Design and Engineering Module 1 power point
- 2. Design Process:- Introduction to Design and Engineering Design, Defining a Design Process-:Detailing Customer Requirements, Setting Design Objectives, Identifying Constraints, Establishing Functions, Generating Design Alternatives and Choosing a Design.
- 3. • ENGINEERING Engineering is the application of scientific, economic, social and practical knowledge in order to invent, build, design, develop and maintain various devices, systems, machines, structures and processes. • DESIGN A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of an object before it is made.
- 4. DESIGN ENGINEERING • Engineering design is a systematic, intelligent process in which engineers generate, evaluate, and specify solutions for devices, systems, or processes whose form(s) and function(s) achieve clients’ objectives and users’ needs while satisfying a specified set of constraints. • In other words, engineering design is a thoughtful process for generating plans or schemes for devices, systems, or processes that attain given objectives while adhering to specified constraints.
- 6. DESIGN OBJECTIVES • A feature or behavior that we whish the design to have or exhibit • It defining the requirements of a design • Some generic objectives are • To identify the need of the user • To research about the possibilities of the problem solving • To formulate a working principle • To reduce the cost • To reduce the complexity • To make eco-friendly material
- 7. EXAMPLE: OBJECTIVE OF A PORTABLE LADDER • Ladder should be compact and portable • It should be stable on smooth surfaces • Should stand safely without a support • Can be used for house hold requirements • Should be reasonably stiff and comfortable for users • Must be safe and durable • Should be relatively economical • Should be reduce space requirements while packing by means of detachable parts • The ladder should be marketable
- 8. DESIGN CONSTRAINS • Functional Constraints Overall geometry Kinematics Energy requirement Materials used Control systems • Safety constraints • Quality constraints • Manufacturing Constraints • Time constraints • Economical constraints • Legal and ethical constraints
- 9. DESIGN FUNCTIONS • Functions are the behaviors that expected from the design • A design should perform certain functions for convert given input to required output • They describe what the design (or, more likely, an object within the design) will "do" or accomplish, with an emphasis on input-output transformations • The statement of a function typically couples an action verb to a noun or object: • Eg: lift a book, support a shelf, transmit a current, measure a temperature, or switch on a light
- 10. • Research function Identifying the need, working principle, collection of data • Engineering function Main product design, 3D model, concept, simulation, tec. • Manufacturing function Element production, assembly, cost, purchases, raw materials, etc. • Quality control function Regulation of product, check for safty, design auditing, energy auditing, etc. • Commercial function Cost and service related aspects
- 11. DESIGN MEANS • It is the way in which a design executes a desired function • Example: The function of a speaker is to produce sound by means of electro magnetic induction.
- 12. DESIGN FORM • An area or mass to define objects in space Two dimensional Three dimensional
- 13. DESIGN LEVELS • ADAPTIVE DESIGN Mostly designer's work will be concerned with the adaptation of existing designs. There are branches of manufacturing in which development has practically ceased, so that there is hardly anything left for the designer to do except make minor modifications, usually in the dimensions of the product. Design activity of this kind demands no special knowledge or skill, and the problems presented are easily solved by a designer with ordinary technical training. Example: Elevator, Washing Machine etc.
- 14. • DEVELOPMENT DESIGN Considerably more scientific training and design ability are needed for development design. The designer starts from an existing design, but the final outcome may differ markedly from the initial product. Example: Development could be from a manual gearbox in a car to an automatic one, from the traditional tube-based television to the modern plasma and LCD versions, Wired telephone to mobile phone etc.
- 15. • NEW DESIGN Only a small number of designs are new designs. This is possibly the most difficult level in that generating a new concept involves mastering all the previous skills in addition to creativity and imagination, insight, and foresight. Example: Design of the first automobile, airplane, camera etc.
- 16. CAUSE FOR FAILURES IN MOST ENGINEERING DESIGNS • Incorrect or overextended assumptions • Poor understanding of the problem to be solved • Incorrect design specifications • Faulty manufacturing and assembly • Error in design calculations • Incomplete experimentation • Error in drawings • Inadequate data collection
- 17. WHAT “ROLES” ARE PLAYED AS THE DESIGN UNFOLDS? • Client: A person or group or company that wants a design conceived. • User: A person or group or company that wants a design conceived. • Designer: whose job is to solve the client's problem in a way that meets the user's needs.
- 18. WHAT IS THE DESIGNER’S FIRST TASK AND WHY? • A designer's first task is to question the client to clarify what the client really wants and translate it into a form that is useful to her as an engineer. • This is the designer's first task because it is typically the client who motivates and presents the starting point for design.
- 19. WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN? • Conceptual design is the stage at which basic questions of form and content for a design are established (e.g. the nature of the goals of the designed item).
- 20. WHAT IS DETAILED DESIGN? • Detailed design is a stage in the design process after conceptual design (and after preliminary or embodiment design), when specific details particular to the design are resolved.
- 21. ENGINEERING AND DESIGN VOCABULARY • Accuracy :The quality of being near to the true or desired value • Analysis : Breaking an object or process into smaller parts to examine or evaluate systematically • Argument :A persuasive defense for an explanation or solution based on evidence and reasoning • Assessment: An evaluation of the cost, quality and/or ability of someone or something • Causation :The relationship between cause and effect • Claim :A response made to a question and in the process of answering that question
- 22. • Communicate :To share information orally, in written form and/or graphically through various forms of media • Constraints : A limitation or condition that must be satisfied by a design, including materials, cost, size, labor, etc. • Control: A variable that is kept the same across all tests for use as the comparison standard • Correlation : A predictive dependent relationship between variables that may be positive or negative. Changing a variable creates a corresponding change in another but does not imply causation.
- 23. • Criteria :Attributes of a design that can be measured; a set of standards upon which a decision is based. • Design (v.) :To generate or to propose a possible solution; to create, fashion, execute, or construct. • Diagram(n.) :A visual representation of data or information • Effectiveness :A determination of how well a solution meets the criteria • Efficiency :The measurable relationship between a solution and the amount of resources it requires • Error: The difference between a measured value and its true or accepted value; important
- 24. • Evaluate :To determine significance • Evidence : Data used to support a claim • Failure :The inability of a device, process , or system to perform a required function • Function: A specific task that a system or part of a system performs or is intended to perform • Limit :The minimum or maximum permissible value • Model : A diagram, replica, mathematical representation, analogy, or computer simulation used to analyze a system for condition flaws, test a solution, visualize or refine a design, and/or communicate design features
- 25. • Observation :To become aware of an occurrence using the senses • Plan (n.) :A systematic approach to solving a problem • Problem :A situation to be changed ;a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution • Process :A series of steps that form a pathway to a solution • Prototype :A model that tests design performance and more
- 26. PHASES OF DESIGN PROCESS
- 27. 1. IDENTIFYING CUSTOMER NEEDS • First identify what the customer is expecting the system. This can be done in the following ways. • Client request: A client may submit a request for developing a product or artifact. The customer need should be expressed clearly. The client may know only the type of product that they need. Example: I need a Table
- 28. • Modification of an existing design Client may ask modifications in the existing product. They may ask for customization in certain products. They may ask to change shape, functional ties, material used etc. Example: Different coffee brands uses different flavours
- 29. • Generation of new product Profit oriented companies always do research to generate entirely new concepts and products so that they can rule the market. Example: Design variants of televisions with new features and build materials.
- 30. 2. SETTING DESIGN OBJECTIVES • Identify the design objectives. Perform feasibility analysis, market study abd document the finalized design objectives. • Conduct feasibility analysis Technical feasibility: Ensuring whether the requirements can be implemented using the existing technology or not. Economic feasibility: Ensuring whether the requirements can be implemented within the allotted budget or not. Schedule feasibility: Ensuring whether the requirements can be implemented within the allotted time or not. Social feasibility: Ensuring whether the developing product may affect the society in a harmful manner or not.
- 31. • Perform market analysis Analyze the market and identify the competing products and its exciting features. Identify the supplementary features that may be expected from this product. • Document the finalized design objectives Document all the finalized requirements/ design objectives. This document act as an agreement between the customer and the manufacturer. Example: System Requirement Specification {SRS) document.
- 32. 3. IDENTIFYING DESIGN CONSTRAINTS • Identify the various constraints that exist which may affect the design process. • Functional constraints These constraints impose a limit on the proposed working principle of the product Example: Energy requirement, Materials used, Overall geometry and aesthetics etc. • Manufacturing constraints The direct production limitations are due to equipment/raw materials deficiency, methods involved in manufacturing, labor shortage etc.
- 33. • Safety constraints These constraints impose a direct threat to the product or to the user. Example: Operational safety constraints, Environmental constraints, Safety issues due to inevitable human errors etc. • Time and economic constraints Customer always expect quick delivery of the product with minimum cost. Demand of the product also leads to time and economic constraints. Example: Vaccine for COVID.
- 34. • Legal Ethical and Quality constraints The end product should be approved by various organizations or Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) agencies to ensure its quality and safety Example: ISO, ISI, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (fssai) • Ergonomics and Aesthetic constraints Product should be user friendly, attractive, visually pleasing and easy to use
- 35. 4. ESTABLISHING FUNCTIONS • Identify all the functionalities to be performed by the system. ► Identifying all the functions to be performed by the proposed product. ► Identifying the functions to be carried out to implement this product. ► Performing risk analysis in the implementation phases ► Functions can be: 1) Engineering functions: Cost estimation, Production design, Concept design, Simulation or 3D models etc 2) Manufacturing functions: Assembly, determination of tools and machineries for production, purchasing raw materials, Allotting labour etc
- 36. 3). Quality control functions: Auditing, Check for regularity and safety, Design auditing, energy auditing etc. 4) Commercial functions: Service-related aspects, Marketing, Sales, Warehousing, Packing and shipping etc
- 37. 5. GENERATING DESIGN ALTERNATIVES • For a design problem, there will be multiple solutions. • For example: We can design a mobile phone in different modes: Touch screen phone, Keypad phone etc. • Every design solution has its own pros and cons.
- 38. 6. CHOOSING THE BEST FEASIBLE DESIGN • From the various design alternatives, the designer has to choose the best feasible design by considering the var ous trade-off aspects
- 39. HOW ENGINEERING DESIGN IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER KINDS OF DESIGN • Engineering Design – Design that applies to engineered structures, infrastructure, technology and machines in creating functional products and processes. It is the creative process of identifying needs and then devising a solution to fill those needs. • Interior Design – Designing interior and exterior environments used by people • Landscape Design – Integration of nature and architecture to create parks and gardens • Industrial Design – Designs products for mass production • Fashion Design – Designing clothes and accessories • Software Design – Outlines the structures, components and methods that solve a problem with software • User Interface Design – Design the interfaces that people use to control and interact with technology • Graphic Design – Visual Designs such as layout of a Magazine
- 40. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • State your question • Do background research • Formulate your hypothesis, identify variables • Design experiment, establish procedure • Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment • Analyze your results and draw conclusions • Communicate results THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS • Define the problem • Do background research • Specify requirements • Creative alternative solutions, choose the best one and develop it • Build a prototype • Test and redesign as necessary • Communicate results
- 41. CASE STUDY 1. Design the interface of a simple calculator explaining each stage in the design process. Use hand sketches wherever necessary. 2. An electric car recharging station has to be designed. Find the customer requirements and explain how it can be materialized. Include the detailed layout of the station.
- 42. THANK YOU!!!!