Going by the Rules - Definitions in action
- 1. GOING BY THE RULES Definitions in Action Definitions in Action Windward, Leeward, and Tack, Port and Starboard Clear Astern, Clear Ahead, Overlap Keep Clear Main Menu Section Start 1
- 2. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 2
- 3. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 3
- 4. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? And so which tack is she on? W L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 4
- 5. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? And so which tack is she on? W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 5
- 6. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 6
- 7. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? And so which tack is she on? Head to wind W L but still on same tack W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 7
- 8. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? And so which tack is she on? W L Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 8
- 9. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W L Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 9
- 10. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W And so which tack is she on? L W L Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 10
- 11. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L W L Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 11
- 12. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L W L Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 12
- 13. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L W L L W Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 13
- 14. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 14
- 15. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L Port W L L W Port W Port L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 15
- 16. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L By the W lee, but Port W still on Port the L L same W tack W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 16
- 17. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 17
- 18. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 18
- 19. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 19
- 20. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W Starboard L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 20
- 21. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W Starboard L W - windward L - leeward Main Menu Section Start 21
- 22. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W Starboard W L W - windward L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 22
- 23. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 23
- 24. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 24
- 25. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W Head to wind but still on L W Starboard same tack W W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 25
- 26. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port W L L W Port W Port Port L L W L W Starboard W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 26
- 27. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port Head to wind W L L W but still on Port same tack W Port Port L L W L W Starboard W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 27
- 28. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port Head to wind W L L By the W but still on lee, but Port same tack W still on Port Port the L L same W tack L W Starboard W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 28
- 29. We’re racing! Definitions, Leeward and Windward, and Tack, Starboard or Port Which are the windward and leeward sides of the boat? W Port And so which tack is she on? L Port Head to wind W L L By the W but still on lee, but Port same tack W still on Port Port the L L same W tack Head to wind but still on L W Starboard same tack W Starboard W L W - windward Starboard L - leeward L Main Menu Section Start 29
- 30. GOING BY THE RULES Definitions in Action Definitions in Action Windward, Leeward, and Tack, Port and Starboard Clear Astern, Clear Ahead, Overlap Keep Clear Main Menu Section Start 30
- 31. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other? Main Menu Section Start 31
- 32. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats still clear astern of the other? Clear astern Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 32
- 33. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats still clear astern of the other? Clear astern Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 33
- 34. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats still clear astern of the other? No, some of Blue is ahead of Yellow’s ‘transom line’. So they are overlapped. Clear astern Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 34
- 35. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats still clear astern of the other? No, some of Blue is ahead of Yellow’s ‘transom line’. So they are overlapped. Clear astern Technically, a line Overlapped abeam from the aftermost point of hull AND equipment, which would include Clear a transom-mounted ahead rudder. Main Menu Section Start 35
- 36. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other? Clear astern Overlapped Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 36
- 37. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other? No, some of Yellow is ahead of Blue’s ‘transom line’. So they are still overlapped. Clear astern Overlapped Overlapped Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 37
- 38. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other? Clear Clear astern ahead Overlapped Overlapped Clear Clear ahead astern Main Menu Section Start 38
- 39. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is one of these same-tack boats clear astern of the other? Yes, all of Yellow is now clear astern of Blue’s ‘transom line’. The overlap has ended. Clear Clear astern ahead Overlapped Overlapped Clear Clear ahead astern Main Menu Section Start 39
- 40. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Clear astern Clear ahead Main Menu Section Start 40
- 41. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Clear Overlapped astern Clear Overlapped ahead Main Menu Section Start 41
- 42. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Clear Overlapped Overlapped astern Clear Overlapped Overlapped ahead Main Menu Section Start 42
- 43. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Clear Clear Overlapped Overlapped astern astern Clear Clear Overlapped Overlapped ahead ahead Main Menu Section Start 43
- 44. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead. Equipment that is NOT in its normal position cannot create an overlap. For example: • a spinnaker allowed to fly forwards by freeing its halyard • a retractable ‘sprit’ that is extended when there is no immediate intention of setting a gennaker If a boat astern with such equipment in an abnormal position is catching the boat ahead, then: • No overlap until the first piece of hull, or equipment in normal position (such as the spinnaker pole) crosses the transom line • and so ( in the case of the spinnaker) the overlap will happen later than if the equipment had been in its normal position Main Menu Section Start 44
- 45. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap One boat is clear astern of another when her hull and equipment in normal position are behind a line abeam from the aftermost point of the other boat’s hull and equipment in normal position. The other boat is clear ahead. Equipment that is NOT in its normal position cannot create an overlap. For example: • a spinnaker allowed to fly forwards by freeing its halyard • a retractable ‘sprit’ that is extended when there is no immediate intention of setting a gennaker Similarly: • a ‘spinnaker-only’ overlap will end if the spinnaker halyard is eased to make the sail fly forwards • a ‘sprit-only’ overlap will end if the gennaker is removed but the sprit is left extended if that is not its normal position at that time Main Menu Section Start 45
- 46. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s ‘transom line?’ Main Menu Section Start 46
- 47. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s ‘transom line’? No – so neither is clear astern, so they are overlapped Main Menu Section Start 47
- 48. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s transom line? Main Menu Section Start 48
- 49. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s transom line? No – so neither is clear astern, so they are overlapped Main Menu Section Start 49
- 50. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s transom line? Main Menu Section Start 50
- 51. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is any part of Yellow behind Blue’s ‘transom line’? Is any part of Blue behind Yellow’s transom line? No – so neither is clear astern, so they are overlapped Each pair is on the same tack, and the term overlap ‘always applies to boats on the same tack.’ (Definition Overlap) Main Menu Section Start 51
- 52. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Are Yellow and Blue overlapped? No. The term does not apply to opposite tack boats sailing to windward and away from marks Main Menu Section Start 52
- 53. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Are Yellow and Blue overlapped? Main Menu Section Start 53
- 54. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Are Yellow and Blue overlapped? Technically YES, because the definition Overlap says that the term applies to boats sailing more than ninety degrees from the wind. However, in open water, this fact has no further significance in the rules. BLUE on port must keep clear of YELLOW on starboard. Main Menu Section Start 54
- 55. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Are Yellow and Blue overlapped? Main Menu Section Start 55
- 56. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Are Yellow and Blue overlapped? Yes, even though they are on opposite tacks, both because rule 18, Mark-Room, applies, and also because they are both sailing more than ninety degrees from the true wind. In this case, BLUE on port still has to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard, but rule 18 puts a limitation on YELLOW, which will have to give mark-room. Main Menu Section Start 56
- 57. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is Blue clear ahead of Yellow? IS Yellow clear astern of Blue? The terms Clear Astern and Clear Ahead do not apply to boats on opposite tacks away from marks and obstructions. This situation is resolved by rule 10 that deals with opposite-tack boats, and not by rule 12 that deals with same-tack boats where one is clear astern of the other. Main Menu Section Start 57
- 58. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlap Is Blue clear ahead of Yellow? IS Yellow clear astern of Blue? YES. The terms Clear Astern and Clear Ahead apply to opposite-tack boats when rule 18 applies, or when both boats are sailing more than ninety degrees from the wind. Both of these criteria make this a clear-ahead / clear-astern situation. As we will see, BLUE on port still has to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard, but rule 18 requires clear-astern YELLOW to give mark- room to clear-ahead BLUE Main Menu Section Start 58
- 59. GOING BY THE RULES Definitions in Action Definitions in Action Windward, Leeward, and Tack, Port and Starboard Clear Astern, Clear Ahead, Overlap Keep Clear 59
- 60. Start show Start Section We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is RED keeping clear of GREEN? What is the test for rule 10? When boats are on opposite tacks, the test is whether GREEN, the starboard-tack right-of-way boat, ‘can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’. Can you make that judgement from this diagram? FACTORS • Wind and weather • Size and manoeuvrability of the boats • Speed of boats, and are speeds different? • Eye contact between helms • Hail from RED that she will duck – and a duck! Main Menu Section Start 60
- 61. Start show Start Section We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is RED keeping clear of GREEN? What is the test for rule 10? When boats are on opposite tacks, the test is whether GREEN, the starboard-tack right-of-way boat, ‘can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’. Can you make that judgement from this diagram? FACTORS • Wind and weather • Size and manoeuvrability of the boats • Speed of boats, and are speeds different? Main Menu Section Start 61
- 62. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW? What is the test for rule 12? When boats are on the same tack but not overlapped, the test is still whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can ‘sail her course with no need to take avoiding action.’ Can you make that judgement from this diagram? FACTORS •Wind and weather •Size and manoeuvrability of the boats • Is BLUE closing on YELLOW? Main Menu Section Start 62
- 63. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear In all these cases – opposite tacks, or same tack, not overlapped - the test is whether the right-of-way boat, can ‘sail her course with no need to take avoiding action’. So it’s not just a question of what the keep-clear boat is doing. Rather, it’s the effect of the keep-clear boat’s actions on the right-of-way boat. Main Menu Section Start 63
- 64. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW? What is the test? The test is first whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action. If their courses are parallel, even if BLUE is close, YELLOW can sail her course. Is BLUE keeping clear? Main Menu Section Start 64
- 65. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW? What is the test? The test is first whether YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action. If their courses are parallel, even if BLUE is close, YELLOW can sail her course. But as they are overlapped on the same tack, the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact. Is BLUE keeping clear? Main Menu Section Start 65
- 66. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW? What is the test? …the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact. If YELLOW were to luff, there may be contact, but probably not immediately. So BLUE passed that part of the test. Is BLUE keeping Suppose a luff clear? by YELLOW Main Menu Section Start 66
- 67. Start show We’re racing! Definition, Keep Clear Is BLUE keeping clear of YELLOW? What is the test? …the test is secondly whether the leeward boat can change course (hypothetically) in BOTH directions without immediate contact. If YELLOW were to luff, there may be contact, but probably not immediately. So BLUE passed that part of the test. But if YELLOW were to bear away, and there would be contact, it is more likely to be immediate. If that’s what a protest committee thinks, then BLUE was not initially keeping clear. Is BLUE keeping Suppose a luff Suppose a bear- clear? by YELLOW away by YELLOW Main Menu Section Start 67
- 68. GOING BY THE RULES Definitions in Action Definitions in Action Windward, Leeward, and Tack, Port and Starboard Clear Astern, Clear Ahead, Overlap Keep Clear Main Menu Section Start 68
- 69. GOING BY THE RULES What’s cooking? THE MAIN COURSE STARTERS Basically and Fundamentally… What’s new for 2009 – quick guide We’re racing! What’s new for 2009 – in detail We’re starting! INGREDIENTS We’re rounding! Reading the signals We’re taking turns! Major definitions in action We’re finishing! The Racing Rules of Sailing We’re unhappy! The Definitions 69
Editor's Notes
- #53: The terms Clear Astern, Clear Ahead and (especially) Overlap ‘do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unless rule 18 applies or both boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind.’ (See definition)
- #55: The 2009 rules describe these boats as ‘overlapped’. This is not very helpful, because it has no relevance away from marks and obstructions. It is only under rules 18, Mark-Room and 19, Room to Pass an Obstruction, that the overlapped status of opposite-tack downwind boats becomes relevant, as in the following slides
- #58: The terms Clear Astern, Clear Ahead and (especially) Overlap ‘do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unless rule 18 applies or both boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind.’ (See definition), which is not the case here.
- #59: The terms Clear Astern, Clear Ahead and (especially) Overlap ‘do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unless rule 18 applies or both boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind.’ (See definition). Here, the terms Clear Ahead and Clear Astern apply, for the purposes of entitlement to room.