DEFENCE MECHANISM.ppt
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This document discusses various defense mechanisms described by Freud. It defines fear as a response to real danger while anxiety is a subjective feeling of discomfort caused by threats to self-esteem. Defense mechanisms are unconscious ways of dealing with anxiety, such as repression of unpleasant memories, rationalization by making excuses, and intellectualization of addressing problems logically rather than emotionally. Both successful mechanisms like sublimation and unsuccessful ones like denial are explained with examples.
DEFENCE MECHANISM.ppt
- 2. FEAR: It is the feeling aroused by accurate perception of genuine external danger. The intensity of fear is directly proportional to degree of that danger.
- 3. FEAR: E.g. one feels fear when one is left alone in a dark city street late at night.
- 4. ANXIETY: Unexplained discomfort. Subjective. Produced by any situation that threatens the individual’s identity or self esteem or cause him to feel helpless, isolated & insecure. Caused by personal fear rather than actual danger.
- 5. INTRODUCTION: FREUD used this term to refer to the unconscious process that defends a person against anxiety. The human being usually able to relieve the conflict by utilizing certain form or adaptation , called defence mechanism, adjustment or mental mechanism.
- 6. INTRODUCTION: Mental mechanisms are means of compromising with forbidden desires, feeling of guilt or an admission that one is inadequate in facing problems. They salvage the individual’s self respect , avoid an open admission of failure and save psychic energy.
- 7. cont….. When they are used moderately in normal life, they are harmless and help us to face conflicts and frustrations easily and protect our ego. However, excessive use of these mechanism is harmful and helps individual to make adaptations to distressing experiences.
- 8. These mechanisms can be of following types: SUCCESSFUL MECHANISMS UNSUCCESSFUL MECHANISMS
- 9. SUCCESSFUL MECHANISM REPRESSION: unconsciously forgetting unpleasant experiences. RATIONALIZATION: making excuses giving reasons different from the real one for what we are doing. INTELLECTUALIZATION: distancing oneself from emotional situation by abstract talking or thinking.
- 10. SUCCESSFUL MECHANISM COMPENSATION: working hard to make up for a weakness or deficiency. SUBSTITUTION: satisfying the motive by some other way. SUBLIMATION: directing unacceptable desires into socially acceptable behavior. IDETIFICATION: finding satisfaction through what another person does.
- 11. UNSUCCESSFUL MECHANISMS SUPRESSION: Intentional pushing away from awareness of certain unwelcome ideas, memories, feelings. REACTION FORMATION: Strongly expressing the reverse of what one feels. DISPLACEMENT: Discharging pent up feelings on persons less dangerous than those who initially aroused the emotion.
- 12. UNSUCCESSFUL MECHANISMS DENIAL: refusing to believe that something unpleasant exists. ISOLATION: keeping oneself away from the situation. PROJECTION: pretending that others have your own failings. REGRESSION: acting immaturely. FIXATION: sticking to some behavior desperately.
- 13. UNSUCCESSFUL MECHANISMS CONVERSION: an emotional conflicts is expressed by a physical illness or physical symptom without any organic cause. FANTASY: withdrawal to make belief world when faced with real problems. WITHDRAWAL: avoiding all close interpersonal relationship.
- 14. repression psychic repression or simply repression, is the psychological attempt by an individual to repel its own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts. Such desires, impulses, wishes, fantasies or feelings can be represented in the mind as thoughts, images and memories.
- 15. repression Acc. To RD Laing, “WE FORGET AND THEN FORGET THAT WE FORGOT”. The unconscious memories continue to seek expression and may emerge in the form of accidents or neurotic symptoms.
- 16. repression E.g. the child who had taken beating from his mother may feel too guilty and try to repress his anger. But that may be shown by accidental breaking of his mother’s favorite things or his bed-wetting or refusal of food.
- 17. REACTION FORMATION It is sometimes possible to conceal a motive from ourselves by giving strong expression to its opposite. “ The best defence is a good offence”.
- 18. PROJECTION: Blaming others or projection is a way of coping with one’s unwanted motives by shifting them on to some one else. It relieves tension and anxiety. E.g. student who believes that everybody cheats in examination may also cheats in a same way.
- 19. RATIONALIZATION making excuses. defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are explained in a rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation. E.g. a tense father who beats his child may rationalize that it is for the child’s good.
- 20. intellectualization Intellectualization is a 'flight into reason', where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. defense mechanism where reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and its associated emotional stress, by 'using excessive and abstract ideation to avoid difficult feelings.
- 21. intellectualization E.g. If there is a patient who is actually ill, calmly the doctor may tell the family members rather than saying I am sorry.
- 22. DISPLACEMENT The motive remains unaltered but the person substitute a different goal objectives for the original one. Often the motive is aggression, with another object. E.g. A person who is angry with his boss, but cannot show it for fear of being fired may come home, bawl out the children and “kick the dog”.
- 23. Regression In a face of a threat, one may retreat to earlier pattern of adaptation, possibly a child or primitive one. E.g. when life becomes stressful, children and adult may regress to an earlier stage of development (biting nails).
- 24. SUBLIMATION directing unacceptable desires into socially acceptable behavior. E.g. a person with greed can become a successful businessman.
- 25. IDENTIFICATION The person feels the personal satisfaction in the success and achievements of other peoples and groups. E.g. hero worship is an obvious form of identification. An illiterate father often takes his son’s higher education as his own achievement.
- 26. COMPENSATION SOMETHING GIVEN TO REPLACE A LOSS OR TO MAKE UP FOR A DEFECT. When people are frustrated in their desires in one direction they compensate for it by attaining success in other directions.
- 27. COMPENSATION E.g. a student fails in the studies may compensate by becoming the college champion in athletics.
- 28. DENIAL Denial of reality is when we refuse to accept or believe the existence of something that is very unpleasant to us. E.g. Many old people refuse their decline in mental and physical powers as they advance in age.
- 29. FANTASY It is a kind of withdrawal when faced with real problems of life. We retire to make a belief world where everything is possible, where we are victors. E.g. patients who are very ill may fantasise that when they recover, many good things will happen to them. Excessive daydreaming may lead to a psychotic disorder called Schizophrenia.
- 30. CONVERSION AN EMOTIONAL CONFLICT IS EXORESSED, AS A PHYSICAL SYMPTOM FOR WHICH THERE IS NO DEMONSTRABLE ORANIC BASIS. E.g. a student may develop fever during exam.
- 31. THANK YOU