E13
E.4 Update Facility E17
E.5 Virtual Records E20
E.6 Mapping of Hierarchies to Files E22
E.7 The IMS Database System E24
E.8 Summary E25
Exercises E26
Bibliographical Notes E29
Bibliography 1283
Index 1315

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Preface
Database management has evolved from a specialized computer application to a
central component of a modern computing environment, and, as a result, knowl-
edge about database systems has become an essential part of an education in
computer science. In this text, we present the fundamental concepts of database
management. These concepts include aspects of database design, database lan-
guages, and database-system implementation.
This text is intended for a first course in databases at the junior or senior
undergraduate, or first-year graduate, level. In addition to basic material for
a first course, the text contains advanced material that can be used for course
supplements, or as introductory material for an advanced course.
We assume only a familiarity with basic data structures, computer organi-
zation, and a high-level programming language such as Java, C, or Pascal. We
present concepts as intuitive descriptions, many of which are based on our run-
ning example of a university. Important theoretical results are covered, but formal
proofs are omitted. In place of proofs, figures and examples are used to suggest
why a result is true. Formal descriptions and proofs of theoretical results may
be found in research papers and advanced texts that are referenced in the biblio-
graphical notes.
The fundamental concepts and algorithms covered in the book are often
based on those used in existing commercial or experimental database systems.
Our aim is to present these concepts and algorithms in a general setting that is
not tied to one particular database system. Details of particular database systems
are discussed in Part 9, “Case Studies.”
In this, the sixth edition of Database System Concepts, we have retained the
overall style of the prior editions while evolving the content and organization to
reflect the changes that are occurring in the way databases are designed, managed,
and used. We have also taken into account trends in the teaching of database
concepts and made adaptations to facilitate these trends where appropriate.
xv

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xvi Preface
Organization
The text is organized in nine major parts, plus five appendices.
• Overview (Chapter 1). Chapter 1 provides a general overview of the nature
and purpose of database systems. We explain how the concept of a database
system has developed, what the common features of database systems are,
what a database system does for the user, and how a database system in-
terfaces with operating systems. We also introduce an example database
application: a university organization consisting of multiple departments,
instructors, students, and courses. This application is used as a running ex-
ample throughout the book. This chapter is motivational, historical, and ex-
planatory in nature.
• Part 1: Relational Databases (Chapters 2 through 6). Chapter 2 introduces
the relational model of data, covering basic concepts such as the structure
of relational databases, database schemas, keys, schema diagrams, relational
query languages, and relational operations. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 focus on the
most influential of the user-oriented relational languages: SQL. Chapter 6 cov-
ers the formal relational query languages: relational algebra, tuple relational
calculus, and domain relational calculus.
The chapters in this part describe data manipulation: queries, updates, in-
sertions, and deletions, assuming a schema design has been provided. Schema
design issues are deferred to Part 2.
• Part 2: Database Design (Chapters 7 through 9). Chapter 7 provides an
overview of the database-design process, with major emphasis on database
design using the entity-relationship data model. The entity-relationship data
model provides a high-level view of the issues in database design, and of the
problems that we encounter in capturing the semantics of realistic applica-
tions within the constraints of a data model. UML class-diagram notation is
also covered in this chapter.
Chapter 8 introduces the theory of relational database design. The the-
ory of functional dependencies and normalization is covered, with emphasis
on the motivation and intuitive understanding of each normal form. This
chapter begins with an overview of relational design and relies on an intu-
itive understanding of logical implication of functional dependencies. This
allows the concept of normalization to be introduced prior to full coverage
of functional-dependency theory, which is presented later in the chapter. In-
structors may choose to use only this initial coverage in Sections 8.1 through
8.3 without loss of continuity. Instructors covering the entire chapter will ben-
efit from students having a good understanding of normalization concepts to
motivate some of the challenging concepts of functional-dependency theory.
Chapter 9 covers application design and development. This chapter empha-
sizes the construction of database applications with Web-based interfaces. In
addition, the chapter covers application security.

Preface xvii
• Part 3: Data Storage and Querying (Chapters 10 through 13). Chapter 10
deals with storage devices, files, and data-storage structures. A variety of
data-access techniques are presented in Chapter 11, including B+
-tree indices
and hashing. Chapters 12 and 13 address query-evaluation algorithms and
query optimization. These chapters provide an understanding of the internals
of the storage and retrieval components of a database.
• Part 4: Transaction Management (Chapters 14 through 16). Chapter 14 fo-
cuses on the fundamentals of a transaction-processing system: atomicity,
consistency, isolation, and durability. It provides an overview of the methods
used to ensure these properties, including locking and snapshot isolation.
Chapter 15 focuses on concurrency control and presents several techniques
for ensuring serializability, including locking, timestamping, and optimistic
(validation) techniques. The chapter also covers deadlock issues. Alterna-
tives to serializability are covered, most notably the widely-used snapshot
isolation, which is discussed in detail.
Chapter 16 covers the primary techniques for ensuring correct transac-
tion execution despite system crashes and storage failures. These techniques
include logs, checkpoints, and database dumps. The widely-used ARIES al-
gorithm is presented.
• Part 5: System Architecture (Chapters 17 through 19). Chapter 17 covers
computer-system architecture, and describes the influence of the underly-
ing computer system on the database system. We discuss centralized sys-
tems, client–server systems, and parallel and distributed architectures in this
chapter.
Chapter 18, on parallel databases, explores a variety of parallelization
techniques, including I/O parallelism, interquery and intraquery parallelism,
and interoperation and intraoperation parallelism. The chapter also describes
parallel-system design.
Chapter 19 covers distributed database systems, revisiting the issues
of database design, transaction management, and query evaluation and op-
timization, in the context of distributed databases. The chapter also cov-
ers issues of system availability during failures, heterogeneous distributed
databases, cloud-based databases, and distributed directory systems.
• Part 6: Data Warehousing, Data Mining, and Information Retrieval (Chap-
ters 20 and 21). Chapter 20 introduces the concepts of data warehousing
and data mining. Chapter 21 describes information-retrieval techniques for
querying textual data, including hyperlink-based techniques used in Web
search engines.
Part 6 uses the modeling and language concepts from Parts 1 and 2, but
does not depend on Parts 3, 4, or 5. It can therefore be incorporated easily
into a course that focuses on SQL and on database design.

xviii Preface
• Part 7: Specialty Databases (Chapters 22 and 23). Chapter 22 covers object-
based databases. The chapter describes the object-relational data model,
which extends the relational data model to support complex data types, type
inheritance, and object identity. The chapter also describes database access
from object-oriented programming languages.
Chapter 23 covers the XML standard for data representation, which is seeing
increasing use in the exchange and storage of complex data. The chapter also
describes query languages for XML.
• Part 8: Advanced Topics (Chapters 24 through 26). Chapter 24 covers ad-
vanced issues in application development, including performance tuning,
performance benchmarks, database-application testing, and standardization.
Chapter 25 covers spatial and geographic data, temporal data, multimedia
data, and issues in the management of mobile and personal databases.
Finally, Chapter 26 deals with advanced transaction processing. Top-
ics covered in the chapter include transaction-processing monitors, transac-
tional workflows, electronic commerce, high-performance transaction sys-
tems, real-time transaction systems, and long-duration transactions.
• Part 9: Case Studies (Chapters 27 through 30). In this part, we present case
studies of four of the leading database systems, PostgreSQL, Oracle, IBM DB2,
and Microsoft SQL Server. These chapters outline unique features of each of
these systems, and describe their internal structure. They provide a wealth of
interesting information about the respective products, and help you see how
the various implementation techniques described in earlier parts are used
in real systems. They also cover several interesting practical aspects in the
design of real systems.
• Appendices. We provide five appendices that cover material that is of histor-
ical nature or is advanced; these appendices are available only online on the
Web site of the book (http://www.db-book.com). An exception is Appendix A,
which presents details of our university schema including the full schema,
DDL, and all the tables. This appendix appears in the actual text.
Appendix B describes other relational query languages, including QBE
Microsoft Access, and Datalog.
Appendix C describes advanced relational database design, including the
theory of multivalued dependencies, join dependencies, and the project-join
and domain-key normal forms. This appendix is for the benefit of individuals
who wish to study the theory of relational database design in more detail,
and instructors who wish to do so in their courses. This appendix, too, is
available only online, on the Web site of the book.
Although most new database applications use either the relational model
or the object-relational model, the network and hierarchical data models are
still in use in some legacy applications. For the benefit of readers who wish to
learn about these data models, we provide appendices describing the network
and hierarchical data models, in Appendices D and E respectively.

Preface xix
The Sixth Edition
The production of this sixth edition has been guided by the many comments and
suggestions we received concerning the earlier editions, by our own observations
while teaching at Yale University, Lehigh University, and IIT Bombay, and by our
analysis of the directions in which database technology is evolving.
We have replaced the earlier running example of bank enterprise with a uni-
versity example. This example has an immediate intuitive connection to students
that assists not only in remembering the example, but, more importantly, in gain-
ing deeper insight into the various design decisions that need to be made.
We have reorganized the book so as to collect all of our SQL coverage together
and place it early in the book. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 present complete SQL coverage.
Chapter 3 presents the basics of the language, with more advanced features in
Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, we present JDBC along with other means of accessing
SQL from a general-purpose programming language. We present triggers and re-
cursion, and then conclude with coverage of online analytic processing (OLAP).
Introductory courses may choose to cover only certain sections of Chapter 5 or
defer sections until after the coverage of database design without loss of continu-
ity.
Beyond these two major changes, we revised the material in each chapter,
bringing the older material up-to-date, adding discussions on recent develop-
ments in database technology, and improving descriptions of topics that students
found difficult to understand. We have also added new exercises and updated
references. The list of specific changes includes the following:
• Earlier coverage of SQL. Many instructors use SQL as a key component of term
projects (see our Web site, www.db-book.com, for sample projects). In order to
give students ample time for the projects, particularly for universities and
colleges on the quarter system, it is essential to teach SQL as early as possible.
With this in mind, we have undertaken several changes in organization:
◦ A new chapter on the relational model (Chapter 2) precedes SQL, laying
the conceptual foundation, without getting lost in details of relational
algebra.
◦ Chapters 3, 4, and 5 provide detailed coverage of SQL. These chapters also
discuss variants supported by different database systems, to minimize
problems that students face when they execute queries on actual database
systems. These chapters cover all aspects of SQL, including queries, data
definition, constraint specification, OLAP, and the use of SQL from within
a variety of languages, including Java/JDBC.
◦ Formal languages (Chapter 6) have been postponed to after SQL, and can
be omitted without affecting the sequencing of other chapters. Only our
discussion of query optimization in Chapter 13 depends on the relational
algebra coverage of Chapter 6.

xx Preface
• New database schema. We adopted a new schema, which is based on uni-
versity data, as a running example throughout the book. This schema is
more intuitive and motivating for students than the earlier bank schema, and
illustrates more complex design trade-offs in the database-design chapters.
• More support for a hands-on student experience. To facilitate following
our running example, we list the database schema and the sample relation
instances for our university database together in Appendix A as well as
where they are used in the various regular chapters. In addition, we provide,
on our Web site http://www.db-book.com, SQL data-definition statements for the
entire example, along with SQL statements to create our example relation
instances. This encourages students to run example queries directly on a
database system and to experiment with modifying those queries.
• Revised coverage of E-R model. The E-R diagram notation in Chapter 7 has
been modified to make it more compatible with UML. The chapter also makes
good use of the new university database schema to illustrate more complex
design trade-offs.
• Revised coverage of relational design. Chapter 8 now has a more readable
style, providing an intuitive understanding of functional dependencies and
normalization, before covering functional dependency theory; the theory is
motivated much better as a result.
• Expanded material on application development and security. Chapter 9 has
new material on application development, mirroring rapid changes in the
field. In particular, coverage of security has been expanded, considering its
criticality in today’s interconnected world, with an emphasis on practical
issues over abstract concepts.
• Revised and updated coverage of data storage, indexing and query op-
timization. Chapter 10 has been updated with new technology, including
expanded coverage of flash memory.
Coverage of B+
-trees in Chapter 11 has been revised to reflect practical
implementations, including coverage of bulk loading, and the presentation
has been improved. The B+
-tree examples in Chapter 11 have now been
revised with n = 4, to avoid the special case of empty nodes that arises with
the (unrealistic) value of n = 3.
Chapter 13 has new material on advanced query-optimization techniques.
• Revised coverage of transaction management. Chapter 14 provides full cov-
erage of the basics for an introductory course, with advanced details follow-
ing in Chapters 15 and 16. Chapter 14 has been expanded to cover the practical
issues in transaction management faced by database users and database-
application developers. The chapter also includes an expanded overview of
topics covered in Chapters 15 and 16, ensuring that even if Chapters 15 and 16
are omitted, students have a basic knowledge of the concepts of concurrency
control and recovery.

Preface xxi
Chapters 14 and 15 now include detailed coverage of snapshot isolation,
which is widely supported and used today, including coverage of potential
hazards when using it.
Chapter 16 now has a simplified description of basic log-based recovery
leading up to coverage of the ARIES algorithm.
• Revised and expanded coverage of distributed databases. We now cover
cloud data storage, which is gaining significant interest for business appli-
cations. Cloud storage offers enterprises opportunities for improved cost-
management and increased storage scalability, particularly for Web-based
applications. We examine those advantages along with the potential draw-
backs and risks.
Multidatabases, which were earlier in the advanced transaction processing
chapter, are now covered earlier as part of the distributed database chapter.
• Postponed coverage of object databases and XML. Although object-oriented
languages and XML are widely used outside of databases, their use in data-
bases is still limited, making them appropriate for more advanced courses,
or as supplementary material for an introductory course. These topics have
therefore been moved to later in the book, in Chapters 22 and 23.
• QBE, Microsoft Access, and Datalog in an online appendix. These topics,
which were earlier part of a chapter on “other relational languages,” are now
covered in online Appendix C.
All topics not listed above are updated from the fifth edition, though their overall
organization is relatively unchanged.
Review Material and Exercises
Each chapter has a list of review terms, in addition to a summary, which can help
readers review key topics covered in the chapter.
The exercises are divided into two sets: practice exercises and exercises. The
solutions for the practice exercises are publicly available on the Web site of the
book. Students are encouraged to solve the practice exercises on their own, and
later use the solutions on the Web site to check their own solutions. Solutions
to the other exercises are available only to instructors (see “Instructor’s Note,”
below, for information on how to get the solutions).
Many chapters have a tools section at the end of the chapter that provides
information on software tools related to the topic of the chapter; some of these
tools can be used for laboratory exercises. SQL DDL and sample data for the
university database and other relations used in the exercises are available on the
Web site of the book, and can be used for laboratory exercises.

xxii Preface
Instructor’s Note
The book contains both basic and advanced material, which might not be cov-
ered in a single semester. We have marked several sections as advanced, using
the symbol “**”. These sections may be omitted if so desired, without a loss of
continuity. Exercises that are difficult (and can be omitted) are also marked using
the symbol “**”.
It is possible to design courses by using various subsets of the chapters. Some
of the chapters can also be covered in an order different from their order in the
book. We outline some of the possibilities here:
• Chapter 5 (Advanced SQL) can be skipped or deferred to later without loss of
continuity. We expect most courses will cover at least Section 5.1.1 early, as
JDBC is likely to be a useful tool in student projects.
• Chapter 6 (Formal Relational Query Languages) can be covered immediately
after Chapter 2, ahead of SQL. Alternatively, this chapter may be omitted from
an introductory course.
We recommend covering Section 6.1 (relational algebra) if the course also
covers query processing. However, Sections 6.2 and 6.3 can be omitted if
students will not be using relational calculus as part of the course.
• Chapter 7 (E-R Model) can be covered ahead of Chapters 3, 4 and 5 if you so
desire, since Chapter 7 does not have any dependency on SQL.
• Chapter 13 (Query Optimization) can be omitted from an introductory course
without affecting coverage of any other chapter.
• Both our coverage of transaction processing (Chapters 14 through 16) and
our coverage of system architecture (Chapters 17 through 19) consist of an
overview chapter (Chapters 14 and 17, respectively), followed by chapters
with details. You might choose to use Chapters 14 and 17, while omitting
Chapters 15, 16, 18 and 19, if you defer these latter chapters to an advanced
course.
• Chapters 20 and 21, covering data warehousing, data mining, and informa-
tion retrieval, can be used as self-study material or omitted from an introduc-
tory course.
• Chapters 22 (Object-Based Databases), and 23 (XML) can be omitted from an
introductory course.
• Chapters 24 through 26, covering advanced application development, spatial,
temporal and mobile data, and advanced transaction processing, are suitable
for an advanced course or for self-study by students.
• The case-study Chapters 27 through 30 are suitable for self-study by students.
Alternatively, they can be used as an illustration of concepts when the earlier
chapters are presented in class.
Model course syllabi, based on the text, can be found on the Web site of the book.

Preface xxiii
Web Site and Teaching Supplements
A Web site for the book is available at the URL: http://www.db-book.com. The Web
site contains:
• Slides covering all the chapters of the book.
• Answers to the practice exercises.
• The five appendices.
• An up-to-date errata list.
• Laboratory material, including SQL DDL and sample data for the university
schema and other relations used in exercises, and instructions for setting up
and using various database systems and tools.
The following additional material is available only to faculty:
• An instructor manual containing solutions to all exercises in the book.
• A question bank containing extra exercises.
For more information about how to get a copy of the instructor manual and the
question bank, please send electronic mail to customer.service@mcgraw-hill.com.
In the United States, you may call 800-338-3987. The McGraw-Hill Web site for
this book is http://www.mhhe.com/silberschatz.
Contacting Us
We have endeavored to eliminate typos, bugs, and the like from the text. But, as
in new releases of software, bugs almost surely remain; an up-to-date errata list
is accessible from the book’s Web site. We would appreciate it if you would notify
us of any errors or omissions in the book that are not on the current list of errata.
We would be glad to receive suggestions on improvements to the book. We
also welcome any contributions to the book Web site that could be of use to
other readers, such as programming exercises, project suggestions, online labs
and tutorials, and teaching tips.
Email should be addressed to db-book-authors@cs.yale.edu. Any other corre-
spondence should be sent to Avi Silberschatz, Department of Computer Science,
Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208285, New Haven, CT 06520-8285
USA.
Acknowledgments
Many people have helped us with this sixth edition, as well as with the previous
five editions from which it is derived.

xxiv Preface
Sixth Edition
• Anastassia Ailamaki, Sailesh Krishnamurthy, Spiros Papadimitriou, and
Bianca Schroeder (Carnegie Mellon University) for writing Chapter 27 de-
scribing the PostgreSQL database system.
• Hakan Jakobsson (Oracle), for writing Chapter 28 on the Oracle database
system.
• Sriram Padmanabhan (IBM), for writing Chapter 29 describing the IBM DB2
database system.
• Sameet Agarwal, José A. Blakeley, Thierry D’Hers, Gerald Hinson, Dirk My-
ers, Vaqar Pirzada, Bill Ramos, Balaji Rathakrishnan, Michael Rys, Florian
Waas, and Michael Zwilling (all of Microsoft) for writing Chapter 30 de-
scribing the Microsoft SQL Server database system, and in particular José
Blakeley for coordinating and editing the chapter; César Galindo-Legaria,
Goetz Graefe, Kalen Delaney, and Thomas Casey (all of Microsoft) for their
contributions to the previous edition of the Microsoft SQL Server chapter.
• Daniel Abadi for reviewing the table of contents of the fifth edition and
helping with the new organization.
• Steve Dolins, University of Florida; Rolando Fernanez, George Washington
University; Frantisek Franek, McMaster University; Latifur Khan, University
of Texas - Dallas; Sanjay Madria, University of Missouri - Rolla; Aris Ouksel,
University of Illinois; and Richard Snodgrass, University of Waterloo; who
served as reviewers of the book and whose comments helped us greatly in
formulating this sixth edition.
• Judi Paige for her help in generating figures and presentation slides.
• Mark Wogahn for making sure that the software to produce the book, includ-
ing LaTeX macros and fonts, worked properly.
• N. L. Sarda for feedback that helped us improve several chapters, in particular
Chapter 11; Vikram Pudi for motivating us to replace the earlier bank schema;
and Shetal Shah for feedback on several chapters.
• Students at Yale, Lehigh, and IIT Bombay, for their comments on the fifth
edition, as well as on preprints of the sixth edition.
Previous Editions
• Chen Li and Sharad Mehrotra for providing material on JDBC and security
for the fifth edition.
• Marilyn Turnamian and Nandprasad Joshi provided secretarial assistance for
the fifth edition, and Marilyn also prepared an early draft of the cover design
for the fifth edition.

Preface xxv
• Lyn Dupré copyedited the third edition and Sara Strandtman edited the text
of the third edition.
• Nilesh Dalvi, Sumit Sanghai, Gaurav Bhalotia, Arvind Hulgeri K. V. Ragha-
van, Prateek Kapadia, Sara Strandtman, Greg Speegle, and Dawn Bezviner
helped to prepare the instructor’s manual for earlier editions.
• The idea of using ships as part of the cover concept was originally suggested
to us by Bruce Stephan.
• The following people pointed out errors in the fifth edition: Alex Coman,
Ravindra Guravannavar, Arvind Hulgeri, Rohit Kulshreshtha, Sang-Won
Lee, Joe H. C. Lu, Alex N. Napitupulu, H. K. Park, Jian Pei, Fernando Saenz
Perez, Donnie Pinkston, Yma Pinto, Rajarshi Rakshit, Sandeep Satpal, Amon
Seagull, Barry Soroka, Praveen Ranjan Srivastava, Hans Svensson, Moritz
Wiese, and Eyob Delele Yirdaw.
• The following people offered suggestions and comments for the fifth and ear-
lier editions of the book. R. B. Abhyankar, Hani Abu-Salem, Jamel R. Alsab-
bagh, Raj Ashar, Don Batory, Phil Bernhard, Christian Breimann, Gavin M.
Bierman, Janek Bogucki, Haran Boral, Paul Bourgeois, Phil Bohannon, Robert
Brazile, Yuri Breitbart, Ramzi Bualuan, Michael Carey, Soumen Chakrabarti,
Tom Chappell, Zhengxin Chen, Y. C. Chin, Jan Chomicki, Laurens Damen,
Prasanna Dhandapani, Qin Ding, Valentin Dinu, J. Edwards, Christos Falout-
sos, Homma Farian, Alan Fekete, Frantisek Franek, Shashi Gadia, Hector
Garcia-Molina, Goetz Graefe, Jim Gray, Le Gruenwald, Eitan M. Gurari,
William Hankley, Bruce Hillyer, Ron Hitchens, Chad Hogg, Arvind Hulgeri,
Yannis Ioannidis, Zheng Jiaping, Randy M. Kaplan, Graham J. L. Kemp, Rami
Khouri, Hyoung-Joo Kim, Won Kim, Henry Korth (father of Henry F.), Carol
Kroll, Hae Choon Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Irwin Levinstein, Mark Llewellyn,
Gary Lindstrom, Ling Liu, Dave Maier, Keith Marzullo, Marty Maskarinec,
Fletcher Mattox, Sharad Mehrotra, Jim Melton, Alberto Mendelzon, Ami
Motro, Bhagirath Narahari, Yiu-Kai Dennis Ng, Thanh-Duy Nguyen, Anil
Nigam, Cyril Orji, Meral Ozsoyoglu, D. B. Phatak, Juan Altmayer Pizzorno,
Bruce Porter, Sunil Prabhakar, Jim Peterson, K. V. Raghavan, Nahid Rahman,
Rajarshi Rakshit, Krithi Ramamritham, Mike Reiter, Greg Riccardi, Odinaldo
Rodriguez, Mark Roth, Marek Rusinkiewicz, Michael Rys, Sunita Sarawagi,
N. L. Sarda, Patrick Schmid, Nikhil Sethi, S. Seshadri, Stewart Shen, Shashi
Shekhar, Amit Sheth, Max Smolens, Nandit Soparkar, Greg Speegle, Jeff
Storey, Dilys Thomas, Prem Thomas, Tim Wahls, Anita Whitehall, Christo-
pher Wilson, Marianne Winslett, Weining Zhang, and Liu Zhenming.
Book Production
The publisher was Raghu Srinivasan. The developmental editor was Melinda
D. Bilecki. The project manager was Melissa Leick. The marketing manager was

Exploring the Variety of Random
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THE BUTCHER FLOORING CO.,
9 and 11 Haverhill Street, BOSTON, MASS.
“BUILDING”
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PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.
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By Arnold W. Brunner and Thomas Tryon, Architects. One Quarto
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NEW BOOKS.
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Architectural Studies.
Vol. II.
JUST PUBLISHED, PART 6.
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with specifications, bills of materials and estimates of cost. One
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PLATE. PLATE.
I.—$500 House. VII.—$1,000 House.
II.—$700 „ VIII.—$1,000 „
III.—$800 „ IX.—$1,200 „
IV.—$800 „ X.—$1,500 „
V.— $900 „ XI.—$2,000 „
VI.—$1,000 „ XII.—$2,500 „
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LIST OF PLATES.—Plate 25, Counter and Showcase, with
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Details; 32, Two Detached Cases, with Details; 33, Prescription
Counter, with Details; 34, Perfumery Case, with Details; 35, Wall
Shelving, with Details; 36, Cashier’s Desk, with Details. One Paper
Portfolio, Twelve Plates.
Price, $1.00.
A Most Complete Work of Details.
Modern Architectural Practice.
No. 1.
A Large Country House in Detail.
By BRUCE PRICE, Archt.
This number contains twenty‐four 12 × 15 plates, and full
specifications illustrated by woodcuts and diagrams. One Large
Quarto, 12 × 15, Boards.
Price, $5.00.
ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES.
VOL. I.

One Large Quarto Vol., Cloth, Price $5. Containing 60 large
Lithographic Plates, treating on the following Subjects.
PART I.—LOW COST HOUSES, including prize designs, with
elevations, plans, details, specifications, bills of materials, and
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costing from $500 to $3,000.
PART II.—STORE FRONTS AND INTERIOR DETAILS. 12 plates
and descriptive letterpress.
PART III.—STABLES. Containing 12 plates of Stables, suitable for
village lots, ranging in cost from $300 upward.
PART IV.—SEASIDE AND SOUTHERN HOUSES. 12 plates of
designs for Cheap Houses, with ample verandas, suited to a summer
climate. Average cost, $1,500.
PART V.—OUT‐BUILDINGS. Containing 12 plates of designs of
Small Stables, Summer Houses, Pavilions, Privies, Fences, Gates, etc.
Each of these parts may be obtained separately when desired.
Paper portfolio, 12 plates and descriptive letterpress, $1 each.
W. T. COMSTOCK, Publisher,
23 WARREN ST., NEW YORK.

THE LATEST & BEST IMPROVED
BRICK
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FOR BOTH STEAM
AND HORSE POWER.
STEAM POWER BRICK MACHINE WITHOUT GEARING.
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WEIGHT 7200 LBS.
HORSE POWER BRICK MACHINE
WT. 4500 LBS.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

HENRY MARTIN,
INVENTOR, PROPRIETOR,
AND MANUFACTURER.
139 CHESTNUT ST.
LANCASTER, PA., U. S. A.
A. PALMER CO. ENG.
Manufacturers and Dealers in Parquet and Inlaid Floors, Wainscoting,
Etc.
J. DUNFEE & CO.,
Wood Carpet and Weather Strips
OF ALL KINDS,
102 Washington Street,—CHICAGO.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
Factory, 204 to 212 South Clinton Street.
B. G. UNDERWOOD,
ADVERTISING AGENT,
361 Broadway, New York,
AND
31 Pemberton Sq., Boston.
Cast Iron Gas and Water Pipes
1½ to 48 INCHES DIAMETER.

Cast Iron Flange Heating and Steam Pipes, Fire Hydrants
and Stop Valves for Water or Gas, all Sizes.
ALL PIPE PROVED BY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
GLOUCESTER IRON WORKS,
GLOUCESTER CITY, N. J.
SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY, Prest. JAMES P. MICHELLON, Secy.
HENRY B. CHEW, Treas. OFFICE, WILLIAM SEXTON, Supt.
6 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia.
VentilatoR.
Patented May 4th, 1886.

For Bulk Windows.
Adapted for Dwellings, Stores, Hospitals, School Rooms, Offices,
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and readily adjustable. Manufactured and sold, Wholesale and Retail,
also Patent Right for sale for States, United States or Canada,
address
T. T. COHEN, 211 So. 13th St., Phila., Pa.

ESTABLISHED 1868 BY GEORGE HAYES
THE HAYES SKYLIGHTS
PERFORATED METALLIC, INSECT & STORM PROOF BLINDS
SEND FOR CATALOGUE
71–8TH AVE. NEW YORK.
COMBINATION SQUARE.

This tool, with its sliding blade and stock having right angle and
mitre faces, level and scriber, is more than a substitute for a whole
set of the common kind. It can be used in many places and for
purposes that a stationary blade cannot.
Send for price.
L. S. STARRETT,
Manufacturer of Fine Tools, ATHOL, MASS.
DRAFTSMANS’ ADJUSTABLE CURVE RULER.
Highly Commended. Makes any Curve.

For sale everywhere, 14 inch, $1.50; 30 inch, $2.87. Circular Gratis.
FRANK W. DAVENPORT, Patentee and Manufacturer,
Providence, R. I., U. S. A.
New York City. Room 217 Stewart Building.
C. POWELL KARR, C.E.
CONSULTING ARCHITECT.
Plans and Specifications prepared for Heating, Lighting, Ventilation and Sanitation
of Buildings.
SPECIAL ATTENTION DEVOTED TO THE INSPECTION AND
IMPROVEMENT OF THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF
THEATERS, MUSIC HALLS, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
ALLEN B. RORKE,
Contractor and Builder,
423 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
MORSE ELEVATOR WORKS.
Morse, Williams & Co.
Successors to CLEM & MORSE,
BUILDERS OF ALL KINDS OF

Passenger and Freight
ELEVATORS
Send for Circulars.
OFFICE: 411 CHERRY STREET.
Works: Frankford Avenue, Wildey and
Shackamaxon Streets
PHILADELPHIA.
NEW YORK OFFICE: 108 Liberty
Street.
PASSENGER ELEVATORS,
MANUFACTURED BY
HOWARD IRON WORKS,
BUFFALO, N. Y.
The Elevators in the State Capitol, Albany, New York, were
built by us, and many others in some of the finest buildings
in the country.
GRAVES’
ELEVATORS,
PASSENGER and FREIGHT,
MANUFACTURED BY

L. S., GRAVES & SON, Rochester, N. Y.
BRANCH OFFICE: 46 Cortlandt Street, New York.
JOHN WHEELER,
CARPENTER and BUILDER
——OF——
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WORK
Medals from American Institute, And other Associations.
P. O. Box 140. Cleveland St., Orange, N. J.
LEPAGE’S
THE ONLY GENUINE
LIQUID GLUE

UNEQUALLED for CEMENTING
wood, glass, china, paper, leather, &c. Always ready for use. Pronounced strongest
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Sample 20c stamps
FIRST CLASS
HEATING APPARATUS,
J. REYNOLDS & SON,
Thirteenth and Filbert Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Manufacturers of
Steel Air Tight
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(1) G. W. B. asks: 1. What kind of cement used,
and how to cement gum face on band saws? A. Ordinary rubber
cement, such as you can purchase at any of the rubber stores, will
answer your purpose. 2. Is there anything to be put in glue to
prevent moisture from disturbing the joints in patterns? A. A little
bichromate of potash put into your glue will render it insoluble, after
exposure to light. 3. Is there anything to prevent shellac used for
patterns from getting dark before using after it is mixed some time?
A. We know of no way to prevent this.
(2) W. S. C.—In closed circuits for steam heating,
the pressure of the steam along the flow pipes and in coils in well
arranged systems is so nearly equalized with the pressure in the
boiler, that it requires but small elevation of the water of
condensation in the return pipe above the water level in the boiler to
allow of its return by gravity. In this system all of the radiators
should be not less than from 1 to 5 feet above the water level in the
boiler, according to the complication and extent of the circuit. The air
is discharged at the radiators, and no waste of water is necessary.
(3) E. H. S.—Coal tar alone with gravel and sand
for sidewalks does not dry well. Asphaltum with equal parts of coal
tar melted together and sprinkled upon the mixed sand and gravel
that has been made hot upon an iron plate (the mixing to be done in
a large pan of iron), putting no more asphalt and tar upon the sand
and gravel than will just make it stick together; then dump into place
while hot, spread quickly, and beat level with a ram or heavy roller.
Dust over the surface with fine sand before rolling or beating, to
prevent the material from sticking to the roller or beater. This
operation requires a little care and experience as to just the amount
of asphalt and tar for a given measure of sand and gravel, and also
for the proportions of sand and gravel required to make the best
pavement. Sometimes a thin bed of broken stone is laid as a
foundation. Also a thin bed of coarse gravel is sometimes spread
before dumping the hot mixture.

(4) J. C.—A first class ice boat, sailing on first class
ice, will sail from three to four times faster than the wind that drives
the boat. For example, a wind having a velocity of fifteen miles an
hour will drive the boat at the rate of from forty to sixty miles an
hour.
(5) T. H. G. writes: I have a mahogany table which
has been varnished and has ink spots on it. 1. By what means can I
get the varnish and ink off, in order to rub on an oil finish? A. The
ink spots can be washed off with water and the varnish with alcohol.
2. What is best to polish carved brass? A. Polish with rotten stone
and oil, alcohol, or spirits of turpentine. 3. What will remove water
stains from polished marble? A. Mix quicklime with strong lye,
(Continued on page x.)

Building Plans and Specifications.
In connection with the publication of the Building Edition of the
Scientific American, Messrs. Munn & Co. furnish Plans and
Specifications for Buildings of every kind, including Public Buildings,
Churches, Schools, Stores, Dwellings, Carriage Houses, Barns, etc.
In this work they are assisted by able and experienced architects.
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extend, or add to existing buildings, whether wings, porches, bay
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MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York

Business and Personal.
Any person having a new invention may, without charge, consult
MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, New
York, for advice how to obtain a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand
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Practical Working Drawings of machinery made by A. K. Mansfield
& Co., 280 Broadway, N. Y. Life‐long mechanics. One formerly R. R.
supt. M. P. Important references. Work guaranteed. Correspondence
invited.
For Sale—22 unbound volumes Scientific American, of old dates.
Also a lot of odd numbers, in good order. For a descriptive list
address I. R. Hudson, 212 East 14th St., New York.
All kinds wood engraving. Perfect; lowest rate; sell engr. tools,
mate’l, machs. N. H. Taylor, Wyandotte, Kan.
Portable grinding mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.
Engines and boilers. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.
For Sale—The following braiding machines: 2 nine carriers, 1
twelve carriers, 2 thirteen carriers, 1 sixteen carriers, 1 twenty
carriers, 1 twenty‐one carriers. Also three looms, 24 and 30 shuttles.
All the above will be sold cheap. Raymold & Whitlock, 99 Fourth
Ave., N. Y.
Wanted—New invention or novelty for the English market by a
first‐class London house, having a large connection among shippers,
warehousemen, drapers, etc. Address “Everclean,” 100 Wood St.,
London, England.
Lacquers.—Zapon, Brilliantine, Brassoline, Opaline, and other
lacquers and special varnishes. Brilliant, hard, durable. Send for

catalogue. The Fred’k Crane Chemical Co., Short Hills, N. J. N. Y.
agent, Horace Van Sands, 733 Broadway.
For the best and cheapest 4 Horse Engine, address Peter Walrath,
Chittenango, N. Y.
Perforated metals of all kinds for all purposes. The Robert
Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., Chicago, Ill.
For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, address the M.
C. Bullock Mfg. Co., 138 Jackson St., Chicago, Ill.
The Railroad Gazette, handsomely illustrated, published weekly, at
73 Broadway, New York. Specimen copies free. Send for catalogue of
railroad books.
The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 113 Federal St., Boston, and 93
Liberty St., New York, have just issued a new catalogue, in which are
many new and improved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single
and duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be mailed
free of charge on application.
Link Belting and Wheels. Link Belt M. Co., Chicago.
Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J.
Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel
salts, polishing compositions, etc. $100 “Little Wonder.” A perfect
Electro Plating Machine. Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer
Kristaline. Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle &
Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York.
Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of modern
design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.
Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of information of any
special engineering, mechanical, or scientific subject, can have
catalogue of contents of the Scientific American Supplement sent to
them free. The Supplement contains lengthy articles embracing the
whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical science.
Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York.

The Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., will send their
pamphlet, describing water works machinery, and containing reports
of tests, on application.
Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 301.
Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood Working
Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.
For best leather belting and lace leather, including Hercules, see
Page Belting Co.’s adv., p. 318.
Iron, Steel, and Copper Drop Forgings of every description. Billings
& Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn.
Paint mills. Chas. Kaestner & Co., Chicago, Ill.
Pat. Geared Scroll Chucks, with 3 pinions, sold at same prices as
common chucks by Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn.
Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders.
R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
60,000 Emerson’s 1887 ☞ Book of superior saws, with
Supplement, sent free to all Sawyers and Lumbermen. Address
Emerson, Smith & Co., Limited, Beaver Falls, Pa., U. S. A.
Safety Elevators, steam and belt power; quick and smooth. D.
Frisbie & Co., 112 Liberty St., New York.
“How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address for free 88 page
book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 120 Liberty St., N. Y.
Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic Lanterns,
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for colleges, Sunday schools, and home amusements. 152 page
illustrated catalogue free. McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49
Nassau St., N. Y.
Ax handle and spoke lathes. Railway cutting off saw machines.
Rollstone Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass.

Best belt hooks are Talcott’s. Providence, R. I.

PROSPECTUS
OF THE
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FOR 1888.
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Only $3.00 a Year, including Postage. Weekly. 52 Numbers a
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