DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF SOLAR WATER FILTER

DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING
OF SOLAR WATER FILTER
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical Engineering)
SUBMITTED BY : UNDER GUIDANCE:
MANDEEP SINGH (1243805) Er.APRINDER SINGH SANDHU
SATVIR SINGH (1244185) Er.CHATWANT SINGH PANDHER
RUPINDER SINGH (1244176)
ANMOL SINGH MANGAT (1316261)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA
DEC, 2015

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GURU
NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA DEC, 2015
GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LUDHIANA
CERTIFICATE
I/we hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the minor project reportentitled “DESIGN,
FABRICATION AND TESTING OF SOLAR WATER PURIFIER” by MANDEEP SINGH,
RUPINDER SINGH, SATVIR SINGH, SATVEER SINGH,ANMOL SINGH MANGAT in partial
fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Mechanical) submitted in the Department
of Mechanical Engineering at GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE under PUNJAB
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KAPURTHALA is an authentic record of my/our own work carried out
under the guidance of Er. APRINDER SINGH SANDHU and Er. CHATWANT SINGH PANDHER.
The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me/us in any other University /
Institute for the award of any Degree.
Signature of the Student/s
MANDEEP SINGH (1243805)
SATVIR SINGH (1244185)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of our knowledge
Signature of the Project Guides
Er. APRINDER SINGH SANDHU
Asst. Professor (Mechanical.Dept)
Er. CHATWANT SINGH PANDHER
Asst. Professor (Mechanical.Dept)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who deserve
our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show
our gratitude to Dr. SEHIJPAL SINGH(HOD) and our project guides Er.APRINDER SINGH SANDHU
& Er.CHATWANT SINGH PANDHER for giving us a good guideline for project throughout numerous
consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and
indirectly guided us in writing this project.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment
suggestions on this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve our project. We thank all the people
for their help directly and indirectly to complete our project.
MANDEEP SINGH (1243805)
SATVIR SINGH (1244185)

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CONTENTS
Candidate Decleration
Acknoledgement
List of Figures
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Solar Still
1.2 Solar Water Purifier
1.3 Classification of Purification
1.4 Working
CHAPTER 2: LITRATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER 3: PRESENT WORK
3.1 Problem Formulation
3.2 Objectives
3.3 Methodology
CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 Design
4.2 Details of different parts and material used
4.3 Experimental setup/procedure and maintenance
4.4 Cost analysis
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
REFERENCES

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List of Figures
Fig No. Name of Figure Page No
1 Still basin xvii
2 Top Cover xviii
3 Channel xix
4 Side walls xx
5 Top Cover support xxi
6 Actual apparatus xxii
7 Block diagram xxv
List of Tables
Tabel No. Name of Table Page No
1 Cost Analysis xxvii
2 Process start observations xxviii
3 Still readings xxviii

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ABSTRACT
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Water desalination using solar
energy is suitable for potable water production from dirty/saline water. In this study, a solar distillation in a single
basin is studied theoretically and experimentally. The still was constructed using a 2100 mm x 700 mm base area,
and the glass cover of still inclined at 38 0. Temperatures of glass cover, dirty water inside the still, dirty water
interface was recorded continuously and distilled water was measured for each hour. Afterwards, to obtain extra
solar energy, the glass mirror (2100 mm x 500 mm) was assembled to the still and effect of the reflector on the
still productivity was examined. The results are obtained by evaporation of the dirty/saline water and fetching
it out as pure/drinkable water. The designed model produces 1.5 litters of pure water from 14 litters of dirty
water during six hours.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Water is the basic necessity for human along with food and air. There is almost no water left on Earth that is safe
to drink without purification. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted
by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason, purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Moreover, typical purification systems are easily damaged or compromised by disasters, natural or otherwise. This
results in a very challenging situation for individuals trying to prepare for such situations, and keep themselves and
their families safe from the myriad diseases and toxic chemicals present in untreated water. Everyone wants to find
out the solution of above problem with the available sources of energy in order to achieve pure water.
Fortunately, there is a solution to these problems. It is a technology that is not only capable of removing a very
wide variety of contaminants in just one step, but is simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.
1.1 SOLAR STILL
Solar purification is a tried and true technology. The first known use of stills dates back to 1551 when it was used
by Arab alchemists. Other scientists and naturalists used stills over the coming centuries including Della Portal
(1589), Lavoisier(1862), and Machete (1869)[3]. The first "conventional" solar still plant was built in 1872 by the
Swedish engineer Charles Wilson in the mining community of Las Salinas in what is now northern Chile (Region
II). This still was a large basin-type still used for supplying fresh water using brackish feed water to a nitrate
mining community. The plant used wooden bays which had blackened bottoms using logwood dye and alum. The
total area of the distillation plant was 0.278 square meters. On a typical summer day this plant produced 1.59 kg of
distilled water per square meter of still surface, or more than 15.59 liters per day. Solar water Distillation system
also called “Solar Still”. Solar Still can effectively purify seawater & even raw sewage. Solar Stills can effectively
removing Salts/minerals {Na, Ca, As, Fe, Mn} ,Bacteria { E.coli, Cholera, Outlines}, Parasites ,Heavy
Metals & TDS. Basic principal of working of solar still is “Solar energy heats water, evaporates it (salts and
microbes left behind), and condenses as clouds to return to earth as rainwater”.
1.2 SOLAR WATER PURIFIER
Distillation is one of many processes available for water purification, and sunlight is one of several forms of heat
energy that can be used to power that process. Sunlight has the
advantage of zero fuel cost but it requires more space (for its collection) and generally more costly equipment.

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To dispel a common belief, it is not necessary to boil water to distill it. Simply elevating its temperature, short of
boiling, will adequately increase the evaporation rate. In fact, although vigorous boiling fastens the distillation
process it also can force unwanted residue into the distillate, defeating purification. Furthermore, to boil water
with sunlight requires more costly apparatus than is needed to distill it a little more slowly without boiling.
Many levels of purification can be achieved with this process, depending upon the intended application. Sterilized
water for medical uses requires a different process than that used to make drinking water. Purification of water
heavy in dissolved salts differs from purification of water that has been dirtied by other chemicals or suspended
solids.
For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other
methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be
a pleasant, energy-efficient option.
Solar distillation systems can be small or large. They are designed either to serve the needs of single family,
producing from ½ to 3 gallons of drinking water a day on the average, or to produce much greater amounts for an
entire neighborhood or village. In some parts of the world the scarcity of fresh water is partially overcome by
covering shallow salt water basins with glass in greenhouse-like structures. These solar energy distilling plants are
relatively inexpensive, low-technology systems, especially useful where the need for small plants exists. Solar
distillation of potable water from saline (salty) water has been practiced for many years in tropical and sub-tropical
regions where fresh water is scare. However, where fresh water is plentiful and energy rates are moderate, the
most cost-effective method has been to pump.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PURIFICATION PROCESS :
There are four possible ways of purifying water for drinking purpose:
1. Distillation
2. Filtration
3. Chemical Treatment
4. Irradiative Treatment
Considering the areas where the technology is intended to be used we can rule out few of the above mentioned
methods based on the unavailability of materials or costs. Chemical treatment is not a stand alone procedure and
so is irradiative treatment. Both can act only remove some specific impurities and hence can only be implemented
in coordination with other technologies. This analysis leaves us with two methods – Distillation and Filtration. By
weighting the positive and negatives of both the methods we decided to go by the both one. The most important
considerations were that of complexity, higher maintenance and subsequent costs coupled with need of other
sophisticated supporting equipments.
Finally we decided to go by distillation method owing to the following benefits:

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1. It produces water of high quality.
2. Maintenance is almost negligible.
3. Any type of water can be purified into potable water by means of this process
4. The system will not involve any moving parts and will not require electricity to operate.
5. Wastage of water will be minimum unlike reverse osmosis in which almost 30% of the loaded water flows out
in form of unusable water that can only be used for toilet or other cleaning purpose
1.4 WORKING OF SOLAR WATER PURIFIER
The basic principles of solar water distillation are simple yet effective, as distillation replicates the way nature
purifies water. The sun’s energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, purified water
vapor roses, condensing on the glass surface for collection. This process removes impurities such as salts and
heavy metals, as well as destroying microbiological organisms. Is a passive solar distiller that only needs sunshine
to operate; There are no moving parts to wear out.
The distilled water from a still does not acquire the “flat” taste of commercially distilled water since the water is
not boiled (which lowers pH) . Solar stills use natural evaporation, which the rainwater process. This allows for
natural pH buffering that produces excellent taste compared to steam distillation. Solar stills can easily
Provide enough water for family drinking and cooking needs. Solar distillers can be used to effectively remove
impurities ranging from salts to micro Organisms and are even used to make drinking water from seawater. Stills
have been will Received by many users, both rural and urban, from around the globe.
The solar stills are simple and have no moving parts. They are made of quality materials designed to stand- up to
the harsh conditions produced by water and sunlight. Operation is simple: water should be added (either manually
or automatically) once a day through the still supy fills port. Excess water wool drain outs of the overflow port and
this will keep salts from drinking in the basin Purified drinking water is collected from the out put collection port

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Schultz (2004) Studied that filtration was an excellent way to purify water with large particulates. Filtration is
done by running the water through a layer of filters, often permeable stone or plastic filters. When the water is
forced through, any solids get stuck within the layers of filters. Water is also chemically purified, a process
reserved only for bacteria and other microorganisms. Iodine and chlorine are added to the water to help clean it,
killing off microorganisms. Chemicals also react with one another, neutralizing the water and making it safer to
drink.
Sampathkumar (2010) published an article from Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, “The active solar
distillation is mainly classified as follows: (i) High temperature distillation—Hot water will be fed into the basin
from a solar collector panel. (ii) Pre-heated water application—Hot water will be fed into the basin at a constant
flow rate. (iii) Nocturnal production—Hot water will be fed into the basin once in a day.”
Hikmet Ş. Aybar(2006), An inclined solar water distillation (ISWD) system, which generates distilled water (i.e.,
condensate) and hot water at the same time, was modeled and simulated. In the parametric studies, the effects
of feed water mass flow rate and solar intensity on the system parameters were investigated. Finally, the system
was simulated using actual deviations of solar intensity and environment temperature during a typical summer
day in North Cyprus. The system can generate 3.5–5.4 kg (per m2 absorber plate area) distilled water during a
day (i.e., 7 am till 7 pm). The temperature of the produced hot water reached as high as 60EC, and the average
water temperature was about 40EC, which is good enough for domestic use, depending on the type of feed
water. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Fedali Saida, Bougriou Cherif (2010), presents the thermal analysis of passive solar still. Mathematical equations
for water, absorber, glass and insulator temperatures yield and efficiency of single slope basin have been
derived. The analysis is based on the basic energy balance for the solar still. A computer model has been
developed to predict the performance of the solar still. The operation governing equations of a solar still are
solved by a Runge-Kutta numerical method. The numerical calculations indicated that the wind speed has an
influence on the glass cover temperature. It was noted that in sunshine duration, temperature of various
components of the distiller follows the evolution of solar radiation.

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M.K. Ghosal, GN. Tiwari, N.S.L. Srivastava(2002), concerned with seasonal analysis of solar desalination system
combined with a greenhouse. Analytical expressions for water temperature, greenhouse room air temperature,
glass cover temperature, flowing water mass over the glass cover, hourly yield of fresh water and thermal
efficiency have been derived in terms of design and climatic parameters for a typical day of summer and winter
period. Temperature rise of flowing water mass with respect to distance and time in solar still unit has also been
incorporated in the mathematical modeling. Based on the above results, the following conclusions had been
gth (L) of south roof is 2.5
flow rate.[16]
Horace McCracken, a leader in solar distiller design, laboratory tests show distillers can remove trichloroethylene
(a dry-cleaning chemical) and nitrates. Both are common pollutants and suspected carcinogens. A simple solar
distiller paired with a carbon finish filter which removes any residual chlorine by-products, will give you the
cleanest drinking water for the least expense. A simple solar distiller removes salts, heavy metals and bacteria, as
well as arsenic and many other contaminants.
W.R. McCluney, Ph.D. research scientist Florida Solar Energy Center principle, says vigorous boiling "can force
unwanted residue into the distillate (distilled water), defeating purification Solar distillers work by mimicking the
natural water cycle: The sun provides energy to warm the water, the water evaporates (forms clouds) and
condenses (makes rain) when it meets a cooler surface. Unlike electric distillation, boiling is not required for solar
distillation. Some people believe water from a solar distiller is purer than boiled water.."
Gajendra Singh , Shiv Kumar, G.N. Tiwari (2011), devolved a double slope hybrid
(PVT) active solar still which was designed, fabricated and experimentally tested under field conditions for
different configurations. Parallel forced mode configuration of the solar still will produce higher yield than the
other configurations and obtained as 7.54 kg/day with energy efficiency of 17.4%. The hourly exergy efficiency is
also found to be highest for the same configuration and reached as high as 2.3%. The comparative yield obtained
is about 1.4 times higher than that obtained for hybrid (PVT) single slope solar still. Annual yield is expected to be
1939 kg. The estimated energy payback time is found to be 3.0 years and is about 30% less than the hybrid (PVT)

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single slope solar still. The total cost of the fabricated still is about 14% less than hybrid (PVT) single slope solar
still
T.V. Arjunan, P. Pitchandi, P. Senthilkumar (2010) published an article from energy and sustainable resources
that “There are two types- passive and active solar distillation. In the first type, the water is heated up through
energy generated by solar collectors. The temperature is increased for best results from around 30°C to 70°C.
This type works in either forced circulation mode or natural circulation mode. In forced mode, the water is
moved through pipes using a pump through a flat solar collector, additionally heating the water. In natural mode,
the water moves through by way of differences in density. There are several studies researching the efficiency of
different types of high temperature active solar stills. These include studies in basin size, where a larger basin
area reduced production, and the materials of the basin as well as on different combinations of flat solar
collectors in hybrid modes, parallel modes and different types of solar collectors used. But as solar distillation is
not being used, this paper will not detail this.
The second method uses preheated waste water from industries such as paper industries, chemical industries,
thermal power plants and food processing plants. The hot water is directly supplied to the basin or supplied
using heat exchangers. The preheated water means that not as much solar thermal energy will be required to
run the still, so the rate of production will be higher. Again, the area of the basin, type of materials used and the
heat of the original water all play into the efficiency of the type two solar distillery. A difference was also seen
when the flow of waste water through the basin was constant vs. when it was intermittent.

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CHAPTER 3
PRESENT WORK
3.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION
From literature survey we have studied that distillation using solar energy is suitable for potable water production
from brackish/dirty water in to pure water. There are two types -passive and active passive is less productive than
active ,as it simply uses solar energy absorbed in to unit. the water absorbs the heat and is distilled from pollutants
,microorganism and particulates like a normal distillery
In the present work we are going to design, fabricate solar water purifier and to study the impurities in water, TDS
(total dissolved solid), control of essential mineral level and implementation of mineral cartridge.
3.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To design and fabricate solar water purifier.
2. To study the impurities in water and to control the essential mineral level, TDS, PH of the water.

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METHODOLOGY
Detailed Literature Survey
Problem Formulation
Design
Selection of material
Analysis/Feasibility
Fabrication
Experimentation
Result and conclousion

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CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTATION
4.1 DESIGN OF SOLAR WATER PURIFIER
Before proceeding further we would like to mention a few assumptions that we made for the design:
1. The system will serve a family of 3. The number is assumed to be the average size of a rural household. Data
has also been confirmed with the census data.
2. Average requirement of water per person in a house is assumed to be around 1.5 liters/day. This gives the total
water consumption to be around 4.5 liters/day.
3. The solar constant equals 1.3 kW/m2 but owing to losses incurred while passing through atmosphere we can
consider the solar irradiation to be 1kW/m2.
Some other important data required for design is given below.
Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg Latent heat of vaporization = Latent heat of condensation = 2260 kJ/kg
The first step in design is to calculate the EVAPORATION RATE :
1. Daily hours of sunlight=5hours /day
a. =5hours/day × 3600 sec/hour
b. =18,000 sec/day
2. ῃ still=ῃ channel=60%
3. Daily global solar irradiation (G) =1.0kw
Evaporation rate can be calculated by: -
1. Q=(ῃ CHANNEL ×S+ ῃ STILL×A×G)/(heat of vaporization)
2. Q=(60%×1×10^3×(316-313) ×18000)+(60%×0.278×0.001×10^6×18000 /(2.27×10^6)
=15.59 L/day /m2
Where,
1. heat of vaporization of water =2.27MJ/L
2. Q is the daily output of distilled water(liter/day)
3. ῃ still is the efficiency of the still

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4. ῃ channel is efficiency of the flow channel mani fold, as the fraction of the energy
transferred to the water to energy collected from the solar energy collector.
5. G is the daily global solar irradiation approximatly1000 watts/sq m for surface
i. Approximately 18MJ/m2
6. A is the still surface area (perpendicular to the sunlight)
7. S is the thermal energy obtained from solar ENERGY COLLECTION.
It can be calculated by using
enthalpy (∆H).
∆ H=Hf-Hi=m.Cp(T2-T1)
Where,
• ΔH is the enthalpy change
• H final is the final enthalpy of the system expressed in (MJ)
• H initial is the initial enthalpy of the system
• M is the mass flow rate out of the air flow(kg/s)
• Cp is the specific heat of air (MJ/kg/k)
• T2 is the flow outlet temperature of solar energy collection in Kelvin scale.
• T1 is the inlet temperature of the solar energy collection in Kelvin scale.

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4.2 Details of Different Parts of the System and Material Used
1. Still Basin:
It is the part of the system in which the water to be distilled is kept. It is therefore essential that it must absorb
solar energy. Hence it is necessary that the material have high absorbtivity or very less reflectivity and very less
transitivity. These are the criteria’s for selecting the basin materials. Kinds of the basin materials that can be used
are as follows: 1. Leather sheet, 2. Ge silicon, 3. Mild steel plate, 4. RPF (reinforced plastic) 5. G.I. (galvanized
iron).
We have used blackened MILD STEEL sheet (K= thermal conductivity= 300W/m0C) (8mm thick).( SIZE:: BOX
24*24 inche2 OF M.S.)
Fig.1 (Still Basin)

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2.Top Cover :
The passage from where irradiation occurs on the surface of the basin is top cover. Also it is the surface where
condensate collects. So the features of the top cover are: 1) Transparent to solar radiation, 2) Non absorbent and
Non-adsorbent of water, 3) Clean and smooth surface. The Materials Can Be Used Are: 1.Aluminium frame,
2.Glass, We have used glass thickness (5mm).
Fig. 2 (Top Cover)

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3. Channel:
The condensate that is formed slides over the inclined top cover and falls in the passage, this passage which
fetches out the pure water is called channel. The materials that can be used are: P.V.C., 2) G.I. , 3) RPF
4)STAINLESS STEEL . We have used STAINLESS STEEL channel
Fig. 3 (Channel)

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4. Side Walls:
It generally provides rigidness to the still. But technically it provides thermal resistance to the heat transfer that
takes place from the system to the surrounding. So it must be made from the material that is having low value of
thermal conductivity and should be rigid enough to sustain its own weight and the weight of the top cover.
Different kinds of materials that can be used are: 1) wood, 2) concrete, 3) M.S. sheet 4) RPF (reinforced plastic).
For better insulation we have used composite wall of M.S .sheet (outside) AND THERMOCOL (inside). (Size: - 5
mm thick, 24×24 inch2
).
Fig. 4 (Side walls)

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5. Supports for Top Cover:
The frame provided for supporting the top cover is an optional thing. I.e. it can be used if required. We have used
rubber beat stick as a support to hold glass (size:: 24 inch 24 inch). The only change in our model is that we have
to make the model as vacuumed as possible. So we have tried to make it airtight by sticking tape on the corners of
the glass and at the edges of the box from where the possibility of the leakage of inside hot air is maximum.
Fig. 5 (Top Cover Support)

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Working model of solar distillation system
Fig. 6 (Actual appratus)
MATERIALS TO BE USED
The following factors are to be considered to use a material
• Selection of material
• Suitability of materials for service conditions.
• Size and shape of the part.
• Condition of loading to which the part is subjected.
• Manufacturing requirements.
• Availability of material cost.
• Properties of material.

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PROPERTIES
Strength :- it is defined as the capacity to resist external loads under given conditions. Modulus of elasticity:- it
is ratio of stress to the strain within the elastic limit, the metal with high modulus of elasticity possess high
stiffness.
Ductility:- it is the ability of the material to deform under tensile load.
Malleability: - it is the ability of material to be deformed under compressive load. Brittleness :- it is the ability of
the material fracture with every little deformation . Hardness :- it is the ability of the material to resist abrasion,
scratching or indentation . Resilience :- it is the ability of the material to store energy within its limit.
Toughness :- it is the ability of the material to absorb energy before fracture. Fatigue strength :- the maximum
stress at which the material will operate indefinably without failure.
Creep :- the slow and progressive of the material with time cost is called creep.
Mach inability :- the ease with a given material may be worked with machine is called mach inability.
MILD STEEL: Carbon steel is also called plain carbon steel, it is a metal alloy. A combination of two
elements iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties. The
only other alloying elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are manganese (1.65%max), silicon (0.60% max), and
copper (0.60% max).steel with a low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. As
carbon content rises the metal higher carbon content lowers the steel melting point and its temperature resistance
in becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to weld. Generally carbon contents influences
the yield strength of steel because they fit into the interstitial crystal lattice sites of the body-centered cubic
arrangement of the iron molecules. The interstitial carbon reduces the mobility of dislocations. Which intern has a
hardening effect on the iron. To get dislocations to break away. This is because the interstitial carbon atoms cause
some of the iron BCC lattice cells to distort. The term mild steel is also applied commercially to carbon steels not
covered by standard specifications. Carbon content of this steel may vary from quite low levels up to
approximately 0.3%. Generally commercial mild steel can be accepted to be readily wieldable and have
reasonable cold bending. Properties:- But to specify mild steel is technically in appropriate and should not be used
as a term engineering .approximately 0.05-0.15% carbon content for low carbon steel and 016-029% carbon
content for mild steel (e.g.AISI 1018 STEEL). Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength ,but it is cheap and
malleable, surface hardness can be increased through carburizing. Mild is the most common form of steel as its

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price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel
has low carbon content (up to 0.3%) And is therefore neither extremely brittle nor ductile. It becomes malleable
when heated, and so can be forged. It is also often used where large amount of steel need to be formed. For
example as structural steel. Density of this metal is 7,861.093kg/m3 (0284lb/in3) the tensile strength is maximum
of 500MPa (72,500 psi) and it has a young’s modulus of 210GPa. Medium carbon steel: - approximately 0.30-
0.59% carbon content (e.g. AISI 1040 steel).balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance, used for
large parts, forging and automotives components. High carbon steel: - approximately 0.6-0.99%carbon content
.very strong used for springs and high –strength wires.
Ultra-high carbon steel: - approximately 1.0-2.0%carbon content. Steels that can be tempered to great hardness
.used for special purpose like (non-industrial purpose) knives, axles or punches. Steels are often wrought by cold-
working methods, which us the shaping of metal through deformation at a low equilibrium or met stable
temperature.

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4.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP/PROCEDURE AND MAINTENANCE
As shown in working model the setup is as
1. The distillation chamber is composed of composite wall is painted black from inside and outside and is
thermally insulated
2. Still basin is kept inside distillation chamber at a required height so that maximum sunlight falls on it
3. Water after distillation condensed on the glass top which collected in the channel
4. From the channel it finally pass through the mineral cartridge to add minerals in it an d now the water is
ready for drinking purposes
The block diagram of the experimental setup is as :
Still Drain
Still
Condensate
Collector
Collecting Tank
Glass
Mineral Cartridge
CollectingTank
Pure waterOutlet
Mirror all 3 sides
Fig. 6 (Block Diagram)

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The procedure involved the following steps:-
1. The user will fill the reservoir tank with water that needs to be purified.
2. close the tap of the mineral cartridge
3. Then he will lift the whole device up a few meters above the ground (around 2.5 m). This will ensure no
shadows fall on the apparatus during any part of the day.
4. Leave it there till evening.
5. Remove the purified water for use.
6.. Remove the plates for cleaning and dispose of the remaining water.
7.. Ready for use on the next day.
Maintenance
1. The only maintenance that the device requires is replacement of the glass in case of accidental breakage.
2. Daily cleaning of the plates is required.
3. .change of mineral; cartridge after 1 year

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4.4 Cost Analysis
The per-liter cost of solar-distilled water can be calculated as follows:
(a) estimate the usable lifetime of the still;
(b) add up all the costs of construction, repair and maintenance (including labor) over its lifetime;
(c) divide that figure by the still's total expected lifetime output in liters.
Such a cost estimate is only approximate since there are large uncertainties in both the lifetime and the yield
estimates. Costs are usually considerably higher than current water prices–which explain why solar backyard
stills are not yet marketed widely in India.
TECHNICAL REPORT
Table. 1 (Cost Analysis)
The total area of the steel plates used 10.2 m2
Rate of steel plate of thickness 1mm 60/Kg
Total cost of steel Rs 600
Cost of angles Rs 600.
Cost of carbon black paint Rs 80
Cost of tempered glass Rs 200
Cost of insulation and sealing Rs 80
Cost of labor and machining Rs 350
Cost of the mineral cartridge Rs 250
Net cost of the device Rs 2160

xxviii
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment is performed from 10:00am to 04:00pm in winter season
Table. 2 (Process start observations)
TIME OUTSIDE TEMP. INSIDE TEMP.
10:00 A.M. 30 Celsius 40 Celsius
Reading taken from still
Table. 3 (Still Readings)
TIME OUTSIDE TEMP INSID TEMP.
10:45A.M. 21C 26 C
11:30A.M 24C 30 C
12:15A.M. 28 C 36 C
1:00 P.M. 32 C 40 C
1:45 P.M 34 C 46 C
3:00 P.M/ 34 C 50 C
Observations
• Time taken for drop to come to channel = 55Minutes
• Time taken for drop to come out of channel = 10 min
• Amount of brackish water poured initially = 8 liter
• Amount of pure water obtained at the end of the exp. = 5 liter
• Temperature of the condensate = 43 0
C
Tested of purified water
1. Measuring the PH value of the purified water by using PH meter.
2. Determined the PH value of the purified water is “7”.
3. Density of the pure water is “1”
4. Boiling point 100 0
C.
5. T.D.S. of purified water is 100-150 mg/l

xxix
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
Solar energy technologies and its usage are very important and useful for the developing and under developed
countries to sustain their energy needs. The use of solar energy in desalination process is one of the best
applications of renewable energy. Solar still has become more popular particularly in rural areas. The solar stills
are friendly to nature and eco-system. Various types and developments in solar distillation systems, theoretical
analysis and future scope for research were reviewed in detail. Based on the review and discussions, the
following point could be concluded.
1.With the use of the single stage still 4-6 liter water can be purified in a summer condition and this capacity will
be increased in winter condition when temperature is higher as compared to the summer
2.With the use of the of the mineral cartridge the essential minerals is added in correct quantity and the T.D.S.
was 100-150 mg/l
3.The PH of the water is 7 and density is 1
4. The water is more purified than the water purified by the boiling of the watter
Solar still is suited to villages and to mass production water purification. Around the world, concerns over water
quality are increasing, and in special situations a solar still can provide a water supply more economically than
any other method.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
• We all know that boiling takes place when the ambient temperature equals that of the vapor pressure of
the liquid. This means that we can increase the rate of evaporation by reducing the pressure of the vessel.
This will ensure higher rates of evaporation even at low temperatures.
• we can make the process automated by using float valves and limiter to add the water in the still when its
level goes below the requisite level
• The system can be make multistill to increase the efficiency of the system as multistill has more
efficiency

xxx
REFERENCES
1. K. Sampathkumar, T.V. Arjunan, P. Pitchandi, P. Senthilkumar ―”Active solar distillation”—A detailed
review‖, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1503–1526.
2. Prem Shankar and Shiv Kumar, ―”Solar Distillation” – A Parametric Review‖ VSRD-MAP, Vol. 2 (1),
2012, 17-33.
3. Malik MAS, Tiwari GN, Kumar A, Sodha M S. ―Solar distillation‖. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1982.
p. 8–17.
4. Hikmet Ş. Aybar, ―”Mathematical modeling of an inclined solar water distillation system‖
Desalination” .
5. V. Sivakumar, E. Ganapathy Sundaram, ―”Improvement techniques of solar still efficiency” A review‖
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 28(2013)246–264.
6. Heat and Mass Transfer 2007; 43:985–95. Tiwari GN, Tiwari AK. ―Solar distillation practice for water
desalination systems‖. New Delhi: Anamaya Publishers; 2008.
7. Hongfei Zheng, Xiaoyan Zhang, Jing Zhang, Yuyuan Wu. ―”A group of improved heat and mass
transfer correlations in solar stills” Energy Conversion and Management 2002; 43:2469–78.
8. Chen Z, Ge X, Sun X, Bar L, Miao YX. ―”Natural convection heat transfer across air layers at various
angles of inclination‖. Engineering” Thermo physics 1984; 211–20.
9. Dunkle RV. ―”Solar water distillation, the roof type solar still and a multi effect diffusion still”
International Developments in heat transfer, ASME Proceedings of International Heat Transfer,
University of Colorado. 1961; 5:895–902.

xxxi
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Renewable energy resources/Tiwari and Ghosal/Narosa
2. Non conventional energy sources/G.D.Rai
3. Renewable energy sources/Tidwell and Weir
4. Solar energy/Sukhumi
5. Solar power engineering/B.S.Magal Frank Keith and J.F.Kreith
6. Principals of solar energy/Frank Kreith and John F .Kreider
7. Non conventional energy /Ashok V.Desai/Wiileyeastern
8. Non conventional energy systems/K.Mittal /Wheeler
9. Renewable energy technologies /Ramesh and Kumar/Narosa

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