![environment. When dealing with rice illnesses, there are
several crucial factors to consider, including correct data
gathering, proper rice plant monitoring, and many more.
One of the most crucial and necessary stages is to collect
samples from the sick rice plant. This can be accomplished
by placing multimedia sensors across the property. This aids
in the regular monitoring of the rice plant. Climate change
and its impact on the rice plant can also be recorded and
examined. However, this technology has some disadvan-
tages, such as the need for regular system maintenance and
the presence of a shadow in the photos acquired, which
results in low accuracy. In the early detection of plant disease
classifications in the form of a variety of species, many tech-
niques and algorithms are used to detect and prevent entire
diseases and classify the accuracy in the form enhanced way.
The early detection of the entire network is might more
important one, thus many machine learning algorithms and
fuzzy-based techniques are failures to describe the networks
in the form of the early detection of the images.
Thus our paper focuses on the early detection of the net-
work in the form of using various techniques and algorithms;
this method of technology provides enhanced accuracy when
compared with the many other existing techniques.
2. Objectives
The main objective of our paper provides that the early
detection of plant diseases classifications in the form of mul-
tiple varieties of species, thus our paper proposed that deep
learning methods help to detect the early detection of the
entire networks. The preprocessing techniques help to detect
the noise and the reduction of the noise and the feature
extraction extract the whole image into pixel and convert
these pixels into more manageable groups. The classification
techniques using deep learning multiple convolutional neu-
ral networks provide enhanced accuracy when compared
with the existing techniques.
3. Review of Literature
Shrivastava et al. [1] implemented the rice plant diseases
classification using transfer learning of a deep convolutional
neural network, this paper implements the rice plant disease
classifications in the entire network, and the system this
paper provides that the four types of the rice plant varieties
in the entire networks, thus it provides that the rice blast,
bacterial leaf blight, sheet blight, and the healthy leaf in the
entire network system and then the classifications techniques
involved in the form of the convolutional neural network and
the feature extraction techniques take places in the form of
the support vector machines.
Aderghal et al. [2] implemented the classifications of
Alzheimer’s diseases on imaging modalities with deep CNNs
using cross-modal transfer learning. This paper proposes that
the cross-model transfer learning, this method of accuracy
detection provides enhanced ways, and finally, this paper com-
pares with the existing approaches based on its accuracy and
the classifications techniques may be handled in the form of the
convolutional neural network.
Abdalla et al. [3] implemented the fine-tuning convolu-
tional neural network with the transfer learning for semantic
segmentation of ground-level oilseed rape images in a field
with high weed pressure, the image segmentation is consid-
ered as the single step for the entire network and then the
given datasets are worked with the visual geometry group
(VGG)-19 methods; these datasets are pretrained by using
the various methods in the form of the deep learning con-
volutional neural network. Finally, their paper provides the
enhanced accuracy output when compared with the VGG-16
approaches.
Ghazi et al. [4] implemented that plant identification
using deep neural convolutional neural network in the
form of the transfer learning function that is why this paper
provides the enhanced accuracy detection functions in the
entire network and thus the network performance provides
different classifiers and variety of datasets functions in the
form of the enhanced accuracy output functions in the entire
network. Finally, their paper compares with the existing
approaches based on its accuracy.
Arshad et al. [5] implemented plant diseases identifica-
tion using transfer learning; their paper implemented the
multimodal convolutional neural network (MCNN) for the
scratch and this approach is used for the enhancement of
the accuracy. The datasets are pretrained by using the MCNN
techniques than the feature extraction function, which helps
to predict the better accuracy functions in the form of the
classifications techniques. Finally, their paper provides that
the enhanced accuracy when compared with the existing
techniques.
Yuan et al. [6] implemented the advanced agricultural
disease image recognition technologies in the form of a
review. Their paper states that artificial intelligence provides
a more challenging scheme in the entire network and that is
why their paper provides the enhanced accuracy and the
error detection function by using the deep learning and the
transfer learning techniques. In the normal way, the artificial
intelligence faces the most challenging one in the form of the
many face detection. Finally, this paper compares with the
existing approaches based on its accuracy.
Das et al. [7] implemented the automated classifications
of cells into multiple classes in epithelial tissue of oral squa-
mous cell carcinoma using transfer learning and a convolu-
tional neural network. This paper proposed that in the deep
learning convolutional neural network, many researchers
were involved to detect the functions of the disease classifi-
cations in many approaches but they could not predict the
early detection and the accuracy of evaluation in the entire
network. And, finally, this paper provides enhanced accuracy
detection when compared with the existing approaches.
Rajasekar et al. [8] implemented that the detection of
cotton plant diseases using deep transfer learning; the agri-
culture is considered the most crucial part of the Indian
growth and the economic development in each and every
country thus it provides the food all over India. Thus the
early detection and the prevention of the plant diseases is
more crucial. One of our approaches provides that the
enhanced accuracy detection and the noise removal in the
2 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper9-230906223719-00faf9e0/85/Deep-Transfer-learning-2-320.jpg)
![uses of perfect deep learning convolutional neural network
and then the preprocessing techniques. Their paper provides
the enhanced accuracy outputs when compared with the
existing approaches.
Garg et al. [9] implemented a multimodal system for pre-
cision agriculture using Internet of Things (IoT) and machine
learning techniques; the way of increasing the crop produc-
tion in the entire networks of agricultural farming is to reduce
the entire plant disease by the use of the variety of techniques
and the algorithm and, then it produces the enhanced quan-
tity and quality of the things supplied in the form of the
enhanced way. Finally, their paper implements the enhanced
accuracy when compared with the existing techniques.
Sabatelli et al. [10] implemented the deep transfer learn-
ing for art classifications problems; this paper provides that
the multimodal plant diseases classifications in the form of
the various approaches and this paper implemented that the
deep learning convolutional neural network and the feature
extraction has been worked with the function of the soft-max
classifier. Finally, this paper compares with the existing
approaches based on its accuracy.
Too et al. [11] implemented the comparative study of
fine-tuning deep learning models for plant diseases identifi-
cations. Recent days deep learning provides the fast and
accurate detection of plant diseases classifications in the
form of the recognition of various types of plants and its
diseases. Our proposed methods provide that VGG-19 is
used for the extraction of various amount of species and
the layers in the entire network and the system. Finally it
provides the enhanced accuracy detection when compares
with the existing approaches.
Kora et al. [12] implemented the transfer learning tech-
niques for medical images analysis in the review form. Their
paper implements the transfer-learning methods for the
identification of the data samples and the classification of
the diseases using various methods and algorithm; the fea-
ture extraction helps in the early detection of the diseases.
Finally, their paper provides enhanced accuracy outputs. At
last, this paper compares the existing approaches based on
their accuracy.
Zhao et al. [13] implemented the augmenting crop detec-
tion for precision with deep visual transfer learning, in the
form of the case study of bale detection. Their paper imple-
ments the unmannered aerial vehicle (UAV) methods for the
image identification and the classification methods, thus this
methods helps to protect the enhanced accuracy outputs in
the form of the various classifications and the feature extrac-
tion using the various attack detection methods. These meth-
ods provides that the enhanced accuracy detection when
compared with the existing techniques.
Sowmya et al. [14] implemented the remote sensing sat-
ellite image processing techniques for image classifications.
Their paper implements the leaf diseases classifications in the
form of the four basic applications: image preprocessing,
enhancement, transformation, and the classifications func-
tions. This classification function helps to selected the pixels
and provides better accuracy in the entire image processing
system.
Lu and Weng [15] implemented the survey of image
classifications methods and techniques for improving classi-
fications performance. Their paper implements the image
classifications based on the geographical information system,
the nonparametric classifications techniques such that the
neural network, decision tree classifier, and knowledge-based
classification techniques; this technique provides that the
enhanced accuracy. Finally, this paper compares the accuracy-
based classifications in the existing techniques.
Huang et al. [16] implemented that the automatic label-
ing and selection of training samples for high-resolution
remote sensing image classifications over urban areas, the
leaf diseases classifications are more crucial to detect the
accuracy results of the classifications of the plant diseases,
thus their paper proposed the enhanced accuracy when com-
pared with the existing approaches.
Hermosilla et al. [17] implemented the assessing contex-
tual descriptive features for the plot-based classifications of
urban areas. Their paper proposes that the geospatial data-
sets and the classifications techniques handled by using the
plot-based image classifications and the feature extractions
can be handled in the form of the various methods and then
the outputs of the plant diseases classification in the form of
the enhanced methods. Finally, their paper compares with
the existing approaches.
Goldblatt et al. [18] implemented the detection of the
boundaries of urban areas in India. Their paper provides
that the google earth engine performs three types of classi-
fiers, and the output of the total image processing provides
enhanced accuracy outputs when compared with the other
existing techniques.
Weng [19] implemented the remote sensing of impervi-
ous surfaces in the urban areas based on its requirements,
methods, and trends. Their paper proposed that the artificial
neural network (ANN) for the classifications of the given
datasets and remote sensing methods used to extract the
features in the entire image processing. Their paper provides
the environment and the public sector datasets in the form of
high-processing data.
Ehsanirad [20] implemented the plant diseases classifica-
tions based on leaf recognition; their paper implements that
the two methods principle component analysis methods and
the gray level cooccurrence matrix help to detect the classi-
fications of the given datasets, and the classification approach
provides 13 kinds of the plants and 65 species amounts in the
entire image processing systems. Finally, this paper com-
pares with the existing techniques.
Wang et al. [21] implemented the automatic image-based
plant disease severity estimation using deep learning; the
plant diseases classifications and the identifications are might
more crucial one, thus their paper implements the deep
learning convolutional neural network for the accuracy and
the classification detection. Their paper implements the
VGG-16 model for the techniques of the classification of
the accuracy detection in the entire images processing leaf
class classifications.
DeChant et al. [22] implemented the automated identi-
fications of northern leaf blight-infected maize plants from
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper9-230906223719-00faf9e0/85/Deep-Transfer-learning-3-320.jpg)
![field imagery using deep learning. This paper implements
that the northern leaf blight causes severe problem in the
entire maize plants, thus their paper implements the deep
learning convolutional neural network, and the dataset are
trained by the heat map giving enhanced throughput power
and without the use of the pesticides providing the enhanced
accuracy output in this types of the concept.
Singh et al. [23] implemented the deep learning for plant
stress phenotyping: trends and future perspectives. Their
paper compares the machine learning and the deep learning
techniques based on the large amounts of the given datasets,
and the procedure may depend upon the phenotype and the
genotype methods, thus it provides enhanced throughput
and accuracy power in the entire networking system.
Gonçalves et al. [24] implemented the deep learning
architectures for semantic segmentation and automatic esti-
mation of the severity of foliar symptoms caused by diseases
or pests. Their paper states that the color thresholding digital
image processing methods help to identify the severe quality
of the plant diseases and that deep learning convolutional
neural network helps to classify the images based on the
classification of the disease. Their paper implemented six
layers of the convolutional layer that help to detect and rec-
tify the fungal disease classification in the plants and further
enhanced accuracy in the entire image processing.
Nagasubramanian et al. [25] implemented the plant dis-
ease identifications using explainable 3D deep learning on
hyperspectral images. Their paper implemented the hyper-
spectral image processing in the entire deep convolutional
neural network, thus their paper provides enhanced accuracy
and throughput power in the entire network system.
4. Overview of Proposed Methods
The overview of the proposed methods provides the basic
functions of the image processing techniques. For the classi-
fication, we applied the concept of transfer learning. The key
advantage of employing transfer learning is that instead of
starting from scratch, the model starts from patterns learned
when tackling a different problem that is similar in nature to
the one being solved. In this manner, the model builds on
existing knowledge rather than starting from scratch. Trans-
fer learning is typically expressed in image classification
through the use of pretrained models. A pretrained model
is one that has been trained on a big benchmark dataset to
tackle a problem comparable to the one we wish to solve. For
our work, we employed two pretrained models, ResNet-50
and VGG-16, as pretrained weights. The enhanced multiple
convolutional neural network with genetic algorithm con-
sists of five convolutional layers, and each section is followed
by the Relu layer, which helps to minimize the error in the
entire network and the batch normalization in the form of
the normalizing in the form of the functions, and the three
max pooling layer provides that the fully connected layer
with the form of the softmax activation. The feature extrac-
tion techniques use a genetic algorithm, while the classifica-
tion procedures are handled by many types of deep learning
convolutional neural networks, resulting in improved detec-
tion accuracy when compared with previous methodologies.
Figure 1 implements the overview of the proposed meth-
ods, the proposed methods provide that the entire image
processing techniques, like this technique, contain the pre-
processing, which helps to reduce the noise in the entire
image, and the feature extraction is handled by using the
genetic algorithm; the classification techniques are involved
in the form of the enhanced convolutional neural network.
4.1. Proposed Approach. Figure 2 implements the proposed
approaches, and the proposed methods contain the further
approaches used in the proposed paper. Our paper provides
the preprocessing techniques based on the Gaussian filter; this
filter helps to reduce the noise in the filter and converts the
images into RGB to greyscale images. After the completion of
the preprocessing techniques, the feature extraction techni-
ques take place. Our paper proposes that the genetic algo-
rithm for the feature extraction provides enhanced accuracy
detection, and it helps to classify the better accuracy detection
in the entire networks. Finally the classification techniques
take places, and our paper proposed the enhanced convolu-
tional neural network for the classifications approaches.
Input images
Preprocessing
Segmentation
Feature extraction
Classification
Output images
FIGURE 1: Overview of the proposed approach.
4 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper9-230906223719-00faf9e0/85/Deep-Transfer-learning-4-320.jpg)
![4.2. Preprocessing. The preprocessing technique is considered
one of the most crucial techniques, thus it helps to detect the
noise in the network by adding some of the filters that help to
reduce the noise in the entire image processing network. Our
paper implements that the Gaussian filter helps to reduce the
noise in the entire image processing network. Finally, this
paper provides the error-free function in the entire network.
The normal functions of the preprocessing reduced the noise
in the entire image processing and the conversion of the
images into (red green blue) RGB to the gray level images.
Then the final results of the images are converted into better-
enhanced outputs [26–32].
The Gaussian filter is considered the linear filter; it helps
to reduce the blur in the images, and then the results of the
Gaussian images may be used as the unsharp masking since
it can be used as the edge detection function.
Thus the Gaussian filter is considered as the low pass
filter, and the mathematical expression for this filter is con-
sidered as
G u; s
ð Þ ¼
1
2 × 3:14∂2 e −u2þs2
ð Þ=2∂2
: ð1Þ
The u and s are considered as the coordinate value and
then the ∂ is denoted as the standard deviation respectively.
4.3. Genetic Algorithm. The genetic algorithm provides that
gene functions help to detect the plant diseases detection in
the form of the urban plant diseases classifications. It con-
tains mainly three functions.
Figure 3 represents the genetic algorithm in the form of
the apple plant disease classifications. The genetic algorithm is
one of the most crucial ones to detect the extraction of the
features in the image processing, the better accuracy results in
the image processing only depends on the feature extractions.
Every pixel inside the images depends on the adjacent
pixel range, and it provides a better quality of the images.
The very first process of the genetic algorithm is to pre-
dict and select the best points in the image functions and
then it performs the overfitting functions. Thus the final part
of the session provides the adding sequence in the entire
image processing. The genetic algorithm only depends on
the fitness function in the entire system.
The genetic algorithm is based on three functions namely
operation in the selection, operation in cross over, and the
operation in the mutation function.
These genetic functions based on the overfitting func-
tions. It helps to reduce the overfitting functions in the image
processing. This output result gives the input for the classifi-
cation techniques.
4.4. Transfer Learning. As we all know that the deep learning
model provides enhanced accuracy outputs when compared
with the existing techniques and it helps to solve many com-
plex problems in the entire plant disease classifications. It
helps to build the pretrained image segmentation functions.
The ResNet-50 with pretrained functions is used to extract the
features by using the form of the fully connected layer and
then this analysis provides the enhanced form of the result in
the form of the Softmax functions. And, finally, the compari-
son methods may be established in the form of the VGG-16
functions, and then the fully connected layer and the softmax
layers provide more number of possible neurons.
4.5. Enhanced Multiple Convolutional Neural Network. The
enhanced multiple convolutional neural network architec-
ture consists of five convolutional layers and thus each sec-
tion is followed by the Relu layer; the Relu layer helps to
minimize the error in the entire network and the batch nor-
malization in the form of the normalizing in the form of the
functions. The three max pooling layer provides the fully
connected layer with the form of the Softmax activation [1].
Sensitivity ¼
TP
TP þ FN
× 100; ð2Þ
Specificity ¼
TN
TN þ FP
× 100; ð3Þ
Accuracy ¼
TN þ TP
TN þ TP þ FN þ FP
× 100; ð4Þ
Index ¼ Sensitivity þ Specificity − 1: ð5Þ
The above equations show the sensitivity, specificity,
accuracy, and index obtained from the given datasets.
Input images
Preprocessing by Gaussian filter
Segmentation
Feature extraction using genetic algorithm
Classification using enhanced artificial neural network
Output images based on its accuracy
FIGURE 2: Proposed approach.
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper9-230906223719-00faf9e0/85/Deep-Transfer-learning-5-320.jpg)
![model, which is based on CNN, offers promising results in
terms of accuracy. The purpose of this research is to illustrate
the technological viability of deep learning utilizing a con-
volutional neural network approach to enable autonomous
disease detection via image classification. Our paper pro-
posed the rice plant diseases classifications in the form of
multimodal methods, in which the collective datasets are
gathered to the preprocessed function, and our preproces-
sing methods are handled in the form of the Gaussian filter.
The feature extraction techniques work with the genetic algo-
rithm, and then the classification techniques are handled by
the multiple forms of deep learning convolutional neural
network, providing enhanced accuracy. Our future studies
will address the form of the genetic algorithm using upgraded
support vector machine techniques.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study
are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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8 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper9-230906223719-00faf9e0/85/Deep-Transfer-learning-8-320.jpg)
Deep Transfer learning
- 1. Research Article Deep Transfer Learning Technique for Multimodal Disease Classification in Plant Images V. Balaji ,1 N. K. Anushkannan ,2 Sujatha Canavoy Narahari ,3 Punam Rattan ,4 Devvret Verma ,5 Deepak Kumar Awasthi,6 A. Anbarasa Pandian ,7 M. R. M. Veeramanickam ,8 and Molla Bayih Mulat 9 1 Department of EEE, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Department of ECE, Kathir College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India 3 Department of ECE, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India 4 School of Computer Applications, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India 5 Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India 6 IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 7 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Poonamallae, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India 8 Centre of Excellence for Cyber Security Technologies, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India 9 Department of Chemical Engineering College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Molla Bayih Mulat; molla.bayih@aastustudent.edu.et Received 22 June 2022; Revised 3 August 2022; Accepted 17 August 2022; Published 13 May 2023 Academic Editor: Mohammad Farukh Hashmi Copyright © 2023 V. Balaji et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Rice (Oryza sativa) is India’s major crop. India has the most land dedicated to rice agriculture, which includes both brown and white rice. Rice cultivation creates jobs and contributes significantly to the stability of the gross domestic product (GDP). Recognizing infection or disease using plant images is a hot study topic in agriculture and the modern computer era. This study paper provides an overview of numerous methodologies and analyses key characteristics of various classifiers and strategies used to detect rice illnesses. Papers from the last decade are thoroughly examined, covering studies on several rice plant diseases, and a survey based on essential aspects is presented. The survey aims to differentiate between approaches based on the classifier utilized. The survey provides information on the many strategies used to identify rice plant disease. Furthermore, model for detecting rice disease using enhanced convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Deep neural networks have had a lot of success with picture categorization challenges. We show how deep neural networks may be utilized for plant disease recognition in the context of image classification in this research. Finally, this paper compares the existing approaches based on their accuracy. 1. Introduction Plant disease detection is vital in agriculture because farmers must frequently assess whether the crop they are harvesting is suitable. It is critical to take these seriously because they can cause major difficulties in plants, affecting product qual- ity, quantity, or productivity. Plant diseases generate disease outbreaks on a regular basis, resulting in large-scale death, and a negative impact on the economy. These issues must be addressed early on in order to save people’s lives and money. Automatic classification of plant diseases is an essential study topic because it is critical in monitoring huge fields of crops and detecting disease indications on plant leaves at an early stage. Image-based automatic inspection can now be pro- vided using computer vision algorithms. Manual identifica- tion, on the other hand, is labor demanding, less accurate, and can only be done in small regions at a time. This strategy allows plant diseases to be identified early on, and pest and infection management technologies can be utilized to solve pest problems while reducing dangers to people and the Hindawi Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging Volume 2023,Article ID 5644727, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5644727
- 2. environment. When dealing with rice illnesses, there are several crucial factors to consider, including correct data gathering, proper rice plant monitoring, and many more. One of the most crucial and necessary stages is to collect samples from the sick rice plant. This can be accomplished by placing multimedia sensors across the property. This aids in the regular monitoring of the rice plant. Climate change and its impact on the rice plant can also be recorded and examined. However, this technology has some disadvan- tages, such as the need for regular system maintenance and the presence of a shadow in the photos acquired, which results in low accuracy. In the early detection of plant disease classifications in the form of a variety of species, many tech- niques and algorithms are used to detect and prevent entire diseases and classify the accuracy in the form enhanced way. The early detection of the entire network is might more important one, thus many machine learning algorithms and fuzzy-based techniques are failures to describe the networks in the form of the early detection of the images. Thus our paper focuses on the early detection of the net- work in the form of using various techniques and algorithms; this method of technology provides enhanced accuracy when compared with the many other existing techniques. 2. Objectives The main objective of our paper provides that the early detection of plant diseases classifications in the form of mul- tiple varieties of species, thus our paper proposed that deep learning methods help to detect the early detection of the entire networks. The preprocessing techniques help to detect the noise and the reduction of the noise and the feature extraction extract the whole image into pixel and convert these pixels into more manageable groups. The classification techniques using deep learning multiple convolutional neu- ral networks provide enhanced accuracy when compared with the existing techniques. 3. Review of Literature Shrivastava et al. [1] implemented the rice plant diseases classification using transfer learning of a deep convolutional neural network, this paper implements the rice plant disease classifications in the entire network, and the system this paper provides that the four types of the rice plant varieties in the entire networks, thus it provides that the rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheet blight, and the healthy leaf in the entire network system and then the classifications techniques involved in the form of the convolutional neural network and the feature extraction techniques take places in the form of the support vector machines. Aderghal et al. [2] implemented the classifications of Alzheimer’s diseases on imaging modalities with deep CNNs using cross-modal transfer learning. This paper proposes that the cross-model transfer learning, this method of accuracy detection provides enhanced ways, and finally, this paper com- pares with the existing approaches based on its accuracy and the classifications techniques may be handled in the form of the convolutional neural network. Abdalla et al. [3] implemented the fine-tuning convolu- tional neural network with the transfer learning for semantic segmentation of ground-level oilseed rape images in a field with high weed pressure, the image segmentation is consid- ered as the single step for the entire network and then the given datasets are worked with the visual geometry group (VGG)-19 methods; these datasets are pretrained by using the various methods in the form of the deep learning con- volutional neural network. Finally, their paper provides the enhanced accuracy output when compared with the VGG-16 approaches. Ghazi et al. [4] implemented that plant identification using deep neural convolutional neural network in the form of the transfer learning function that is why this paper provides the enhanced accuracy detection functions in the entire network and thus the network performance provides different classifiers and variety of datasets functions in the form of the enhanced accuracy output functions in the entire network. Finally, their paper compares with the existing approaches based on its accuracy. Arshad et al. [5] implemented plant diseases identifica- tion using transfer learning; their paper implemented the multimodal convolutional neural network (MCNN) for the scratch and this approach is used for the enhancement of the accuracy. The datasets are pretrained by using the MCNN techniques than the feature extraction function, which helps to predict the better accuracy functions in the form of the classifications techniques. Finally, their paper provides that the enhanced accuracy when compared with the existing techniques. Yuan et al. [6] implemented the advanced agricultural disease image recognition technologies in the form of a review. Their paper states that artificial intelligence provides a more challenging scheme in the entire network and that is why their paper provides the enhanced accuracy and the error detection function by using the deep learning and the transfer learning techniques. In the normal way, the artificial intelligence faces the most challenging one in the form of the many face detection. Finally, this paper compares with the existing approaches based on its accuracy. Das et al. [7] implemented the automated classifications of cells into multiple classes in epithelial tissue of oral squa- mous cell carcinoma using transfer learning and a convolu- tional neural network. This paper proposed that in the deep learning convolutional neural network, many researchers were involved to detect the functions of the disease classifi- cations in many approaches but they could not predict the early detection and the accuracy of evaluation in the entire network. And, finally, this paper provides enhanced accuracy detection when compared with the existing approaches. Rajasekar et al. [8] implemented that the detection of cotton plant diseases using deep transfer learning; the agri- culture is considered the most crucial part of the Indian growth and the economic development in each and every country thus it provides the food all over India. Thus the early detection and the prevention of the plant diseases is more crucial. One of our approaches provides that the enhanced accuracy detection and the noise removal in the 2 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
- 3. uses of perfect deep learning convolutional neural network and then the preprocessing techniques. Their paper provides the enhanced accuracy outputs when compared with the existing approaches. Garg et al. [9] implemented a multimodal system for pre- cision agriculture using Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques; the way of increasing the crop produc- tion in the entire networks of agricultural farming is to reduce the entire plant disease by the use of the variety of techniques and the algorithm and, then it produces the enhanced quan- tity and quality of the things supplied in the form of the enhanced way. Finally, their paper implements the enhanced accuracy when compared with the existing techniques. Sabatelli et al. [10] implemented the deep transfer learn- ing for art classifications problems; this paper provides that the multimodal plant diseases classifications in the form of the various approaches and this paper implemented that the deep learning convolutional neural network and the feature extraction has been worked with the function of the soft-max classifier. Finally, this paper compares with the existing approaches based on its accuracy. Too et al. [11] implemented the comparative study of fine-tuning deep learning models for plant diseases identifi- cations. Recent days deep learning provides the fast and accurate detection of plant diseases classifications in the form of the recognition of various types of plants and its diseases. Our proposed methods provide that VGG-19 is used for the extraction of various amount of species and the layers in the entire network and the system. Finally it provides the enhanced accuracy detection when compares with the existing approaches. Kora et al. [12] implemented the transfer learning tech- niques for medical images analysis in the review form. Their paper implements the transfer-learning methods for the identification of the data samples and the classification of the diseases using various methods and algorithm; the fea- ture extraction helps in the early detection of the diseases. Finally, their paper provides enhanced accuracy outputs. At last, this paper compares the existing approaches based on their accuracy. Zhao et al. [13] implemented the augmenting crop detec- tion for precision with deep visual transfer learning, in the form of the case study of bale detection. Their paper imple- ments the unmannered aerial vehicle (UAV) methods for the image identification and the classification methods, thus this methods helps to protect the enhanced accuracy outputs in the form of the various classifications and the feature extrac- tion using the various attack detection methods. These meth- ods provides that the enhanced accuracy detection when compared with the existing techniques. Sowmya et al. [14] implemented the remote sensing sat- ellite image processing techniques for image classifications. Their paper implements the leaf diseases classifications in the form of the four basic applications: image preprocessing, enhancement, transformation, and the classifications func- tions. This classification function helps to selected the pixels and provides better accuracy in the entire image processing system. Lu and Weng [15] implemented the survey of image classifications methods and techniques for improving classi- fications performance. Their paper implements the image classifications based on the geographical information system, the nonparametric classifications techniques such that the neural network, decision tree classifier, and knowledge-based classification techniques; this technique provides that the enhanced accuracy. Finally, this paper compares the accuracy- based classifications in the existing techniques. Huang et al. [16] implemented that the automatic label- ing and selection of training samples for high-resolution remote sensing image classifications over urban areas, the leaf diseases classifications are more crucial to detect the accuracy results of the classifications of the plant diseases, thus their paper proposed the enhanced accuracy when com- pared with the existing approaches. Hermosilla et al. [17] implemented the assessing contex- tual descriptive features for the plot-based classifications of urban areas. Their paper proposes that the geospatial data- sets and the classifications techniques handled by using the plot-based image classifications and the feature extractions can be handled in the form of the various methods and then the outputs of the plant diseases classification in the form of the enhanced methods. Finally, their paper compares with the existing approaches. Goldblatt et al. [18] implemented the detection of the boundaries of urban areas in India. Their paper provides that the google earth engine performs three types of classi- fiers, and the output of the total image processing provides enhanced accuracy outputs when compared with the other existing techniques. Weng [19] implemented the remote sensing of impervi- ous surfaces in the urban areas based on its requirements, methods, and trends. Their paper proposed that the artificial neural network (ANN) for the classifications of the given datasets and remote sensing methods used to extract the features in the entire image processing. Their paper provides the environment and the public sector datasets in the form of high-processing data. Ehsanirad [20] implemented the plant diseases classifica- tions based on leaf recognition; their paper implements that the two methods principle component analysis methods and the gray level cooccurrence matrix help to detect the classi- fications of the given datasets, and the classification approach provides 13 kinds of the plants and 65 species amounts in the entire image processing systems. Finally, this paper com- pares with the existing techniques. Wang et al. [21] implemented the automatic image-based plant disease severity estimation using deep learning; the plant diseases classifications and the identifications are might more crucial one, thus their paper implements the deep learning convolutional neural network for the accuracy and the classification detection. Their paper implements the VGG-16 model for the techniques of the classification of the accuracy detection in the entire images processing leaf class classifications. DeChant et al. [22] implemented the automated identi- fications of northern leaf blight-infected maize plants from Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 3
- 4. field imagery using deep learning. This paper implements that the northern leaf blight causes severe problem in the entire maize plants, thus their paper implements the deep learning convolutional neural network, and the dataset are trained by the heat map giving enhanced throughput power and without the use of the pesticides providing the enhanced accuracy output in this types of the concept. Singh et al. [23] implemented the deep learning for plant stress phenotyping: trends and future perspectives. Their paper compares the machine learning and the deep learning techniques based on the large amounts of the given datasets, and the procedure may depend upon the phenotype and the genotype methods, thus it provides enhanced throughput and accuracy power in the entire networking system. Gonçalves et al. [24] implemented the deep learning architectures for semantic segmentation and automatic esti- mation of the severity of foliar symptoms caused by diseases or pests. Their paper states that the color thresholding digital image processing methods help to identify the severe quality of the plant diseases and that deep learning convolutional neural network helps to classify the images based on the classification of the disease. Their paper implemented six layers of the convolutional layer that help to detect and rec- tify the fungal disease classification in the plants and further enhanced accuracy in the entire image processing. Nagasubramanian et al. [25] implemented the plant dis- ease identifications using explainable 3D deep learning on hyperspectral images. Their paper implemented the hyper- spectral image processing in the entire deep convolutional neural network, thus their paper provides enhanced accuracy and throughput power in the entire network system. 4. Overview of Proposed Methods The overview of the proposed methods provides the basic functions of the image processing techniques. For the classi- fication, we applied the concept of transfer learning. The key advantage of employing transfer learning is that instead of starting from scratch, the model starts from patterns learned when tackling a different problem that is similar in nature to the one being solved. In this manner, the model builds on existing knowledge rather than starting from scratch. Trans- fer learning is typically expressed in image classification through the use of pretrained models. A pretrained model is one that has been trained on a big benchmark dataset to tackle a problem comparable to the one we wish to solve. For our work, we employed two pretrained models, ResNet-50 and VGG-16, as pretrained weights. The enhanced multiple convolutional neural network with genetic algorithm con- sists of five convolutional layers, and each section is followed by the Relu layer, which helps to minimize the error in the entire network and the batch normalization in the form of the normalizing in the form of the functions, and the three max pooling layer provides that the fully connected layer with the form of the softmax activation. The feature extrac- tion techniques use a genetic algorithm, while the classifica- tion procedures are handled by many types of deep learning convolutional neural networks, resulting in improved detec- tion accuracy when compared with previous methodologies. Figure 1 implements the overview of the proposed meth- ods, the proposed methods provide that the entire image processing techniques, like this technique, contain the pre- processing, which helps to reduce the noise in the entire image, and the feature extraction is handled by using the genetic algorithm; the classification techniques are involved in the form of the enhanced convolutional neural network. 4.1. Proposed Approach. Figure 2 implements the proposed approaches, and the proposed methods contain the further approaches used in the proposed paper. Our paper provides the preprocessing techniques based on the Gaussian filter; this filter helps to reduce the noise in the filter and converts the images into RGB to greyscale images. After the completion of the preprocessing techniques, the feature extraction techni- ques take place. Our paper proposes that the genetic algo- rithm for the feature extraction provides enhanced accuracy detection, and it helps to classify the better accuracy detection in the entire networks. Finally the classification techniques take places, and our paper proposed the enhanced convolu- tional neural network for the classifications approaches. Input images Preprocessing Segmentation Feature extraction Classification Output images FIGURE 1: Overview of the proposed approach. 4 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
- 5. 4.2. Preprocessing. The preprocessing technique is considered one of the most crucial techniques, thus it helps to detect the noise in the network by adding some of the filters that help to reduce the noise in the entire image processing network. Our paper implements that the Gaussian filter helps to reduce the noise in the entire image processing network. Finally, this paper provides the error-free function in the entire network. The normal functions of the preprocessing reduced the noise in the entire image processing and the conversion of the images into (red green blue) RGB to the gray level images. Then the final results of the images are converted into better- enhanced outputs [26–32]. The Gaussian filter is considered the linear filter; it helps to reduce the blur in the images, and then the results of the Gaussian images may be used as the unsharp masking since it can be used as the edge detection function. Thus the Gaussian filter is considered as the low pass filter, and the mathematical expression for this filter is con- sidered as G u; s ð Þ ¼ 1 2 × 3:14∂2 e −u2þs2 ð Þ=2∂2 : ð1Þ The u and s are considered as the coordinate value and then the ∂ is denoted as the standard deviation respectively. 4.3. Genetic Algorithm. The genetic algorithm provides that gene functions help to detect the plant diseases detection in the form of the urban plant diseases classifications. It con- tains mainly three functions. Figure 3 represents the genetic algorithm in the form of the apple plant disease classifications. The genetic algorithm is one of the most crucial ones to detect the extraction of the features in the image processing, the better accuracy results in the image processing only depends on the feature extractions. Every pixel inside the images depends on the adjacent pixel range, and it provides a better quality of the images. The very first process of the genetic algorithm is to pre- dict and select the best points in the image functions and then it performs the overfitting functions. Thus the final part of the session provides the adding sequence in the entire image processing. The genetic algorithm only depends on the fitness function in the entire system. The genetic algorithm is based on three functions namely operation in the selection, operation in cross over, and the operation in the mutation function. These genetic functions based on the overfitting func- tions. It helps to reduce the overfitting functions in the image processing. This output result gives the input for the classifi- cation techniques. 4.4. Transfer Learning. As we all know that the deep learning model provides enhanced accuracy outputs when compared with the existing techniques and it helps to solve many com- plex problems in the entire plant disease classifications. It helps to build the pretrained image segmentation functions. The ResNet-50 with pretrained functions is used to extract the features by using the form of the fully connected layer and then this analysis provides the enhanced form of the result in the form of the Softmax functions. And, finally, the compari- son methods may be established in the form of the VGG-16 functions, and then the fully connected layer and the softmax layers provide more number of possible neurons. 4.5. Enhanced Multiple Convolutional Neural Network. The enhanced multiple convolutional neural network architec- ture consists of five convolutional layers and thus each sec- tion is followed by the Relu layer; the Relu layer helps to minimize the error in the entire network and the batch nor- malization in the form of the normalizing in the form of the functions. The three max pooling layer provides the fully connected layer with the form of the Softmax activation [1]. Sensitivity ¼ TP TP þ FN × 100; ð2Þ Specificity ¼ TN TN þ FP × 100; ð3Þ Accuracy ¼ TN þ TP TN þ TP þ FN þ FP × 100; ð4Þ Index ¼ Sensitivity þ Specificity − 1: ð5Þ The above equations show the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and index obtained from the given datasets. Input images Preprocessing by Gaussian filter Segmentation Feature extraction using genetic algorithm Classification using enhanced artificial neural network Output images based on its accuracy FIGURE 2: Proposed approach. Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 5
- 6. 5. Datasets Our paper implements the benchmark public collections of the datasets and then these techniques provide that ResNet-50 and the VGG-16 help to extract the features with the help of many functions. The datasets are preprocessed by the Gaussian filter, and the rice crop provides that enhanced accuracy detection methods form because the Gaussian filter helps to reduce the whole noise and attacks in the images and also reduces the blurring effects in the entire network by the use of the data augmentation in the entire image processing. The genetic algorithm helps to reduce the noise in the entire image processing and provides the enhanced extraction of the features in the entire image processing. Our paper implements that the enhanced multiple convolu- tional neural networks for detecting better accuracy using these methods. 6. Comparison Analysis and Results Our paper proposed the formation of the plant diseases clas- sifications in the form of the multimodal variety; thus our paper provides that the data augmentation and the Gaussian filter for the preprocessing techniques and the genetic algo- rithm functions for the feature extraction and the classifica- tion techniques handled by using the enhanced convolutional neural networks. Figure 4 provides the enhanced accuracy of plant disease classifications in the form of comparison results. 7. Conclusion and Future Work Rice disease is the most common problem for most farmers, so early detection is critical. With advances in science, iden- tifying rice illness is considerably easier than it was in the past, when manual inspection was used. Based on the classi- fier utilized, this study report summarized numerous strate- gies for identifying rice illnesses. It was also discovered that the CNN classifier excels at pattern recognition, which is a fundamental notion in image processing. Our suggested Starting population Fitness value calculation Ending coding? Operation in selection Operation in cross over Operation in mutation Improved solutions Yes No Replace FIGURE 3: Genetic algorithm. 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 TL CNN+TL ANN ECNN+GA Results FIGURE 4: Results. 6 Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging
- 7. model, which is based on CNN, offers promising results in terms of accuracy. The purpose of this research is to illustrate the technological viability of deep learning utilizing a con- volutional neural network approach to enable autonomous disease detection via image classification. Our paper pro- posed the rice plant diseases classifications in the form of multimodal methods, in which the collective datasets are gathered to the preprocessed function, and our preproces- sing methods are handled in the form of the Gaussian filter. The feature extraction techniques work with the genetic algo- rithm, and then the classification techniques are handled by the multiple forms of deep learning convolutional neural network, providing enhanced accuracy. Our future studies will address the form of the genetic algorithm using upgraded support vector machine techniques. 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