DataStructureLists Stacks Queues and more

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 1
Chapter 20 Lists, Stacks, Queues,
and Priority Queues

Objectives
 To explore the relationship between interfaces and classes in the Java
Collections Framework hierarchy (§20.2).
 To use the common methods defined in the Collection interface for operating
collections (§20.2).
 To use the Iterator interface to traverse the elements in a collection (§20.3).
 To use a for-each loop to traverse the elements in a collection (§20.3).
 To explore how and when to use ArrayList or LinkedList to store elements
(§20.4).
 To compare elements using the Comparable interface and the Comparator
interface (§20.5).
 To use the static utility methods in the Collections class for sorting, searching,
shuffling lists, and finding the largest and smallest element in collections
(§20.6).
 To develop a multiple bouncing balls application using ArrayList (§20.7).
 To distinguish between Vector and ArrayList and to use the Stack class for
creating stacks (§20.8).
 To explore the relationships among Collection, Queue, LinkedList, and
PriorityQueue and to create priority queues using the PriorityQueue class
(§20.9).
 To use stacks to write a program to evaluate expressions (§20.10).

Java Collection Framework
hierarchy
A collection is a container object that holds
a group of objects, often referred to as
elements. The Java Collections Framework
supports three types of collections, named
lists, sets, and maps.

Java Collection Framework
hierarchy, cont.
Set and List are subinterfaces of Collection.

The Collection Interface
The Collection interface is the root interface for manipulating a collection of obj

The List Interface
A list stores elements in a sequential order,
and allows the user to specify where the
element is stored. The user can access the
elements by index.

The List Interface, cont.

The List Iterator

ArrayList and LinkedList
The ArrayList class and the LinkedList class are concrete
implementations of the List interface. Which of the two
classes you use depends on your specific needs. If you
need to support random access through an index without
inserting or removing elements from any place other than
the end, ArrayList offers the most efficient collection. If,
however, your application requires the insertion or
deletion of elements from any place in the list, you should
choose LinkedList. A list can grow or shrink
dynamically. An array is fixed once it is created. If your
application does not require insertion or deletion of
elements, the most efficient data structure is the array.

java.util.ArrayList
«interface»
java.util.List<E>
Creates an empty list with the default initial capacity.
Creates an array list from an existing collection.
Creates an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the
list's current size.
+ArrayList()
+ArrayList(c: Collection<? extends E>)
+ArrayList(initialCapacity: int)
+trimToSize(): void
«interface»
java.util.Collection<E>
java.util.ArrayList<E>

java.util.LinkedList
«interface»
java.util.List<E>
Creates a default empty linked list.
Creates a linked list from an existing collection.
Adds the object to the head of this list.
Adds the object to the tail of this list.
Returns the first element from this list.
Returns the last element from this list.
Returns and removes the first element from this list.
Returns and removes the last element from this list.
+LinkedList()
+LinkedList(c: Collection<? extends E>)
+addFirst(o: E): void
+addLast(o: E): void
+getFirst(): E
+getLast(): E
+removeFirst(): E
+removeLast(): E
«interface»
java.util.Collection<E>
java.util.LinkedList<E>

Example: Using ArrayList and
LinkedList
This example creates an array list filled
with numbers, and inserts new elements
into the specified location in the list. The
example also creates a linked list from the
array list, inserts and removes the elements
from the list. Finally, the example traverses
the list forward and backward.
Run
TestArrayAndLinkedList

The Comparator Interface
Sometimes you want to compare the elements of
different types. The elements may not be instances of
Comparable or are not comparable. You can define a
comparator to compare these elements. To do so, define
a class that implements the java.util.Comparator
interface. The Comparator interface has two methods,
compare and equals.

The Comparator Interface
public int compare(Object element1, Object element2)
Returns a negative value if element1 is less than
element2, a positive value if element1 is greater than
element2, and zero if they are equal.
GeometricObjectComparator
TestComparator
Run

The Collections Class
The Collections class contains various static methods for
operating on collections and maps, for creating
synchronized collection classes, and for creating read-
only collection classes.

The Collections Class UML Diagram

Case Study: Multiple Bouncing Balls
Run
MultipleBounceBall

The Vector and Stack Classes
The Java Collections Framework was introduced
with Java 2. Several data structures were
supported prior to Java 2. Among them are the
Vector class and the Stack class. These classes
were redesigned to fit into the Java Collections
Framework, but their old-style methods are
retained for compatibility. This section
introduces the Vector class and the Stack class.

The Vector Class
In Java 2, Vector is the same as ArrayList,
except that Vector contains the synchronized
methods for accessing and modifying the vector.
None of the new collection data structures
introduced so far are synchronized. If
synchronization is required, you can use the
synchronized versions of the collection classes.
These classes are introduced later in the section,
“The Collections Class.”

The Vector Class, cont.

The Stack Class
The Stack class represents a last-in-first-
out stack of objects. The elements are
accessed only from the top of the stack.
You can retrieve, insert, or remove an
element from the top of the stack.
java.util.Stack<E>
+Stack()
+empty(): boolean
+peek(): E
+pop(): E
+push(o: E) : E
+search(o: Object) : int
java.util.Vector<E>
Creates an empty stack.
Returns true if this stack is empty.
Returns the top element in this stack.
Returns and removes the top element in this stack.
Adds a new element to the top of this stack.
Returns the position of the specified element in this stack.

Queues and Priority Queues
A queue is a first-in/first-out data structure.
Elements are appended to the end of the queue and
are removed from the beginning of the queue. In a
priority queue, elements are assigned priorities.
When accessing elements, the element with the
highest priority is removed first.

The Queue Interface

Using LinkedList for Queue

The PriorityQueue Class
Run
PriorityQueueDemo

Case Study: Evaluating Expressions
Stacks can be used to evaluate expressions.
Evaluate Expression

Algorithm
Phase 1: Scanning the expression
The program scans the expression from left to right to extract operands,
operators, and the parentheses.
1.1. If the extracted item is an operand, push it to operandStack.
1.2. If the extracted item is a + or - operator, process all the operators at the
top of operatorStack and push the extracted operator to operatorStack.
1.3. If the extracted item is a * or / operator, process the * or / operators at
the top of operatorStack and push the extracted operator to operatorStack.
1.4. If the extracted item is a ( symbol, push it to operatorStack.
1.5. If the extracted item is a ) symbol, repeatedly process the operators from
the top of operatorStack until seeing the ( symbol on the stack.
Phase 2: Clearing the stack
Repeatedly process the operators from the top of operatorStack until
operatorStack is empty.

Example

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