Design and Simulation of Narrow Beamwidth Dipole Array Antenna for Microwave Imaging

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 11 | Nov 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Design and Simulation of Narrow Beamwidth Dipole Array Antenna for
Microwave Imaging
Sunirban Ranjit1, Kanchan Kumar Kaity2, Dr. Kabita Purkait3
1Student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalyani Government Engineering College, West
Bengal, India
2 Student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalyani Government Engineering College, West
Bengal, India
3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kalyani Government Engineering
College, West Bengal, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - This paper introduces a novel medical imaging
approach with microwaves using a narrow-beam dipole
antenna array. The proposed technique removes the
hazards caused by imaging with X-rays and, at the same
time, enhances diagnostic precision over traditional
ultrasound. The dipole antenna array, with a narrow half-
power beam width and reduced side-lobe, enables focused
and precise imaging of biological targets. The study explores
theoretical foundations, potential applications, advantages,
and emphasizes its role in tumor and cancer detection. This
innovative solution holds promise for safer diagnostics and
improved accuracy in medical imaging technologies.
Key Words: Dipole array, Microwave Imaging,
Beamwidth, Array factor, Binomial Method, Woodward
Lawson Method, Space factor
1.INTRODUCTION
Medical imaging stands as a cornerstone in the realm of
healthcare, playing an indispensable role in the early
detection and diagnosis of tumours and cancerous cells. A
myriad of methodologies, ranging from the widely utilised
X-rays to advanced techniques like CT scans,
mammograms, ultrasound, MRI, PET scans, and nuclear
medicine scans, offer valuable insights into the internal
structures of the human body. However, each method
carries its own set of limitations, sparking a critical need
for exploration into alternative imaging modalities that
not only address health concerns but also elevate the
accuracy of diagnostic procedures.
One prominent challenge arises from X-ray imaging, a
stalwart in medical diagnostics. Despite its widespread
use, the technique raises apprehensions due to the
potential health risks associated with ionising radiation
exposure. Furthermore, ultrasound imaging, often
considered a safer alternative, confronts limitations in
precision, hindering its efficacy in accurate tumour
detection. This imperative necessitates a paradigm shift in
medical imaging approaches, prompting the introduction
of innovative solutions that transcend the existing
constraints.
In response to the limitations inherent in current imaging
techniques, this paper introduces a groundbreaking
approach—microwave imaging with a narrow beam
dipole antenna array. This method seeks to address the
health risks posed by X-ray exposure while concurrently
enhancing the accuracy of tumour detection beyond the
confines of conventional ultrasound methods. The design
incorporates a dipole antenna array working on the 2.4
GHz microwave band with a very low 3 dB beamwidth,
offering a nuanced and precise imaging capability..
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The utilisation of microwave technology in medical
imaging has gained attention in recent years due to its
potential for non-ionising and safer imaging compared to
X-rays. Nour [1] has proposed a working principle behind
microwave imaging (MWI) and its various types, namely,
microwave tomography and radar-based imaging. The
permittivity and conductivity of malignant and benign
breast tissues were examined by Joines et al. [2] in 1994 at
frequencies spanning from 50 to 900 MHz, and their
results were in line with the previously described
investigations.. Mohammad Alibakhshikenar [3] presented
a study of a planar antenna array inspired by the
metamaterial concept where the resonant elements have
sub-wavelength dimensions for application in microwave
medical imaging for detecting breast cancer. The proposed
antenna consists of square-shaped concentric rings, which
are connected to a central patch through a common
feedline. A small and ultra-wide band antenna on a flexible
substrate has been reported by Ashiqur Rahman [4] using
the 5-(4-(perfluorohexyl)phenyl)thiophene-2-
carbaldehyde compound for microwave imaging. The
compact antennas are 20 × 14 mm2 and designed for
operating at frequencies from 4 to 6 GHz. Mohammad
Shahidul Islam [5] has proposed a metamaterial (MTM)-
loaded compact three-dimensional antenna with a folded
parasitic patch that attains directional radiation patterns
with 80% fractional bandwidth. The operating frequency
of the antenna is 1.95–4.5 GHz. Johnathan [6] has
proposed The dual antiphase patch antenna for
osteoporosis operates at 2.4 GHz.

3. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
Arranging the antenna in a precise configuration that
maximizes each component's contribution in the intended
direction and minimizes it in other directions is the best
method to increase antenna performance without
expanding its size. Antenna array is this. Some important
parameters of antenna array are [7] :
1. Antenna Patterns : An antenna pattern (or
radiation pattern) is a three-dimensional plot of
radiation at its far field.
2. Directive Gain : The directive gain ( of
antenna is a measure of the concentration of the
radiated power in a particular direction .
(1)
Where is radiation intensity and is
total average radiated power.
3. Beam Width : Beam width is the aperture angle
from where most of the power is radiated
4. Half power Beamwidth: The angular separation,
in which the magnitude of the radiation pattern
decreases by 50% (or -3dB) from the peak of the
main beam, is the Half Power Beam Width.
5. Array Factor : Array factor represents the
radiation pattern of an antenna array. It describes
how the individual antennas in an array combine
to form a radiation pattern that is different from
that of a single antenna element. General equation
for N element linear array is
∑
(2)
Where , d = the spacing between adjacent
antenna elements, N is the total number of
antenna elements in the array, is the
directional cosine term, which takes into account
the angle of radiation or observation.
4. RADIATION PATTERN
Very long arrays of discrete elements usually are more
difficult to implement, as well as expensive, but have
narrow beamwidths. For such application, antennas with
continuous distributions would be convenient to use. A
very long wire represents antennas with continuous line
and a large reflector represents antennas with continuous
aperture distributions. As the number of elements
increases in a fixed-length array, the source approaches a
continuous distribution. In the limit, the array factor
summation reduces to an integral. For a continuous
distribution, the factor that corresponds to the array
factor is known as the space factor. For a line-source
distribution of length l placed symmetrically along the z-
axis , the space factor (SF) is given by [7]
∫ ( )
(3)
where and represent, respectively, the
amplitude and phase distributions along the source.
According to Fourier Transform method for a continuous
line-source distribution of length l, the normalized space
factor can be written as
∫
(4)
where is the excitation phase constant of the source.
For a normalized uniform current distribution of the form
equation (4) reduces to [7]
(5)
4.1 Woodward-Lawson method
A very popular antenna pattern synthesis method used for
beam shaping was introduced by Woodward and Lawson
[8], [9], [10]. The desired pattern is sampled at different
discrete points to complete the synthesis. Every pattern
sample has a harmonic current with a uniform progressive
phase and amplitude distribution associated with it. The
field that corresponds to this harmonic current is called
the composing function. For a line-source, each composing
function is of an form whereas for a linear array
it takes an form. Each harmonic current has an
excitation coefficient bm such that, at each corresponding
sampled point, the field strength of the desired pattern
equals the amplitude of the pattern. A finite summation of
space harmonics makes up the source's overall excitation.
A finite summation of composing functions, with each
term denoting the field of a current harmonic with
uniform amplitude distribution and uniform progressive
phase, represents the matching synthesized pattern. The
analytical formulation of this method is similar to the
Shannon sampling
If the current distribution of a continuous source be
represented, within range,then by a finite
summation of normalized sources each of constant
amplitude and linear phase of the form [7]
(6)

represents the angles where the desired pattern is
sampled.
Associated with each current source of equation (6) is a
corresponding field pattern of the form given by [7]
(7)
whose maximum occurs when . The total pattern is
obtained by summing 2M (even samples) or 2M + 1 (odd
samples) terms each of the form. So
∑
(8)
To satisfy the periodicity requirements of 2π for real
values of (visible region) and to faithfully reconstruct
the desired pattern, each sample should be separated by
(9)
(10)
4.2 Binomial Array
The binomial array method is used to create small side
lobes of the antenna pattern. As a matter of fact, binomial
arrays with element spacing equal to or less than one-half
of a wavelength have no side lobes. It is apparent that the
designer must compromise between side lobe level and
beamwidth. [7]
The array factor of a binomial array is represented as
∑
(11)
∑
(12)
Where
To determine the excitation coefficients of a binomial
array, J. S. Stone [6] suggested that the function (1+x)m-1 be
written in a series, using the binomial expansion, as [7]
(13)
The above represents Pascal’s triangle. If the values of m
are used to represent the number of elements in the array,
then the coefficients of the expansion represent the
relative amplitudes of the elements.
For example, for 5 elements excitation amplitudes will be
1,4,6,4,1.
5. PROPOSED METHOD
The amplitude excitation coefficients for a specific number
of elements are one of the prerequisites for the binomial
technique, just like for any other nonuniform array
method. One can use equation (13) or its extensions to do
this. Side lobe level, half-power beamwidth, and directivity
are further figures of merit. When the spacing between the
elements is equal to or less than half of a wavelength,
binomial arrays don't show any minor lobes. However, the
primary drawback is that the beamwidth cannot be
reduced using a binomial array. Additionally, it works best
with fewer array elements.
Conversely, the Woodward-Lawson technique allows for
the development of the overall pattern in the following
ways: The primary beam placement of the pattern
generated by the first composing function is based on the
value of its uniform progressive phase, and the innermost
sidelobe level is around −13.5 dB. The level of the
remaining sidelobes falls monotonically. With the
exception of adjusting its uniform progressive phase to
align its major lobe maximum with the innermost null of
the first composing function, the second composing
function follows a pattern that is comparable to the first.
As a result, the innermost null of the first composing
function's pattern fills in; the second composing function's
amplitude excitation regulates how much filling-in occurs.
From equation (10)
for
odd samples
(14)
( )
(15)
( )
(16)
( )
(17)

In the proposed method 11 elements have been taken. So
and , odd samples.
So angles and excitation coefficients are calculated as.
Table-1: Excitation Coefficients ( Woodward Lawson)
m m
0 1 -1 1
1 1 -2 1
2 1 -3 1
3 1 -4 0
4 0 -5 0
5 0
From equation (13), for 11 elements excitation amplitudes
will be as follow
Table-2: Excitation amplitudes ( Binomial)
m Excitation
amplitude
m Excitation
amplitude
0 252 -1 210
1 210 -2 120
2 120 -3 45
3 45 -4 10
4 10 -5 1
5 1
So in the proposed method excitation phases of the array
elements has been taken according to Woodward-Lawson
method and excitation amplitudes has been taken as
Binomial array method.
6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The parameters of proposed antenna array is given below.
Table-3: Antenna parameters
Antenna Parameter Value
Arm Length 27.5mm
Diameter 2.08mm
Gap between arms 2.08mm
Spacing between two
dipoles
62.5mm
Fig -1: Structure of proposed antenna array
The proposed design was simulated in HFSS(Fig-1). The
antenna specifications are taken from table no. 3, and
feeding excitation amplitude and phase has been taken
from table 1 and 2.
Fig -2: S parameter of proposed design
From the simulation results it is found that the S
parameter had a center frequency at 2.4 GHz with a return
loss value of -19.78dB. And the bandwidth had been found
to be 1.9GHz.
Figure -3: 3D polar plot
Figure -4: Radiation pattern at theta=90

From the 3D polar plot it is observed that the main lobe
maximum gain is 10.53dB. HPBW is 18.9 and minimum
sidelobe gain is -69.2dB. Maximum side lobe gain is -
27.48dB.
Comparison of the results of the proposed design with
various similar designs are as follows :
Table -4: Comparison with similar work
Works
Frequency
No.
of
elements
Main
lobe
gain
(dB)
HPBW(deg
ree)
Side
lobe
gain(dB)
Bandwidth
Aras
Saeed
Mahmood
[11]
1.8GHz 10 10.7 80 0.13 -
Aras
Saeed
Mahmood
[11]
1.8GHz 9 12.4 80 1.68 -
Tianfan Xu
[12]
5.9
GHz
16 11.3 24.4 -11.4 579
MHz
B.
Narasimha
Reddy
[13]
300
MHz
19 0 10 -28 -
Richard
W.
Ziolkowski
[14]
2.45
GHz
9 12.5 155 -11.9 78
MHz
A. Trastoy
[15]
- 19 2.6 3.6 -25.4
Proposed
Method
2.4Ghz 11 10.53 18.9 -27.48 1.9Ghz
7. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this paper introduces a transformative
approach to medical imaging—microwave imaging with a
narrow beam dipole antenna array. Addressing limitations
in existing modalities, the proposed technique leverages
microwave radiation for safer diagnostics and improved
accuracy. The precise design of the antenna array, with a 3
dB beam width of 18.9 degrees, a main lobe gain of 10.59
dB, and a maximum side-lobe value of -27.48 dB, offers
focused imaging. The study explores theoretical
foundations, including binomial feeding and the
Woodward-Lawson method. With potential applications in
tumor detection, the comparative analysis simulated in
HFSS forecasts this innovation as a promising
advancement in medical imaging, prompting further
research for enhanced precision and patient care.
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Design and Simulation of Narrow Beamwidth Dipole Array Antenna for Microwave Imaging