DB2 10 Security Enhancements

DB2 for z/OS

DB2 10 Security Enhancements

Julian Stuhler
Triton Consulting, DB2 Specialist, IBM Gold Consultant, IBM Data Champion
Mike Bracey
DB2 for z/OS Systems Engineer, IBM UK
0

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1

Satisfy Your Auditor: Plan, Protect and Audit

Data Access
Minimize the use of a superuser
authorities such as SYSADM Database Security
Administrator Administrator
A different group should manage Tasks Tasks
access to restricted data than the
owner of the data
Data Auditing
Any dynamic access or use of a
privileged authority needs to be
included in your audit trail
SQL based
Maintain historical versions of data for Row & Column Auditing
years or during a business period Access Controls

Data Privacy
All dynamic access to tables containing Today’s Mainframe:
restricted data needs to be protected The power of industry-leading security,
the simplicity of centralised management

2

Reduce risk by minimizing use of SYSADM
New granular system authorities

Prior to DB2 10 New in DB2 10
SYSADM System DBADM

DBADM ACCESSCTRL

DBCTRL DATAACCESS
SECADM
DBMAINT
SQLADM
SYSCTRL
EXPLAIN
PACKADM

SYSOPR

3

Install Security Parameters

Prevents SYSADM and SYSCTRL from granting or revoking
privileges
New SEPARATE_SECURITY install parameter
New install SECADM authority manages subsystem security
SYSADM and SYSCTRL can no longer implicitly grant or revoke
privileges
Install SYSADM authority not impacted
Control cascading effect of revokes
New REVOKE_DEP_PRIVILEGES install parameter
New INCLUDING / NOT INCLUDING DEPENDENT PRIVILEGES
clause on SQL REVOKE statements

4

New authority for performing security tasks
without ability to change or access data

SECADM authority
Allows the user to
Issue SQL GRANT, REVOKE statements on all grantable
privileges and administrative authorities
Manage DB2 9 roles and trusted contexts
Manage DB2 10 row permissions and column masks
Manage DB2 10 Audit policies
Access catalog tables
Issue START, STOP, and DISPLAY TRACE commands
Can access DB2 in ACCESS(MAINT) mode.

5

New authority for managing objects without
ability to access data or control access to data
System DBADM authority
Allows the user to
Issue SQL CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements to manage
most objects in the DB2 subsystem
Exception: Security objects, system objects
Additional privileges required to create objects such as views,
functions, triggers
Issue most DB2 commands
Execute system defined stored procedures and functions

6

New authority for accessing data without the
ability to manage data or control access to data

DATAACCESS authority
Allows the user to
Issue SQL SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements
on all user tables, views, materialized query tables
Execute all plans, packages and routines
Run RECOVERDB, REORG, REPAIR, LOAD utilities on all
user databases
Issue ALTER and TERM UTILITY commands

7

New authority for controlling access to data
without ability to manage or access data

ACCESSCTRL authority
Allows the user to
Issue SQL GRANT, REVOKE statements on most grantable
privileges and administrative authorities
Exceptions:
System DBADM, DATAACCESS, ACCESSCTRL authorities
Security privilege, CREATE_SECURE_OBJECT

8

New authority for monitoring and tuning SQL
without ability to change or access data
SQLADM authority
Allows the user to
Issue SQL EXPLAIN statements
Issue START, STOP, and DISPLAY PROFILE commands
Execute system defined stored procedures and functions
Perform actions involving:
EXPLAIN privilege
STATS privilege on all user databases
MONITOR2 privilege
Cannot access data, perform DDL or execute
9

New privilege to validate SQL before moving
application into production without risk to data

EXPLAIN privilege
Allows the user to

Issue SQL EXPLAIN ALL statement without having the
privileges to execute that SQL statement

Issue SQL PREPARE and DESCRIBE TABLE statements
without requiring any privileges on the object.

Specify new BIND EXPLAIN(ONLY) and SQLERROR(CHECK)
options

Explain dynamic SQL statements executing under new special
register, CURRENT EXPLAIN MODE = EXPLAIN

10

RACF support for the new Administrative
Authorities
RACF Access Control Module (‘SYS1.SDSNSAMP
(DSNXRXAC)’) has been enhanced to
Honor the setting of SEPARATE_SECURITY
Implement the new DB2 administrative authorities as
RACF resource checks
DB2 Authority Resource Class

SECADM <subsystem>.SECADM DSNADM

System DBADM <subsystem>.SYSDBADM DSNADM

DATAACCESS <subsystem>.DATAACCESS DSNADM

ACCESSCTRL <subsystem>.ACCESSCTRL DSNADM

SQLADM <subsystem>.SQLADM MDSNSM

EXPLAIN <subsystem>.EXPLAIN MDSNSM

11

Satisfy Your Auditor:
New audit policies provide needed flexibility and
functionality
Auditor can define an audit policy to audit any access to specific
tables for specific programs during day
Audit policy does not require AUDIT clause to be specified using DDL
Audit policy generate records for all read and update access for
statements with unique statement identifier
Audit policy provides wildcarding of based on schema and table names
Auditor can define an audit policy to identify any unusual use of a
privileged authority
Records each use of a system authority
Audit records written only when authority is used for access
External collectors only report users with a system authority

12

How to exploit Audit policies

Security administrator using the new SECADM authority maintains DB2
audit policies in a new catalog table
SYSIBM.SYSAUDITPOLICIES
Audit policies enabled using –STA TRACE command
Audit policies disabled using –STO TRACE command
Up to 8 audit policies can be specified to auto start or auto start as
secure during DB2 start up
Only user with SECADM authority can stop a secure audit policy trace
(APAR PM28296)

13

Audit policy categories

Category Description IFCID

CHECKING Authorisation failures 140, 83

VALIDATE New or changed authorisation IDs, new or user switching within 55, 83,
trusted context 87, 169,
269, 312
CONTEXT Utility start, objects or phase change, and end 23, 24, 25

EXECUTE Any table change or read (all DML) 143,144,
145
OBJMAINT Table ALTER or DROP (DDL) 142

SECMAINT Grant and revoke of admin auths, create and alter roles and TC. 141, 270
Create, alter drop row permissions and column masks
DBADMIN DBMAINT, DBCTRL, DBADM, PACKADM, SQLADM, SYSTEM. 361
DBADM, DATAACCESS, ACCESSCTRL, SECADM
SYSADMIN installation SYSADM, installation SYSOPR 361
SYSCTRL, or SYSADM
14

Example: Dynamic auditing of tables

Audit all the tables that start with ‘PAY’ in EMPLOYEE schema
Does not require AUDIT clause to be specified during table definition
IFCID 145 trace record contains full SQL statement text and unique
statement ID
IFCID 143 and 144 trace records contain the unique statement ID that
can be used to identify the SQL statement in IFCID 145 record.

INSERT INTO SYSIBM.SYSAUDITPOLICIES (AUDITPOLICYNAME,
OBJECTSCHEMA, OBJECTNAME, OBJECTTYPE, EXECUTE)
VALUES ('TABADT1',‘EMPLOYEE','’’PAY%’’','T','A');

-STA TRACE (AUDIT) DEST (GTF) AUDTPLCY(TABADT1);

15

Example: Audit Administrative Authority

New IFCID 361 trace record audits successful execution of all access to
DB2
Audit policy provides the capability to specify the administrative authority to be
audited
Trace started using IFCID or CLASS keyword audits successful execution by all
users
If Access Control Authorization Exit is active, then only operations performed by
installation SYSADM and installation SYSOPR are audited by IFCID 314 trace.
RACF provides similar capability with AUDIT(ALL) keyword for the profiles.

INSERT INTO SYSIBM.SYSAUDITPOLICIES
(AUDITPOLICYNAME, SYSADMIN, DBADMIN)
VALUES(‘AUDITADMIN',’*',‘BD');

-STA TRACE (AUDIT) DEST (GTF) AUDTPLCY(AUDITADMIN);

16

Satisfy Your Auditor:
New table controls to protect against unplanned
SQL access

Define additional data controls at the row and column level
Security policies are defined using SQL
Separate security logic from application logic

Security policies based on real time session attributes
Protects against SQL injection attacks
Determines how column values are returned
Determines which rows are returned

All access via SQL including privileged users, adhoc query tools,
report generation tools is protected
Policies can be added, modified, or removed to meet current company
rules without change to applications

17

Table controls to protect SQL access to
individual row level
Establish a row policy for a table
Filter rows out of answer set
Policy can use session information, e.g. the SQL ID is in what group or
user is using what role, to control which row is returned in result set
Applicable to SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, & MERGE
Defined as a row permission:
CREATE PERMISSION policy-name ON table-name
FOR ROWS WHERE search-condition
ENFORCED FOR ALL ACCESS ENABLE;

Optimizer inserts search condition in all SQL statements accessing
table. If row satisfies search-condition, row is returned in answer set.

18

Table controls to protect SQL access to
individual column level

Establish a column policy for a table
Mask column values in answer set
Policy can use session information, e.g. the SQL ID is in what group or
user is using what role, to control what masked value is returned in
result set
Applicable to the output of outermost subselect
Defined as column masks :
CREATE MASK mask-name ON table-name
FOR COLUMN column-name RETURN CASE-expression
ENABLE;

Optimizer inserts CASE expression in all SQL statements accessing
table to determine mask value to return in answer set

19

Define table policies based on who or
how table is being accessed
SESSION_USER - Primary authorization ID of the process
CURRENT SQLID - SQL authorization ID of the process
SET CURRENT SQLID = string-constant
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER function
Get the authorization IDs for the value in SESSION_USER
Includes both primary and secondary authorization IDs

Return 1 if any of those authorization IDs is in the argument list
WHERE
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ‘MGR’, ‘PAYROLL’) = 1
VERIFY_ROLE_FOR_USER function
Get the role for the value in SESSION_USER
Return 1 if the role is in the argument list
WHERE
VERIFY_ROLE_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ’MGR’, ‘PAYROLL’) = 1

20

Managing row and column access controls
When activated row and column access controls:
All row permissions and column masks become effective in all DML
All row permissions are connected with ‘OR’ to filter out rows
All column masks are applied to mask output
All access to the table is prevented if no user-defined row permissions

ALTER TABLE table-name
ACTIVATE ROW ACCESS CONTROL
ACTIVATE COLUMN ACCESS CONTROL;
When deactivated row and column access controls:
Make row permissions and column masks become ineffective in DML

Opens all access to the table

ALTER TABLE table-name
DEACTIVATE ROW ACCESS CONTROL
DEACTIVATE COLUMN ACCESS CONTROL;

21

Example – A simple banking scenario
Only allow customer service representatives to see customer data but
always with masked income
Table: CUSTOMER

Account Name Phone Income Branch

1111-2222-3333-4444 Alice 111-1111 22,000 A

2222-3333-4444-5555 Bob 222-2222 71,000 B

3333-4444-5555-6666 Louis 333-3333 123,000 B

4444-5555-6666-7777 David 444-4444 172,000 C

22

Define row and column access control
on customer table
Define row and column policies for customer service representatives
Allow access to all customers of the bank (a row permission)

Mask all INCOME values (a column mask)

Return value 0 for incomes of 25000 and below
Return value 1 for incomes between 25000 and 75000
Return value 2 for incomes between 75000 and 150000
Return value 3 for incomes above 150000
Customer service representatives are in the CSR group (who)

23

Create a row permission for customer service representatives
CREATE PERMISSION CSR_ROW_ACCESS ON CUSTOMER
FOR ROWS WHERE
VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ’CSR’) = 1
ENFORCED FOR ALL ACCESS ENABLE;

Create a column mask on INCOME column for customer service
representatives
CREATE MASK INCOME_COLUMN_MASK ON CUSTOMER
FOR COLUMN INCOME RETURN
CASE WHEN (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ‘CSR’) = 1)

THEN CASE WHEN (INCOME > 150000) THEN 3
WHEN (INCOME > 75000) THEN 2
ELSE 0
END

ELSE NULL
END
ENABLE;

24

Start enforcing row and column access
control on customer table
Activate Row and Column Access Control
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
ACTIVATE ROW ACCESS CONTROL
ACTIVATE COLUMN ACCESS CONTROL;
COMMIT;

What happens in DB2?
A default row permission is created implicitly to prevent all access to table
CUSTOMER (WHERE 1=0) except for users in the CSR group
All packages and cached statements that reference table CUSTOMER are
invalidated

25

Selecting from customer table
… after row and column access control activated
SELECT ACCOUNT, NAME, INCOME, PHONE FROM CUSTOMER;

ACCOUNT NAME INCOME PHONE

1111-2222-3333-4444 Alice 0 111-1111
2222-3333-4444-5555 Bob 1 222-2222

3333-4444-5555-6666 Louis 2 333-3333

4444-5555-6666-7777 David 3 444-4444

INCOME automatically masked by DB2!

26

DB2 effectively evaluates the following revised
query

SELECT ACCOUNT,
NAME,

CASE WHEN (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ‘CSR’) = 1)
THEN CASE WHEN (INCOME > 150000) THEN 3
ELSE 0
END
ELSE NULL
END INCOME,

PHONE
FROM CUSTOMER

WHERE VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER (SESSION_USER, ‘CSR’) = 1 OR 1 = 0 ;

27

Rules about row and column access
Not enforced for RI, CHECK, or UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
Preserve data integrity
Require secure triggers
CREATE or ALTER TRIGGER with the SECURED option
Managed by SECADM or new privilege CREATE_SECURE_OBJECT
Rebind trigger packages implicitly after ALTER TRIGGER
Require secure UDFs
Referenced in the row permission and column mask definition
CREATE or ALTER TRIGGER with the SECURED option
Managed by SECADM or new privilege CREATE_SECURE_OBJECT
Populate access control information in EXPLAIN tables
Can activate access control on EXPLAIN tables
No support for MQT and set operations

28

DB2 10 for z/OS Security Enhancements
Help Satisfy Your Auditors using new features

New granular authorities to reduce data exposure for administrators
New auditing features using new audit policies comply with new laws
New row and column access table controls to safe guard your data

Questions ?
29

DB2 Security updates

PM26966 – System DBADM updates
PM28296 – Secure audit policy trace support
– Prevent privileged users from stopping audit traces
– No implicit system privileges for DBADM
PM30394 – IFCID 361 support for commands
PM32217 – SQLCODE +4726 updates to provide granular
information
Connection security
PM17665 – DB2 server authentication behavior change for DB2 for
z/OS requestor clients
PM37300 – Provides option for private protocol like authentication
behavior for DB2 for z/OS clients
PM43292 – Allows RACF protected userids to be PASSTICKET
authenticated

30

DB2 / RACF Access Control Authorization Exit
updates

RACF APARs
PM02054 - Authorization cache support.
XAPLUCHK implicit ownership check for the object is suppressed when caching is
enabled.
PM17673 – View resource name updates for INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
operations.
The first resource that RACF checks is: db2-subsystem.table-qualifier.table-name.view-
qualifier.view-name.privilege
DB2 APARs
PM95112 (V9), PM02841 (V8) – View updates for exit
PK92315, PM05218, PM25115 - Authorization cache changes for exit.
DB2 checks and caches the primary authorization ID, if a role is not in effect.
PM27835 - Provides the capability for IMS to communicate ACEE to DB2 for RACF
authorization.
PM28543 – System DBADM updates using the exit

31

References

• Security Functions of IBM DB2 10 for z/OS (SG24-7959-00)
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com
• DB2 10 for z/OS Technical Overview (SG24-7892-00)
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com
• DB2 10 for z/OS Administration Guide (SC19-2968-02)
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/topic/com.ibm.db2z10.doc.admin/src/admin/db2z
_admin.htm
• DB2 10 for z/OS RACF Access Control Module Guide (SC19-2982-02)
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/topic/com.ibm.db2z10.doc.racf/src/racf/db2z_racf.
htm
• DB2 V10: A new standard in data protection, by Mark Nelson, Randy Love, Gayathiri Chandran, zJournal,
February 2011
http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/zoslib/pdf/EOZ2N1C0.pdf
• DB2 9 for z/OS: Configuring SSL for Secure Client-Server communications - Red paper
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/redp4630.html?Open
• DB2 for z/OS Information Center
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/index.jsp

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Useful DB2 for z/OS URLs
• DB2 10 Launch Website http://bit.ly/DB210Launch

• DB2 for z/OS Website http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/db2/zos/

• DB2 Product Library http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/zos/library.html

• DB2 Newsletter http://www.ibm.com/vrm/newsletter/11065

• Latest Whitepapers
– Business Value of DB2 10 – Julian Stuhler
– A Matter of Time: Temporal Data Management
– Why DB2 for z/OS is BETTER than Oracle RAC ?
• DB2 for z/OS e-Kit
• Upcoming Conferences/Events http://bit.ly/DB210e-Kit
– IDUG DB2 Tech Conference AG Denver - 14th -16th May 2012
– IDUG 10 Migration Planning Workshop Denver - 13th May 2012

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Top DB2 for z/OS e-Communities
World of DB2 for z/OS - 1700+ members http://db2forzos.ning.com/

http://linkd.in/IBMDB210
DB2 10 LinkedIn - 1000+ members

DB2 for z/OS What’s On LinkedIn – 2000+ members http://linkd.in/kd05LH

http://www.youtube.com/user/IBMDB2forzOS
DB2 for z/OS YouTube

WW IDUG LinkedIn Group - 2000 +members http://linkd.in/IDUGLinkedIn

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/community/
IBM DeveloperWorks

34

DB2 10 is Here !
Customers seeing reduced costs, simplified workloads
through proven technology

Reduced Costs Simplified Workloads Proven Technology
“Based on the performance metrics from our “With DB2 10 able to handle 5-10 times as “Every single SQL statement we have
controlled test environment, we see a significant many threads as the previous version, the tested has been better or the same as
amount of CPU and Elapsed time savings. This upgrade will immediately give the bank some our current optimal paths – we have
release has many features that will help bring down much-needed room for future workload growth yet to see any significant access path
our operating costs.” while simultaneously reducing their data regression. We had to spend a lot of
sharing overhead.” time tuning SQL with DB2 9, but we
expect that to disappear when we
upgrade to DB2 10.”

Paulo Sahadi - Senior Production Manager, Philipp Nowak,
Morgan Stanley DB2 Team
Information Management Division at Banco do
Brasil BMW DB2 Product Manager

“We are particularly interested in the performance “The new temporal functionality in DB2 10 for The new audit capabilities in DB2 10
improvements due to the potential CPU reductions z/OS will allow us to drastically simplify our will allow tables to be audited as soon
that we realized during our DB2 10 Beta testing. date-related queries. In addition, we’ll be able as they are created, which is an obvious
Our early testing has shown out-of-the-box to reduce our storage costs by using cheaper benefit for the business and will reduce
processing cost reductions of between 5% - 10% storage for inactive rows and reduce our costs and simplify our processes”
and for some workloads as high as 30%. Potential processing cost by having DB2 handle data
cost savings of this magnitude cannot be ignored movement more efficiently than the custom
given today’s business climate.” code we’ve written to do the same work in the Guenter Schinkel -Postbank Systems AG
past”
Large Insurance Company
Large Global Bank

For more customer references visit : http://www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/zos/testimonials.html
35 35

Thank You!
Your Feedback is Important to Us
• Visit Us at
www.ibm.com/software/data/db2/db210

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