Definition and types of research
- 1. Research Methodology By Fahad Mahmood
- 2. Course Outlines What is Research? Research Types Qualities for Researcher Research Paradigms Theory & Research Qualitative & Quantitative Methods Research Ethics
- 3. References & Bibliography Literature Review Research Process Research questions & Hypothesis Measurement & scaling Reliability & validity Sampling Procedures
- 4. Questionnaire Design Research Proposal Writing Content Analysis Surveys Focus Group Experimental Methods Longitudinal Research
- 5. Participant Observation Case Studies Using Secondary Data Analysis of Qualitative data Analysis of Quantitative data Research Report Writing
- 6. RESERACH Re ---------------- Search Re means (once more, afresh, anew) OR (back; with return to a previous state) Search means (look thorough or go over thoroughly to look something) OR (examine to find anything concealed)
- 7. Talky CEO wants to launch its company in Pakistan?
- 8. He is in a process of Decision Making
- 9. Decision making Needs … CONVICTION There should be no doubts Knowledge to justify your decisions Goals achievement
- 10. Research? Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS .
- 11. SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results.
- 12. ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.
- 13. FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer.
- 14. QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose.
- 15. Defining Research 1). A collection of methods and methodologies that researchers apply systematically to produce scientifically based knowledge about the social world. (Neuman)
- 16. Methodology: Methodology & methods, two terms are often treated as synonyms. Methodology is broader and envelops methods. It is understanding the social-organizational context, philosophical assumptions, ethical principals and political issues of the enterprise of researchers who use methods.
- 17. Methods: Methods are set of specific techniques for selecting cases, measuring and observing aspects of social life, gathering and refining data, analyzing data and reporting on results.
- 18. Defining Research 2). Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard protocol. These rules are broadly similar but may vary slightly between the different fields of science.
- 19. Research is used as Basis of knowledge
- 20. Alternative to Research Authority Tradition Common sense Media myths Personal experience
- 21. 1). Authority When you accept something as true just because someone in a position of authority says it is true or it is an authoritative publication, you are using authority as basis of knowledge. Parents, Teachers, Books.
- 22. 2). Tradition Tradition is a special case of authority-the authority of the past. It means you accept something as being true because “it’s the way things have always been.
- 23. 3). Common Sense You rely on what everyone knows and what “just makes sense”. It is about ordinary reasoning. It can originate from tradition
- 24. 4). Media Myths Media tends to perpetuate the myths of a culture.
- 25. 5). Personal Experience If something happens to you, if you personally experience it or see it, you accept it as true.
- 26. Types of Research Quantitative Research Basic Research Applied Research Longitudinal Research Qualitative Research Descriptive Research Classification Research
- 27. Types of Research Comparative Research Explorative Research Explanatory Research Causal Research Theory-testing Research Theory-Building Research Action Research
- 28. 1). Quantitative Research It is based on methodological principals of positivism and neo-positivism It adheres to standards of strict research design. Statistical analysis is used in it.
- 29. 2). Basic Research Purpose of gaining knowledge It advanced understanding about social world Help in supporting & rejecting existing hypothesis & theories
- 30. 3). Applied Research Aims at solving specific problems Aims at establishing policy programs that will help to improve social life Types of applied research are action research, social impact studies, cost-benefit analysis, evaluation research
- 31. 4). Longitudinal Research It involves study of sample at more than one point in time or occasion e.g. Trend studies, Panel studies
- 32. 4A). Cross sectional Research It involves study of many cases at one point in time or occasion
- 33. 5). Qualitative Research It is based on methodological principals of phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, hermeneutics. It aims at exploration of social world. Lazarsfeld: following elements are there….exploration, relationship discovery, establishing construct, testing hypothesis.
- 34. 6). Descriptive Research Usually it forms preliminary study of a research project. It aims at describe social events, relations and events. It provides background information about an event in question.
- 35. 7). Classification research It aims at categorization of units into groups To demonstrate differences To explain relationships
- 36. 8). Comparative Research To identify similarities and differences between units at all levels.
- 37. 9). Exploratory Research It aims at gaining information about an issue in hand.
- 38. 10). Explanatory Research It aims at explaining social relations and events. To build, test or revise a theory.
- 39. 11). Causal Research It aims at establishing cause and effect relationship among variables.
- 40. 12). Theory testing Research It aims at testing validity of a theory
- 41. 13). Theory building Research To establish and formulate theory
- 42. 14). Action Research It is application of fact findings to practical problem solving in a social situation with a view to improve quality of action within it, involving collaboration and cooperation of researchers, practitioners and laymen. It can be situational (diagnose a problem and attempts to solve it), collaborative, participatory (researcher take part in implementation of findings) and self-evaluation (it involves constant evaluation and adjustment of research and practice)