![International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 8|| August 2016 || PP. 69-72
www.ijesi.org 69 | Page
Design and Analysis CMOS Image Sensor
Monika Rani Jha1
, Nisha Charaya2
, Sonal Dahiya3
1
Student M.Tech. VLSI, Amity University Haryana
2
Assistant Professor, Amity University Haryana
3
Assistant Professor, Amity University Haryana
Abstract: An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It
is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices.
This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of
traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to
reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond.
Keyword: CMOS image sensor, High speed simulation matrix, Cadence design platform.
I. Image Sensing
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal [5]. It is done
by converting the variable attenuation of waves (as they pass through or reflect off objects) into signals, the
small current is introduced that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic
radiation. Image sensors are used in electronic imaging devices of both analog and digital types, which
include digital cameras, camera modules, medical imaging equipment, night vision equipment such as thermal
imaging devices, radar, sonar, and others. As technology changes, digital imaging tends to replace analog
imaging.
II. Types Of Image Sensor
2.1 CCD Image Sensor
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device used for the movement of electrical charge, usually within the
device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is
achieved by shifting the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCD moves charge between
capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins[8].
The CCD is a major piece of technology in digital imaging. In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p-
doped MOS capacitors. These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition
begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface
.CCD is then used to read out these charges[7]. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light
detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-
quality image data is required[8].
Advantage of CCD image sensor[7]
Conversion takes place in the chip without distortion
CCDs have very high uniformity – Technique for HD quality images (not videos)
These sensors are more sensitive – Produce Better Images in Low Light
CCD sensors produce cleaner and less grainy Images – low-noise images
CCD sensors is produced for longer period of time
Disadvantage of CCD image sensor[7]
CCD sensors Consume much more power
CCDs are interlaced
Inferior HD Video – Less pixel rates
CCDs are expensive as they require special manufacturing.
2.2 CMOS Image Sensor
A CMOS imaging chip is a type of active pixel sensor made using the CMOS semiconductor process[8]. Each
pixel on a CMOS sensor has several transistors located next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a
voltage[8]. This cause additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital data[8].
In fig2. The arrangement of photodiodes are shown . In CCD a dense matrix of CCD is used due to which it is](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/k0508069072-160912051321/85/Design-and-Analysis-CMOS-Image-Sensor-1-320.jpg)
![Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor
www.ijesi.org 70 | Page
more sensitive to light, where in CMOS image sensor a less amount of photodiodes are used due to which it is
less sensitive to light.
Advantage of CMOS image sensor [7]
CMOS consumes less power
CMOS sensors are cheaper
These Sensors produce better HD videos
CMOS cameras are used on Phones, Tablets, etc
CMOS imager clearly has better performance
Disadvantage of CMOS image sensor[7]
CMOS sensors are also more susceptible – sometimes images are grainy
CMOS sensors need more light for better image
fig.1 [7]
III. Working Principle Of CMOS Image Sensor
In fig2 working of CMOS image sensor is shown. when light incident on a photodiode in CMOS image sensor
is directed by the micro lens (a tiny lens placed over the pixel to increase its effective size and thereby fill
factor) onto the photo-sensitive area of each pixel where it is converted into electrons that collect in a
semiconductor bucket[7].
These are the following phenomena occurring in this process.
Charge accumulation
As more light enters, more electrons accumulate into the bucket[7].
Transfer
Accumulated charge must be transferred to the signal conditioning and processing circuitry[7].
Charge-to-voltage conversion
The accumulated charge must be output as the voltage signal[7].
Amplification
Voltage signal is then amplified before it is fed to the camera[7].
fig.2 [7]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/k0508069072-160912051321/85/Design-and-Analysis-CMOS-Image-Sensor-2-320.jpg)
![Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor
www.ijesi.org 71 | Page
The bigger the pixel, the more light is collected[7]. Thus, big pixel sensors work better under low-light
conditions. For the same number of pixels, bigger pixels results in bigger chip, this means higher cost[8].
Conversely, smaller pixels enable smaller chip sizes and lower chip prices, as well as lower lens costs. But there
are limitations on pixel size reduction. Smaller pixels are less sensitive to light, the optics required to resolve the
pixels becomes expensive and requires expensive fabrication possesses[7].
IV. 3T CMOS Image Sensor
The 3T-APS consists of three NMOS transistors and a photodiode[2]. Typical signal readout procedure can be
roughly divided into three phases, such as reset, integration and readout. During the reset operation, the sense
node full well capacitor Cpd which comprise the photodiode inner capacitor[2], reset transistor MN1 source
capacitor, and the MN2 gate parasitic capacitor will be reset to a voltage Vpd[2]. The charges will be
accumulated on the sense nodes and it can gain maximum charge Qmax which depends on the full well
capacitance of the photodiode[2]. After resetting, the capacitor Cpd will be discharged by the photocurrent (Iph)
and dark current (Idark), the former is proportional to the light intensity during the integration time and Idark is
the leakage current flowing through the photodiode when no photons enter the image pixel, the main part of the
total dark current is coming from the depletion of the photodiode edge at the surface , the slope of discharge
curve is determined by the sum of Iph and Idark and it also determine by the Cpd. The bigger the Iph is, the
faster the Cpd discharges. For example, using three different light intensities as input to the simulation.
fig.3 3T image sensor[1]
V. Simulation Result](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/k0508069072-160912051321/85/Design-and-Analysis-CMOS-Image-Sensor-3-320.jpg)
![Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor
www.ijesi.org 72 | Page
1. First read the image using MATLAB.
2. Convert the particular image in grayscale image using MATLAB.
3. Then convert it into .csv form which is read by spice simulation toolbox.
4. Then give the .csv file as input on 3T CMOS image sensor in cadence simulation toolbox.
VI. Conclusion
In this project spice simulation toolbox is used for image simulation. This method is less time consuming and
easy to implement as high level language model like vhdl,verilog model is not needed. We get result in 0.225
microsecond for pixel 169*127. Earlier it was 16 millisecond for the same[9].
Reference
[1]. Design of Pixel for High Speed CMOS Image Sensors by Zhongxiang Cao, Yangfan Zhou, Quanliang Li, Qi Qin, Liyuan Liu and
*Nanjian Wu .
[2]. VLSI Implementation of an Adaptive Edge-Enhanced Image Scalar for Real-Time Multimedia Applications by Shih-Lun Chen.
[3]. A Novel CMOS Image Sensor by Yusof Doost Hoseini1, Sayed Masoud Sayedi.
[4]. Digital image processing (Rafeal C.Gnzalez)
[5]. Fundamental of digital image processing(chrissoloman)
[6]. en.m.wikipedia.org/CMOS image sensor
[7]. Review image sensor by M.Bigas, E.Cabruja,J.Salvi.
[8]. https://www.google.com/patents/US4608605](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/k0508069072-160912051321/85/Design-and-Analysis-CMOS-Image-Sensor-4-320.jpg)
Design and Analysis CMOS Image Sensor
- 1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 8|| August 2016 || PP. 69-72 www.ijesi.org 69 | Page Design and Analysis CMOS Image Sensor Monika Rani Jha1 , Nisha Charaya2 , Sonal Dahiya3 1 Student M.Tech. VLSI, Amity University Haryana 2 Assistant Professor, Amity University Haryana 3 Assistant Professor, Amity University Haryana Abstract: An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond. Keyword: CMOS image sensor, High speed simulation matrix, Cadence design platform. I. Image Sensing An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal [5]. It is done by converting the variable attenuation of waves (as they pass through or reflect off objects) into signals, the small current is introduced that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation. Image sensors are used in electronic imaging devices of both analog and digital types, which include digital cameras, camera modules, medical imaging equipment, night vision equipment such as thermal imaging devices, radar, sonar, and others. As technology changes, digital imaging tends to replace analog imaging. II. Types Of Image Sensor 2.1 CCD Image Sensor A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device used for the movement of electrical charge, usually within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by shifting the signals between stages within the device one at a time. CCD moves charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins[8]. The CCD is a major piece of technology in digital imaging. In a CCD image sensor, pixels are represented by p- doped MOS capacitors. These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface .CCD is then used to read out these charges[7]. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high- quality image data is required[8]. Advantage of CCD image sensor[7] Conversion takes place in the chip without distortion CCDs have very high uniformity – Technique for HD quality images (not videos) These sensors are more sensitive – Produce Better Images in Low Light CCD sensors produce cleaner and less grainy Images – low-noise images CCD sensors is produced for longer period of time Disadvantage of CCD image sensor[7] CCD sensors Consume much more power CCDs are interlaced Inferior HD Video – Less pixel rates CCDs are expensive as they require special manufacturing. 2.2 CMOS Image Sensor A CMOS imaging chip is a type of active pixel sensor made using the CMOS semiconductor process[8]. Each pixel on a CMOS sensor has several transistors located next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a voltage[8]. This cause additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital data[8]. In fig2. The arrangement of photodiodes are shown . In CCD a dense matrix of CCD is used due to which it is
- 2. Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor www.ijesi.org 70 | Page more sensitive to light, where in CMOS image sensor a less amount of photodiodes are used due to which it is less sensitive to light. Advantage of CMOS image sensor [7] CMOS consumes less power CMOS sensors are cheaper These Sensors produce better HD videos CMOS cameras are used on Phones, Tablets, etc CMOS imager clearly has better performance Disadvantage of CMOS image sensor[7] CMOS sensors are also more susceptible – sometimes images are grainy CMOS sensors need more light for better image fig.1 [7] III. Working Principle Of CMOS Image Sensor In fig2 working of CMOS image sensor is shown. when light incident on a photodiode in CMOS image sensor is directed by the micro lens (a tiny lens placed over the pixel to increase its effective size and thereby fill factor) onto the photo-sensitive area of each pixel where it is converted into electrons that collect in a semiconductor bucket[7]. These are the following phenomena occurring in this process. Charge accumulation As more light enters, more electrons accumulate into the bucket[7]. Transfer Accumulated charge must be transferred to the signal conditioning and processing circuitry[7]. Charge-to-voltage conversion The accumulated charge must be output as the voltage signal[7]. Amplification Voltage signal is then amplified before it is fed to the camera[7]. fig.2 [7]
- 3. Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor www.ijesi.org 71 | Page The bigger the pixel, the more light is collected[7]. Thus, big pixel sensors work better under low-light conditions. For the same number of pixels, bigger pixels results in bigger chip, this means higher cost[8]. Conversely, smaller pixels enable smaller chip sizes and lower chip prices, as well as lower lens costs. But there are limitations on pixel size reduction. Smaller pixels are less sensitive to light, the optics required to resolve the pixels becomes expensive and requires expensive fabrication possesses[7]. IV. 3T CMOS Image Sensor The 3T-APS consists of three NMOS transistors and a photodiode[2]. Typical signal readout procedure can be roughly divided into three phases, such as reset, integration and readout. During the reset operation, the sense node full well capacitor Cpd which comprise the photodiode inner capacitor[2], reset transistor MN1 source capacitor, and the MN2 gate parasitic capacitor will be reset to a voltage Vpd[2]. The charges will be accumulated on the sense nodes and it can gain maximum charge Qmax which depends on the full well capacitance of the photodiode[2]. After resetting, the capacitor Cpd will be discharged by the photocurrent (Iph) and dark current (Idark), the former is proportional to the light intensity during the integration time and Idark is the leakage current flowing through the photodiode when no photons enter the image pixel, the main part of the total dark current is coming from the depletion of the photodiode edge at the surface , the slope of discharge curve is determined by the sum of Iph and Idark and it also determine by the Cpd. The bigger the Iph is, the faster the Cpd discharges. For example, using three different light intensities as input to the simulation. fig.3 3T image sensor[1] V. Simulation Result
- 4. Design And Analysis Cmos Image Sensor www.ijesi.org 72 | Page 1. First read the image using MATLAB. 2. Convert the particular image in grayscale image using MATLAB. 3. Then convert it into .csv form which is read by spice simulation toolbox. 4. Then give the .csv file as input on 3T CMOS image sensor in cadence simulation toolbox. VI. Conclusion In this project spice simulation toolbox is used for image simulation. This method is less time consuming and easy to implement as high level language model like vhdl,verilog model is not needed. We get result in 0.225 microsecond for pixel 169*127. Earlier it was 16 millisecond for the same[9]. Reference [1]. Design of Pixel for High Speed CMOS Image Sensors by Zhongxiang Cao, Yangfan Zhou, Quanliang Li, Qi Qin, Liyuan Liu and *Nanjian Wu . [2]. VLSI Implementation of an Adaptive Edge-Enhanced Image Scalar for Real-Time Multimedia Applications by Shih-Lun Chen. [3]. A Novel CMOS Image Sensor by Yusof Doost Hoseini1, Sayed Masoud Sayedi. [4]. Digital image processing (Rafeal C.Gnzalez) [5]. Fundamental of digital image processing(chrissoloman) [6]. en.m.wikipedia.org/CMOS image sensor [7]. Review image sensor by M.Bigas, E.Cabruja,J.Salvi. [8]. https://www.google.com/patents/US4608605