![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 3 Issue 6, October 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 693
Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression System
Ko Ko1, Khin Maung Than1, Aye Aye San2
1Assistant Lecturer, Mechanical Department, Technological University, Meiktila, Myanmar
2Lecturer, EI Department, Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University, Meiktila, Myanmar
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with experimental investigationtocalculatethevalueofmain
components of vapor compression refrigeration system and experimental
results by using three different length of the capillary tube. At present, there
are many types of refrigeration systems but the most widely used is vapor
compression refrigeration system. This system is mainly used in air-
conditioning in buildings, electronic materials, automobile air-conditioners,
freezers, household refrigerators and even in supermarkets. This lab based
refrigeration system is used R-134a because it canbe replacedsuccessfullyfor
R-12 refrigerant and useful for many applications now. Moreover, it can be
handling safely and has no damage effect to ozone layer.
KEYWORDS: main components, capillarytube, refrigerationsystems, R-134a, R-12
How to cite this paper: Ko Ko | Khin
Maung Than | Aye Aye San "Design
Calculation of Lab Based Vapour
Compression
System" Published
in International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-3 |
Issue-6, October 2019, pp.693-696, URL:
https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29
213.pdf
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an Open Access article
distributed under
the terms of the
Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b
y/4.0)
1. INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration means the process of removing heat from a
space to another by reducing the temperature undercontrol
condition. In this process, refrigerant is used. There are
many refrigeration systems which are used for various
applications.Amongthem,vapourcompressionrefrigeration
system (VCRS) is one of the most important of refrigeration
system and now used for all general purposes of
refrigeration such as industrial purposesespeciallyforsmall
domestic and commercial applications [1]. Some of the
advantages of VCRS are:
A. Size is small.
B. Running cost is low.
C. Refrigeration temperature can get easily as
D. required.
E. COP is high.
But one of the drawbacks of VCRS is that its initial cost is
high. VCRS consists mainly of four components. They are
compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device.
Each of these components should:
A. Adapt to the application
B. Be the right size for the work
C. Function as needed with other components [2].
2. TYPE OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
Refrigeration effect can be achieved by direct or indirect
contact of the cooling with a cooling medium such as ice.
Based on the working principle, common types of
refrigeration systems are:
Vapor Compression refrigeration
Vapor absorption refrigeration
Gas throttling refrigeration
Steam jet refrigeration
Vortex tube refrigeration
Thermo acoustic refrigeration
Magnetic refrigeration
Liquefaction of natural gases [3].
3. MAIN COMPONENTS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
For this lab based refrigerationsystem,fourtypesofessential
components are; compressor, condenser, evaporator and
expansion device or metering device.
Figure1. Mechanism of Simple Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System
IJTSRD29213](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/122designcalculationoflabbasedvapourcompressionsystem-191120092030/85/Design-Calculation-of-Lab-Based-Vapour-Compression-System-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 694
A. Compressor
The low pressure and temperature vapor refrigerant of the
evaporator is passed through an inlet valve to the
compressor where it is compressed at high temperatureand
high pressure. This high temperature and pressure
refrigerant is sent to the condenser through an outlet or
relief valve. In this experiment, hermetic type reciprocating
compressor is used because it has less noise and not need
much space.
B. Condenser
The condenser has copper tubes in which the vapor
refrigerant of high pressure and temperature is cooled.
Although the refrigerant passes through the condenser, it
releases the latent heat of water or air to the surrounding
condensation environment. Condenser must have good
airflow while operation is running.
C. Evaporator
It consists of tubing that vaporizes the low pressure, low
temperature liquid vapor coolant and converts it to low
pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapor. After
evaporation, the liquid coolant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization of the cooling medium.
D. Expansion device
The purpose of the expansion device or throttle valve is to
allow the liquid refrigerant under high pressure and
temperature to pass at a controlled rate as its pressure and
temperature are reduced. When refrigerant has passed, it is
evaporated and the residue is vaporized in the evaporator at
low temperature and pressure [4,5].
4. WORKING PROCESS IN A VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
In a vapor compression refrigeration system, there are four
major thermal processes taking place, namely; compression,
condensation, expansion and evaporation. In all practical
applications, VCRC is actually lower than the ideal cycle
because of several factors such as friction losses, heat
exchanges between parts of the system and pressure dropin
the suction and discharge lines.
4.1. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Figure2. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for a Typical
Refrigeration Cycle
Process 1-2
At first, VCRS is start from the compressor. In accordance
with state point 1, the refrigerant in the form of a mixture of
liquid and vapor enters the compressor, where isentropic
compression is carried out. The compression process
increases the refrigerant temperature fromthelowerlimitto
the upper limit. Work is introduced into the system and after
compression the vapor becomes wet or saturated, but does
not superheated.
Process 2-3
In the form of vapor, the refrigerant enters the condenser at
state 2, and the heat is removedunderconstantpressureand
temperature. Once it exits the condenser, the refrigerant is
saturated with liquid at point 3.
Process 3-4
The refrigerant at point 3 of the state entering theexpansion
cylinder expands isentropically, and the temperature at the
end of the expansion process drops to be lower. The work is
obtained in the process of expansion.
Process 4-1
The liquid refrigerant in state point 4 removes heat at a
constant pressure and temperature from the space or
material that is introduced into the evaporator and cooled,
thereby producing a refrigeration effect [6].
4.2. Pressure-Entropy Diagram
Figure3. Pressure-Entropy Diagram for a Typical
Refrigeration Cycle
In the T-s diagram, QH and QL are heat flows and Win is the
work input to the compressor. The rate of work input to the
compressor is mainly the power required to operate the
refrigeration system. Power may be required to driveoneor
more fans, but the power is low compared to compressor
consumption. QH is the high temperature heat that the
condenser rejects to the surroundings. QL is the low
temperature heat absorbed from the space cooled by the
evaporator [7].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/122designcalculationoflabbasedvapourcompressionsystem-191120092030/85/Design-Calculation-of-Lab-Based-Vapour-Compression-System-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 696
Table4.1 Result datas for capillary tube length 0.914 m
No. Description Symbols Values Units
1 Mass flow rate
•
r
m 0.003 Kg/s
2
Power input to the
compressor com
W 0.195 kW
3
Heat absorption
by the evaporator eva
Q 0.306 kW
4
Heat rejected by
the condenser con
Q 0.501 kW
5
Coefficient of
performance
COP 1.569 -
6 Volumetric effect - 690.878 kJ/m3
7.2. Design Calculation of Vapour Compression for
1.524 m Expansion Valve
a
P = 1
P = suction pressure = 96.5265 kPa
d
P = 2
P = delivery pressure = 2413.1648 kPa
The enthalpies and the specific volume can be obtained from
pressure – enthalpy chart as the below.
1h = 390.14 kJ/kg
2h = 464.875 kJ/kg
3h = 4h = 306.35 kJ/kg
1v = 0.22 m3/kg
Table 4.2 Result datas for capillary tube length 1.524 m
No. Description Symbols Values Units
1 Mass flow rate
•
r
m 0.002 Kg/s
2
Power input to the
compressor com
W 0.149 kW
3
Heat absorption by
the evaporator eva
Q 0.167 kW
4
Heat rejected by the
condenser con
Q 0.317 kW
5
Coefficient of
performance
COP 1.121 -
6 Volumetric effect - 380.864 kJ/m3
7.3. Design Calculation of Vapour Compression for
2.134 m of Expansion Valve
a
P = 1
P = suction pressure = 110.3157 kPa
d
P = 2
P = delivery pressure = 2585.5337 kPa
The enthalpies and the specific volume can be obtained from
pressure – enthalpy chart as the below.
1h = 396.705 kJ/kg
2h = 462.5 kJ/kg
3h = 4h = 287.5 kJ/kg
1v = 0.2 m3/kg
Table.3 Result datas for capillary tube length 2.134 m
No. Description Symbols Values Units
1 Mass flow rate
•
r
m 0.0023 Kg/s
2
Power input to the
compressor com
W 0.151 kW
3
Heat absorption by
the evaporator eva
Q 0.251 kW
4
Heat rejected by the
condenser con
Q 0.403 kW
5
Coefficient of
performance
COP 1.662 -
6 Volumetric effect - 546.02 kJ/m3
By the comparison of three result tables, the best coefficient
of performance is at capillary tube length of 0.914 m. The
operatingcondition is not good for morethanfifteenminutes
and the compressor does not operate suddenly. If the length
of the capillary tube is 2.134 m and the operating time is
more than thirty minutes, thesuctionpressureanddischarge
pressure are in an unsteady state. By the comparisonofthree
running condition, 2.134 m long of capillary tube is the best.
8. CONCLUSION
This lab based refrigeration system is simple and easy to
maintain. It can be used for laboratory experiments of basic
refrigeration processes and principles of each component. It
is fairly inexpensive so suitable for mechanical engineering
students. Other researcher should test this system with
different capacity of main components and refrigerants.
RRFERENCES
[1] http://www.engineering.myindialist.com/2009/vapor-
compression-refrigeration/ #.XYjRrX8VTIV
[2] A. R. Trott and T. Welch: "Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning", Third Edition, (2000)
[3] Shan Wang: "Handbook of AirConditioning Systemand
Refrigeration", (2000)
[4] R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta, "A Textbook of
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning", Revised Edition
[5] William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson, John A.
Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein: "Refrigeration & Air
Conditioning Technology", Seventh Edition, (2013)
[6] https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/35435-
principles-of-the-vapor-compression-refrigeration-
system/
[7] https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/35435-
principles-of-the-vapor-compression-refrigeration-
system/](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/122designcalculationoflabbasedvapourcompressionsystem-191120092030/85/Design-Calculation-of-Lab-Based-Vapour-Compression-System-4-320.jpg)
Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression System
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 3 Issue 6, October 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 693 Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression System Ko Ko1, Khin Maung Than1, Aye Aye San2 1Assistant Lecturer, Mechanical Department, Technological University, Meiktila, Myanmar 2Lecturer, EI Department, Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University, Meiktila, Myanmar ABSTRACT This paper deals with experimental investigationtocalculatethevalueofmain components of vapor compression refrigeration system and experimental results by using three different length of the capillary tube. At present, there are many types of refrigeration systems but the most widely used is vapor compression refrigeration system. This system is mainly used in air- conditioning in buildings, electronic materials, automobile air-conditioners, freezers, household refrigerators and even in supermarkets. This lab based refrigeration system is used R-134a because it canbe replacedsuccessfullyfor R-12 refrigerant and useful for many applications now. Moreover, it can be handling safely and has no damage effect to ozone layer. KEYWORDS: main components, capillarytube, refrigerationsystems, R-134a, R-12 How to cite this paper: Ko Ko | Khin Maung Than | Aye Aye San "Design Calculation of Lab Based Vapour Compression System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6, October 2019, pp.693-696, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29 213.pdf Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b y/4.0) 1. INTRODUCTION Refrigeration means the process of removing heat from a space to another by reducing the temperature undercontrol condition. In this process, refrigerant is used. There are many refrigeration systems which are used for various applications.Amongthem,vapourcompressionrefrigeration system (VCRS) is one of the most important of refrigeration system and now used for all general purposes of refrigeration such as industrial purposesespeciallyforsmall domestic and commercial applications [1]. Some of the advantages of VCRS are: A. Size is small. B. Running cost is low. C. Refrigeration temperature can get easily as D. required. E. COP is high. But one of the drawbacks of VCRS is that its initial cost is high. VCRS consists mainly of four components. They are compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device. Each of these components should: A. Adapt to the application B. Be the right size for the work C. Function as needed with other components [2]. 2. TYPE OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Refrigeration effect can be achieved by direct or indirect contact of the cooling with a cooling medium such as ice. Based on the working principle, common types of refrigeration systems are: Vapor Compression refrigeration Vapor absorption refrigeration Gas throttling refrigeration Steam jet refrigeration Vortex tube refrigeration Thermo acoustic refrigeration Magnetic refrigeration Liquefaction of natural gases [3]. 3. MAIN COMPONENTS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM For this lab based refrigerationsystem,fourtypesofessential components are; compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device or metering device. Figure1. Mechanism of Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System IJTSRD29213
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 694 A. Compressor The low pressure and temperature vapor refrigerant of the evaporator is passed through an inlet valve to the compressor where it is compressed at high temperatureand high pressure. This high temperature and pressure refrigerant is sent to the condenser through an outlet or relief valve. In this experiment, hermetic type reciprocating compressor is used because it has less noise and not need much space. B. Condenser The condenser has copper tubes in which the vapor refrigerant of high pressure and temperature is cooled. Although the refrigerant passes through the condenser, it releases the latent heat of water or air to the surrounding condensation environment. Condenser must have good airflow while operation is running. C. Evaporator It consists of tubing that vaporizes the low pressure, low temperature liquid vapor coolant and converts it to low pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapor. After evaporation, the liquid coolant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization of the cooling medium. D. Expansion device The purpose of the expansion device or throttle valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant under high pressure and temperature to pass at a controlled rate as its pressure and temperature are reduced. When refrigerant has passed, it is evaporated and the residue is vaporized in the evaporator at low temperature and pressure [4,5]. 4. WORKING PROCESS IN A VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM In a vapor compression refrigeration system, there are four major thermal processes taking place, namely; compression, condensation, expansion and evaporation. In all practical applications, VCRC is actually lower than the ideal cycle because of several factors such as friction losses, heat exchanges between parts of the system and pressure dropin the suction and discharge lines. 4.1. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram Figure2. Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for a Typical Refrigeration Cycle Process 1-2 At first, VCRS is start from the compressor. In accordance with state point 1, the refrigerant in the form of a mixture of liquid and vapor enters the compressor, where isentropic compression is carried out. The compression process increases the refrigerant temperature fromthelowerlimitto the upper limit. Work is introduced into the system and after compression the vapor becomes wet or saturated, but does not superheated. Process 2-3 In the form of vapor, the refrigerant enters the condenser at state 2, and the heat is removedunderconstantpressureand temperature. Once it exits the condenser, the refrigerant is saturated with liquid at point 3. Process 3-4 The refrigerant at point 3 of the state entering theexpansion cylinder expands isentropically, and the temperature at the end of the expansion process drops to be lower. The work is obtained in the process of expansion. Process 4-1 The liquid refrigerant in state point 4 removes heat at a constant pressure and temperature from the space or material that is introduced into the evaporator and cooled, thereby producing a refrigeration effect [6]. 4.2. Pressure-Entropy Diagram Figure3. Pressure-Entropy Diagram for a Typical Refrigeration Cycle In the T-s diagram, QH and QL are heat flows and Win is the work input to the compressor. The rate of work input to the compressor is mainly the power required to operate the refrigeration system. Power may be required to driveoneor more fans, but the power is low compared to compressor consumption. QH is the high temperature heat that the condenser rejects to the surroundings. QL is the low temperature heat absorbed from the space cooled by the evaporator [7].
- 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 695 5. LAYOUT OF LAB BASED REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Figure4. Layout Design of Lab Based Refrigeration System 6. DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM 6.1. Mass Flow Rate of the Refrigerant • 1 r 1 V m v = (1) Where, • r m = mass flow rate of the refrigerant, kg/s 1V = volumetric flow rate at compressor inlet, m3/s 1v = specific volume at compressor inlet, m3/kg 6.2. Heat Absorption by the Evaporator The refrigerant of heat absorbed by the liquid-vapour refrigerant is • r 4eva 1Q = m (h -h ) (2) Where, evaQ = heat absorbed by the condenser, kW 1h = specific enthalpy of the evaporator outlet, kJ/kg 4h = specific enthalpy of the evaporator inlet, kJ/kg 6.3. Work done of the Compressor The work done during the isentropic compression of compressor is • r 2com 1W = m (h -h ) (3) Where, comW = workdone of the compressor, kW 1h = specific enthalpy of the condenser inlet, kJ/kg 2h = specific enthalpy of the condenser outlet, kJ/kg 6.4. Heat Rejected by the Condenser Heat Rejected in the Condenser, cQ is • r 2 3conQ = m (h -h ) (4) Where, con Q = heat rejected by the condenser, kW Specific enthalpies at the inlet and outlet of the expansion valve are equal, therefore 3 4 h = h 6.5. Coefficient of Performance (COP) Coefficient of Performance isthe ratio between energyusage of the compressor and the amount of useful cooling at the evaporator. ( ) ( ) 1 4eva com 2 1 h - hQ COP = = W h - h (5) Where, 1h = specific enthalpy of the evaporator outlet, kJ/kg 6.6. Volumetric Effect of Refrigerant Volumetric effect = 1 4 1 h - h v (6) 7. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM Based on the different lengths of capillary tube, main components of operating parameters such as compressor work, refrigeration efficiency, mass flow rate of refrigerant, energy destruction in various components and COP are calculated. The values of enthalpies are obtained by using CoolPack software. 7.1. Design CalculationofVaporCompressionfor0.914 m Expansion Valve a P = 1 P = suction pressure = 137.8951 kPa d P = 2 P = delivery pressure = 2516.5862 kPa Compressor displacement, comD = 9.2 × 10−6 m3/rev Compressor speed, N = 3000 rpm Volumetric flow rate, 1v = c D × N = 4.6 × 10−4 m3/s The enthalpies and the specific volume can be obtained from pressure-enthalpy chart as the below. 1h = 400 kJ/kg 2h = 465 kJ/kg 3h = 4h = 297.75 kJ/kg 1v = 0.148 m3/kg
- 4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29213 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 6 | September - October 2019 Page 696 Table4.1 Result datas for capillary tube length 0.914 m No. Description Symbols Values Units 1 Mass flow rate • r m 0.003 Kg/s 2 Power input to the compressor com W 0.195 kW 3 Heat absorption by the evaporator eva Q 0.306 kW 4 Heat rejected by the condenser con Q 0.501 kW 5 Coefficient of performance COP 1.569 - 6 Volumetric effect - 690.878 kJ/m3 7.2. Design Calculation of Vapour Compression for 1.524 m Expansion Valve a P = 1 P = suction pressure = 96.5265 kPa d P = 2 P = delivery pressure = 2413.1648 kPa The enthalpies and the specific volume can be obtained from pressure – enthalpy chart as the below. 1h = 390.14 kJ/kg 2h = 464.875 kJ/kg 3h = 4h = 306.35 kJ/kg 1v = 0.22 m3/kg Table 4.2 Result datas for capillary tube length 1.524 m No. Description Symbols Values Units 1 Mass flow rate • r m 0.002 Kg/s 2 Power input to the compressor com W 0.149 kW 3 Heat absorption by the evaporator eva Q 0.167 kW 4 Heat rejected by the condenser con Q 0.317 kW 5 Coefficient of performance COP 1.121 - 6 Volumetric effect - 380.864 kJ/m3 7.3. Design Calculation of Vapour Compression for 2.134 m of Expansion Valve a P = 1 P = suction pressure = 110.3157 kPa d P = 2 P = delivery pressure = 2585.5337 kPa The enthalpies and the specific volume can be obtained from pressure – enthalpy chart as the below. 1h = 396.705 kJ/kg 2h = 462.5 kJ/kg 3h = 4h = 287.5 kJ/kg 1v = 0.2 m3/kg Table.3 Result datas for capillary tube length 2.134 m No. Description Symbols Values Units 1 Mass flow rate • r m 0.0023 Kg/s 2 Power input to the compressor com W 0.151 kW 3 Heat absorption by the evaporator eva Q 0.251 kW 4 Heat rejected by the condenser con Q 0.403 kW 5 Coefficient of performance COP 1.662 - 6 Volumetric effect - 546.02 kJ/m3 By the comparison of three result tables, the best coefficient of performance is at capillary tube length of 0.914 m. The operatingcondition is not good for morethanfifteenminutes and the compressor does not operate suddenly. If the length of the capillary tube is 2.134 m and the operating time is more than thirty minutes, thesuctionpressureanddischarge pressure are in an unsteady state. By the comparisonofthree running condition, 2.134 m long of capillary tube is the best. 8. CONCLUSION This lab based refrigeration system is simple and easy to maintain. It can be used for laboratory experiments of basic refrigeration processes and principles of each component. It is fairly inexpensive so suitable for mechanical engineering students. Other researcher should test this system with different capacity of main components and refrigerants. RRFERENCES [1] http://www.engineering.myindialist.com/2009/vapor- compression-refrigeration/ #.XYjRrX8VTIV [2] A. R. Trott and T. Welch: "Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning", Third Edition, (2000) [3] Shan Wang: "Handbook of AirConditioning Systemand Refrigeration", (2000) [4] R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta, "A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning", Revised Edition [5] William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson, John A. Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein: "Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology", Seventh Edition, (2013) [6] https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/35435- principles-of-the-vapor-compression-refrigeration- system/ [7] https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/35435- principles-of-the-vapor-compression-refrigeration- system/