Design And Development of Low-Cost Electrospinning Machine for NanoFabrication(updated).pdf

FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROPOSAL
BS Electrical Engineering
Batch 2019-2023
Design and Development of Low-Cost
Electro-Spinning Machine for
NanoFabrication
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

Submitted by
Muhammad Haseeb 5602
Muhammad Mubeen 5611
Muhammad Awais 5634
Sikander Ali 5642
Project Supervisor
Dr. Arslan Dawood Butt
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

Table of Contents
RANGE OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................2
2. OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................................3
3. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................3
3.1 Electrospinning Process ...............................................................................................................................3
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................6
4.1 Proposed Model ...........................................................................................................................................6
4.2 Hardware......................................................................................................................................................7
4.2.1 Mechanical Parts...........................................................................................................................................7
4.2.2 Electrical Parts..............................................................................................................................................8
4.3 Software .....................................................................................................................................................10
5. MAPPING TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ...........................................................................11
6. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................12
UNDERTAKING.......................................................................................................................................................14
SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS...............................................................................................................................14
FYP COORDINATOR’S REMARKS.....................................................................................................................14

1
RANGE OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES
Attribute Complex Activities Justification
1 Preamble
Complex activities means (engineering)
activities or projects that have some or all
of the following characteristics listed
below:
This Final Year Project is a complex
engineering activity because it involves
PEC define attributes like range of
resources, innovation and familiarity.
2 Range of resources
Involve the use of diverse resources (and
for this purpose, resources include people,
money, equipment, materials, information
and technologies).
This Final Year Project involves this
attribute as the development of
electrospinning machine by students
require them to carry out hardware
development, software development,
R&D of electrospinning machine and
collaboration with applied chemistry
department.
3
Level of
interaction
Require resolution of significant problems
arising from interactions between wide-
ranging or conflicting technical,
engineering or other issues.
N/A
4 Innovation
Involve creative use of engineering
principles and research-based knowledge
in novel ways.
The students need to innovatively develop
the low-cost electrospinning machine
using the resources available locally, while
maintaining satisfactory performance of
the machine. To achieve this, they have to
use engineering principals and research-
based knowledge in novel ways.
5
Consequences to
society and the
environment
Have significant consequences in a range
of contexts, characterized by difficulty of
prediction and mitigation.
N/A
6 Familiarity
Can extend beyond previous experiences
by applying principles-based approaches.
The methods and techniques employed by
the students are related to their curriculum
but go for beyond it. They further have to
understand the principals of
electrospinning machine, Nano fabrication
and mechanical design to achieve their
goals.

2
1. INTRODUCTION
Nanofibers are one-dimensional nanomaterials ranging in diameter from hundreds to thousands of
nanometers in the form of fibers. Textile, tissue engineering, pharmaceutical and drug delivery
systems are just a few of the applications for nanofibers. Nanofibers are a type of material that can
also be used for filtration, protective garments, battery separators, and energy storage, among other
things. Carbon Nanofibers are widely used in Antenna designing. [1]
Bi-component fiber spinning, Melt-blowing, template synthesis, phase separation, self-
assembly, drawing and centrifugal spinning are some of the processes used to make nanofiber.
These are the difficult methods for making Nanofibers from a limited number of polymers.
Electrospinning is the most common process for manufacturing Nanofibers from diverse polymers.
Electro-spinning is also called electro-static spinning. In this technique, we produce Nanofibers of
different diameters. Electro-spinning technique is the most effective technique in the generation
of Nanofiber.
The high-performance electrospinning machines are available in international market in
high prices. We are designing and developing a cost-effective electrospinning machine that can be
used at the local or national level. Our design of the electrospinning machine is shown in Figure
(1).
Figure1:Design of Electrospinning machine

3
2. OBJECTIVES
1. To design and develop a prototype of an electrospinning machine composed of mechanical
hardware, PCB, Stepper motor (To control the speed of syringe pump), Brushless DC
motor (Collector Drum), GUI (effective control of machine), Arduino based control and to
safely apply an electrical application of high DC voltage between the syringe pump and
collector drum.
2. To calibrate electrospinning machine for reliable performance i.e rotation speed of
collector drum and the syringe flow rate, This objective also includes the calibration and
optimization of the machine by performing nanofabrication using different substrates and
nanofiber materials.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the year 1900, electrospray technology, which began in the late 1890s, was developed into
electrospinning.[2]
To gain a better knowledge of the background to this innovative approach, we
give a comprehensive table (Table 1), detailing the year-by-year development of electrospinning.
Electrospinning is a method of employing electric charges to distort a conical droplet of
polymer Solution pushed from a nozzle tip into ultra-fine fibers. Filter membranes, artificial
organs, biomedical scaffolds, chemically protected garments, nanoelectronics, nanocomposites,
conductive polymeric biosensors, and wound dressing materials could all benefits from
nanometer-sized fibers. [3]
3.1 Electrospinning Process
Electrospinning is a physical method that involves exposing a polymer solution to strong electric
fields in order to produce ultrathin fibers. Figure 2 depicts a schematic illustration of a typical
laboratory electro-spinning setup. A polymer solution is deposited within a syringe that is
horizontally mounted on a digitally controlled pump, allowing for exact control of the solution
flow rate. The polymer solution is then injected through a millimeter-sized metallic needle that is
connected to a high-voltage power source operating in positive DC mode with low current
intensity.

4
Table 1: History of Electrospinning
Year References
1902 Cooley and Morton patented the electro spinning process. [4]
1914 Jet ejection by John Zeleny at the metal capillary's tip [5]
1934 The Electrospin device, which involves the manufacture of
cellulose acetate with acetone as the solvent, is patented by
Formhals.
[6]
1936-40 Other patents by Formhals [7]
1950-59 A firm produces nanofibers for use as a filter in gas masks. [8]
1960 Electrospun fibers as filtration material and jet formation
investigation
1964 Taylor cone formation
1971 Baumgarten's apparatus for spinning acrylic microfibers
1995 The diameter of the fiber decreases as the distance between
the collector and the needle tip and the Taylor cone grows,
according to Doshi and Reneker.
1996-
2001
Publications on working parameters like a solution, ambient,
and instrumental parameters.
2001-05 Electro-spun nanofibers: synthesis and characterization
Different researchers from various countries introduced
several sorts of electro-spin instruments.
2006
2017
During this time, the majority of papers focused on the use of
electrospun nanofibers as sensors, tissue engineering
materials, chemical warfare stimulant protection, filters,
scaffolds, batteries, and catalysts. In addition, these
microfibers have found use in the medical industry as
medication delivery devices.
For mosquito protection, electrospinning potential is used to
make cloth. The fabric that resulted was found to be helpful in
preventing mosquito bites in tests.

5
At a critical high voltage, the polymer solution droplet at the needle's tip bends and forms a Taylor
cone, which is subsequently ejected as a charged polymer jet (25 kV). The electrical field extends
and accelerates this towards a grounded and oppositely charged collector. The solvent entirely
evaporates as the electro-spinning jet moves through the electrical field, while the entanglements
in the polymer chains prevent it from breaking up. As a result, ultrathin polymer fibers are
deposited on a metallic collector, which is then used to combine the fibers into nonwoven mats. [9]
Electrospun fiber mats with ultra-fine structures, high porosity, a high surface-to-volume
ratio, and customizable morphology are produced using this nonmechanical technique.
Electrospinning is a non-thermal method that encapsulates thermosensitive compounds, which is
important for preserving structure and increasing stability and functionality during food
preparation and storage. [10]
Figure 2: Process of electrospinning

6
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In Electro spinning machine there are two major parts:
1. Mechanical Parts
2. Electrical parts
4.1 Proposed Model
We use Arduino and an LM-298 DC Motor Driver to regulate the speed of our collector drum.
We have a variable resistor to control the speed of the collector drum and display the revolutions
per minute of the collector drum on LCD.
We used an Arduino Uno and a stepper motor driver in our syringe pump. The syringe is
driven by a threaded rod linked to our stepper motor. We are using another LCD to display the
speed of the motor in milliliters per hour.
Power Supply
LM -298 DC
Motor Driver
Arduino Uno
Stepper
Motor Syringe
A4988-
Stepper
Motor
Driver
DC Motor
Collector
Drum
GUI
High DC Voltage

7
4.2 Hardware
The Hardware of Electro spinning machine include:
4.2.1 Mechanical Parts
Syringe
Sucking and ejecting liquid through a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb in a narrow stream.
The syringe is an essential component of an electro-spinning machine. The electrically spun
solution is poured into the syringe. The rate at which the polymer solution flows is a significant
parameter. Because the polymer solution takes a certain amount of time to polarize, a syringe pump
with a modest flow rate is preferred. When the flow rate is high, bead fiber with a large diameter
form instead of smooth fiber with a small diameter, which dries quickly once it reaches the
collector. [11]
Base
An electro-spinning machine's foundation is an important component that assures the machine's
stability and protects it from jerks, vibrations, and other accidental vibrations.
Supporting Pillars
Supporting pillars give collector drum and rod a solid basis, ensuring that they stay in place. Our
support is made of plastic, which ensures that the components are securely held in place and
protective.
Collector Drum
In our electrospinning machine collector drum is also an important part. It is made up of steel or
aluminum. The material which is to electrospun is placed on the collector drum and the collector
is grounded. The ionized solution which is emitted from the syringe is deposited on the collector.
The speed of the collector drum effect’s the diameter of the fiber. [12]

8
Nut & Bolts
A nut and bolt are a little flat piece of metal or other material with a threaded hole in it that is used
as a fastener to screw onto a bolt.
Thread Road
Threaded bars, often called studs, are cylindrical bars that have continuous threading at both ends
but no head and fashion tip. They can be used as a U-bolt, anchor bolt, clamp, or hanger, among
other applications. The threaded rod could be threaded all the way down the rod.
Ball Bearings
A bearing is a machine part that decreases friction between moving elements by limiting relative
motion to the desired value.
4.2.2 Electrical Parts
Stepper Motor
An electromagnetic device that converts digital signals into mechanical shaft rotation is known as
a stepper motor. Step motors feature a basic, solid architecture that can work in practically any
environment, as well as a low cost, great durability, high torque at low speeds, and a low cost. To
regulate the speed of the syringe pump, we utilize an Arduino and a stepper motor. We will use
the A4988 stepper motor driver to adjust the syringe pump's speed.
Brushless DC Motor
Brushless DC motors (sometimes referred to as BLDC motors or BL motors) are brushless DC
motors without brushes. The controller controls the synchronous motor speed and torque by
sending current pulses to the motor windings. To control the speed of the collecting drum, we
utilize an Arduino and a DC motor. LM-298N will be used to change the speed of the collection
drum.

9
Figure 2: Process of electrospinning
LM-298N
The L298N Motor Driver is a controller that uses an H-Bridge to control the direction and speed
of up to two DC motors. To run the DC motor, we linked this Module to Arduino. This driver will
be used to control the DC motor's speed.
Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno microcontroller board uses the ATmega328P CPU. 14 digital input/output pins
(six of which are PWM outputs), six analogue inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection,
a power jack, an ICSP header, and reset buttons are all found on this board. An Arduino Uno is
used to control speed and direction of stepper motor and brushless DC motor.
A4988
For ease of usage, the A4988 is a comprehensive micro-stepping motor driver with an integrated
translator. It can operate bipolar stepper motors in full, half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth phase
modes with an output drive capacity of up to 35V and 2A. This driver is used to regulate the stepper
motor's speed, which controls the syringe's speed.
Figure 3: Hardware of electrospinning

10
4.3 Software
Software that we will use are Following
Fusion 360
Fusion 360 is a product design and manufacturing cloud-based 3D modelling, CAD, CAM, CAE,
and PCB software platform. Aesthetics, form, fit, and function are all variables to consider while
designing and engineering anything. The Fusion 360 is being used to create a 3D model of our
electro-spinning machine. This is useful software for determining the stability and size of hardware
models.
Arduino IDE
The software that was used to program the Arduino. Arduino IDE is the name of the software for
Arduino (Integrated Development Environment). It's a text editor with a lot of features that
operates like a notepad. It's used to write code, compile it for error checking, and then upload it to
an Arduino. This software is used to program the Arduino to control the speed of the Stepper and
DC motors.
Proteus
The Proteus Design Set is a proprietary software tool package primarily used for electronic design
automation. The software's major users are electronic design engineers. This software is used to
design the circuit diagram of our electrical circuits in the electrospinning machine, such as the
Arduino connecting to the A4988 driver and the A4988 driver connecting to the Stepper motor.
Processing IDE
Processing is a free graphical library and integrated development environment (IDE) for the
electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities that teach the fundamentals of
computer programming in a visual setting. This software is used to create the user interface for our
project. This user interface improves the usability and efficiency of our project.

11
5. MAPPING TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal
No.
Statement Description Justification
9 Industry, Innovation
and Infrastructure
Build resilient infrastructure,
promote sustainable
industrialization and foster
innovation. [13]
To Develop innovative
solution in the FYP to
perform experimental work
of electro-spinning machine
that contribute to 9th
sustainable development
goal.
17 Partnership for the
goal
Revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable
development finance. [13]
To achieve the 9th
SDG we
are partnering with applied
chemistry department while
we work on the electrical
aspect and they work on
chemical aspects.

12
6. REFERENCES
[1] Partapure M. Application of Carbon Nanofiber in Antenna. Carbon Nanofibers:
Fundamentals and Applications. 2021 Feb 26:331-40.
[2] Thenmozhi S, Dharmaraj N, Kadirvelu K, Kim HY. Electrospun nanofibers: New
generation materials for advanced applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B.
2017 Mar 1;217:36-48..
[3] Park S, Park K, Yoon H, Son J, Min T, Kim G. Apparatus for preparing electro spun nano
fibers:designing an electro spinning process for nanofiber fabrication. Polymer International.
2007 Nov;56(11):1361-6.
[4] Sarkar K, Gomez C, Zambrano S, Ramirez M, de Hoyos E, Vasquez H, Lozano K. Electro
spinning to force spinning™. Materials today. 2010 Nov 1;13(11):12-4.
[5] Zeleny J. The electrical discharge from liquid points, and a hydrostatic method of measuring
the electric intensity at their surfaces. Physical Review. 1914 Feb 1;3(2):69.
[6] Ismail HM, Ali-Adib S, Younes HM. Reactive and functionalized electrospun polymeric
nanofibers for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Therapeutic Delivery. 2019
Jun;10(7):397-9.
[7] Pokorný P. Praktické a teoretické aspekty elektrického zvlákňování nanovláken.
[8] Luo CJ, Stoyanov SD, Stride E, Pelan E, Edirisinghe M. Electrospinning versus fibre
production methods: from specifics to technological convergence. Chemical Society
Reviews. 2012;41(13):4708-35.
[9] Torres-Giner S. Electro spun nano fibers for food packaging applications. In Multifunctional
and nano reinforced polymers for food packaging 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 108-125). Woodhead
Publishing.

13
[10] Zhang C, Li Y, Wang P, Zhang H. Electro spinning of Nano fibers: Potentials and
perspectives for active food packaging. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety. 2020 Mar;19(2):479-502.
[11] Li Z, Wang C. Effects of working parameters on electro spinning. In One-dimensional
nanostructures 2013 (pp. 15-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg g.
[12] Mirjalili M, Zohoori S. Review for application of electro spinning and electro spun
nanofiberstechnology in textile industry. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2016
Sep;6(3):207-13.
[13] https://www.gavi.org/our-alliance/global-health-development/sustainable-development-
goals

14
UNDERTAKING
We solemnly affirm and undertake that we will complete the final year project in specified time
and we will make the hardware/software by ourselves. We are fully aware that if, at any stage, the
FYP Committee finds the project hardware/software made/created from sources outside
university, the FYP Committee has the right to cancel our project and direct us to give another
project even if it takes one/two more semesters after regular graduation time.
Muhammad Haseeb 5602 -------------
Muhammad Mubeen 5611 -------------
Awais Anwar 5634 -------------
Sikander Ali 5642 -------------
SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS
Supervisor’s Signature & Date
FYP COORDINATOR’S REMARKS
Signature & Date

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