Design for crash injuries mitigation using magnesium alloy

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 24
DESIGN OF THIN WALL STRUCTURES FOR ENERGY ABSORPTION
APPLICATIONS: DESIGN FOR CRASH INJURIES MITIGATION USING
MAGNESIUM ALLOY
F. Tarlochan1
, Samer. F2
Center for Design and Innovation, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia
Abstract
This paper describes a computational investigation on the response of thin wall structures due to dynamic compression loading. In
this paper, the tubes subjected for both direct and oblique loading. Several different cross-sectional structures have been studied to
specify the best one. Initially the tubes were subjected to direct loading, and then the tubes were subjected to oblique loading. After
that, the tubes were compared to obtain the cross section which fulfills the performance criteria. The selection was based on multi
criteria decision making (MCDM) process. The performance parameters taken in this study are the specific energy absorbed by the
tube for both direct and oblique, crush force efficiency and the ratio between the energy absorbed by direct and oblique loading.
Trigger and foam filled are implemented to study their effects on the parameters used. The study used the magnesium alloy as a
material to study potentially the possibility and ability of using the magnesium alloy in the energy absorber parts since the magnesium
has lighter weight.
Index Terms: dynamic compression, thin wall, energy absorption, direct oblique loading
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1. INTRODUCTION
It is known that thousands of people throughout the world are
killed or seriously injured due to collisions every year.[1]
showed the problem of causalities as a result of road accidents
is acknowledged to be a global phenomenon in all countries
around the world because of the growth in number of people.
The dangerous comes from the impact energy that transmit to
the car occupant and hence to the passengers. To keep
passengers safe the impact energy transmitted to the passengers
should be as low as possible. To minimize the impact energy it
is necessary to dissipate the energy comes from collision by
absorbing the energy through deformation of car structure; this
will reduce the risk and hence will keep the passengers more
safe. It is necessary to find out a method to increase the car
structure members’ ability to absorb impact energy as much as
possible and allow an acceptable energy passes to the
passengers. The structures are called frontal longitudinal as
shown in Figure 1.
Many researchers have done to improve the energy absorption
of these structures due to axial impact [2]. However in the
context of a vehicle collision, the vehicles energy absorbers are
commonly subjected to both axial and oblique (off-axis) loads.
If compared with axial loading conditions, relatively few studies
have been conducted on the energy absorption response of thin
walled tubes under oblique loads [4]. Some of the well cited
works in this oblique impact are works of Borvik et al. [5],
Reyes et al. [6-8] and Reid et al. [9]. When the vehicle is
subjected to an oblique loading, the frontal longitudinal
collapses in a bending mode rather than axial crush [10], this
causes to lower energy absorption capability of the frontal
longitudinal.
Some researchers have considered foams for energy absorption.
Foam used as a filler which might be metallic or polymeric [11-
17]. It was concluded that using of foam leads to increase the
energy absorption capability for tubular structures and
decreases the energy absorption stroke (crush length of tube).
And this is useful especially when designing compact cars.
Recently, the researchers trend to the computer simulation
(finite element analysis-FEA) instead of experimental work.
FEA widely used for analysis and optimization. In impact
studies, FEA has shown to be able and useful tools to
understand the deformation and responses of the energy
absorber tubes under impact loading [18, 19]. Using FEA
reduces time and cost which may uses in the experimental work.
The objective of this study is to design an efficient thin wall
tube as an energy absorber by using finite element analysis
2. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Six different walled tubular cross sectional profiles were
designed. The profiles are circular, square, rectangular,
hexagonal, octagonal and ellipse. The tubular structures

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material was modeled as magnesium alloy (AZ31). The
perimeter of the six profiles, the length and the thickness were
kept constant. This was carried out just to investigate the
various cross sectional profile crash performance. The length
and the thickness were chosen to be 350mm and 2mm
respectively. Two different perimeter lengths were chosen
300mm and 372 mm respectively. From these six profiles, one
of them will be chosen by Multi Criteria Decision Making
(MCDM) process. After that the study enhances the crash
performance of the chosen profile. The foam filler material
includes to that profile namely aluminium foam with density of
534kg/ m3. The dynamic simulations for tube and foam filled
tube include direct and oblique loading (30 degrees off the
tubular longitudinal axis). The initial velocity used in the
simulations was 15m/s with an impact mass of 275 kg. The
values of the velocity and mass are discussed in the next
section. The values are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Geometry and dimensions of tubes used for study
Peak Force, FMAX
The peak force of a component is the highest load required to
cause significant permanent deformation or distortion. The peak
load is of concern for two reasons. The first is that at low-speed
and low-energy impacts, it is desirable that no permanent
deformation takes place, as this would be considered damage to
the structure. Secondly the peak load is often the maximum load
observed in the useful stroke of the energy absorbing device
and as such has a direct importance on the loading of the
vehicle occupant.
Figure 2: Force displacement characteristics [20]
Energy Absorption, Es
The energy absorption performance can be calculated from the
load-displacement curve. Energy absorption EA is denoted as
an integration of a load-displacement curve as shown in Figure
2.
EA= (1)
When is an instantaneous crushing load, is the length of
crushing specimen. From the equation (1).
EA= = (2)
Where is the mean crushing load, is the initial length of
the crushing specimen. An ideal energy absorption could
achieve a maximum force and keep it constant during the entire
deformation length.
Crush Force Efficiency, CFE
The crush force efficiency (CFE) can be defined as a mean
crushing force ( ) divided by peak crushing load ( )
as follows.
CFE = (3)
The crush force efficiency is very important parameter used to
evaluate the performance of energy absorbing structures [21]. A
value of unity of the energy absorber member represents an
ideal energy absorber which represents a value of the crush
force efficiency corresponding to the constant load-
displacement curve [22], while the low values indicate
happening of greater peaks of force during crushing [23]. Low
values of crush force efficiency means high peaks force which

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leads to increasing in acceleration and potential damage to the
passengers during frontal impact which must be avoided. CFE
is related to the structural effectiveness and it is an important
measure for car structure to know how efficient it is [24]. High
values of CFE are desirable and must be maximized and this
can be obtained by decreasing the peak load. Introducing trigger
mechanism is usually used to decrease the peak load and thus
increases the CFE value. [25] Showed that the crush force
efficiency can be increased by increasing the wall thickness of
the tube.
Specific energy absorption (S.E.A)
The most significant features of the longitudinal members are
the Specific energy absorption (SEA). Which is define as the
energy absorbed (EA) per unit mass and can be denoted as
follows.
SEA= (4)
Where ( ) is the original undeformed mass (before impact).
The specific energy absorption is a measure of energy
absorption capability of a structural component. The higher
values of (SEA) are an indicator of the light weight crush
members [26]. The specific energy absorption is an indicator of
how efficient the absorber is. So the term is used to compare the
ability among absorbers. High value of specific energy
absorption can be gotten by decreasing the absorber mass, since
the specific energy absorption depends on the density of the
absorber material. Researches done on the energy absorption
behavior stated that the using of tubular concept is most
efficient energy absorption concepts evaluated [27]. It was
found that the use of foam-filled tubes will increase the
unreformed tube mass. By using foam-filled specific energy
absorption will increase and it also increase by increasing the
foam density [28].
Stroke efficiency
The stroke efficiency of structure is the ratio between the
maximum energy absorber crush lengths to the original
absorber length which can be expressed as follow.
(5)
Where is the maximum crush length of the energy
absorber at when the compaction occurs and the energy
absorption is at in maximum level, and is the original length
of the absorber. Also it is a measure of how the performance of
a structure reaches to the best possible performance [29]. A
unity value of stroke efficiency represents the ideal case of the
energy absorber, but in reality the value is always less than
unity. They also concluded that the stroke efficiency decreased
rapidly when the wall thickness increased and it increased when
the length increased.
For the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) process, the
complex proportional assessment method (COPRAS) was
chosen [30, 31]. This method was chosen for its simplicity in
usage. The method assumes direct and proportional
dependences of the significance and utility degree of the
available alternatives under the presence of mutually conflicting
criteria. It takes into account the performance of the alternatives
with respect to different criteria and the corresponding criteria
weights [30]. This method selects the best decision considering
both the ideal and the ideal-worst solutions. The COPRAS
method is a successful method to solve problems of design
selection in many fields like construction, project management,
and economy. This method consists of many steps, and they are
explained as follows:
Step 1: Developing the Initial Matrix (X) and Find the
Relative Coefficient (R)
This first step involves the generation of a simple matrix which
maps the alternatives (design concepts) to the selection criteria.
This matrix is labeled as X as given in equation3.
 













mnmm
n
n
mXnij
xxx
xxx
xxx
xX




21
22221
11211
)2,1(),2,1( njmi   (6)
Where xij is the performance value of ith alternative on jth
criterion, m is the number of alternatives (design concepts)
compared and n is the number of criteria. The problem in
design selection is that most design criteria are not in the same
dimensions or units. This makes selection a little harder. One
way to overcome this is to convert the entire matrix X to a non-
dimensionalized matrix R. This way, it is easier to compare
between selection criteria. The entry xij represents the positive
(absolute) value for each criteria and ∑ xij is the summation for
a number of positives decisions. The importance of the relative
coefficient is to reduce the values of the criteria to make it easy
for comparing. The symbol of the relative coefficient is R and it
is formulated as
 

 m
i ij
ij
mXnij
x
x
rR
1 (7)

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Step 2: Determining the Weighted Normalized
Decision Matrix D.
The sum of dimensionless weighted normalized values of each
criterion is always equal to the weight for that criterion.
  jijij wxryD 
(8)
Where rij is the normalized performance value of ith alternative
on jth criterion and wj is the weight of jth criterion. as given in
equation 6.


m
i jij wy1 (9)
To determine or compute the individual weightage for each
criteria wj, the following method can be used:
Compare two criteria at a time. Total comparison sets (N) is
equal to 2
)1( 

nn
N
where n is the number of selection
criteria.
Amongst the two criteria being selected, the criterion which is
more important is given a score of 3 whereas the criterion which
is least important is given a score of 1. If both criteria are of
equal importance, a score of 2 is given. Repeat this for all other
criteria.
The total score obtain for each criteria is computed as


m
i jij WN1
A relative emphasis weighting factor, wj, for each selection
criteria is obtained by dividing the total score for each selection
criteria (Wj) by the global total score
 

m
j j GW1
. (Refer
Table 2 for example)
Step 3: Summing of Beneficial and non-Beneficial
Attributes
The beneficial and non-beneficial attributes are in the decision
matrix. The greater beneficial attribute is better selection also
the low value of non-beneficial attribute is better selection too.
After specify these attributes, the next step is to separate these
values by their sums. The sums of the attributes can be
formulated as in equations below:
Table 2: Example of weight age setting
   
n
j ijyS 11
(10)
   
n
j ijyS 11
(11)
Where y+ij and y-ij are the weighted normalized values of both
the beneficial and non-beneficial attributes respectively. The
high value of S+i, the better is the design concept, and the lower
the value of S-i, the better is the design concept. Just to note
that  S+i and  S-i of the design concepts are always
respectively equal to the sums of weights for the beneficial and
non-beneficial attributes as expressed by the following equation
      
m
i
n
j ij
m
i ipositive ySSum 1 11
(12)
      
m
i
n
j ij
m
i inegative ySSum 1 11
(13)
The summation equation 9 and 10 is always equals to one.
Step 4: Relative Significance or Priority (Q)
The higher value of the relative significance is the best choice.
The relative significance can be denoted in the formula as
below:
 

 
 
  m
i ii
m
i i
ii
SSS
SS
SQ
1 min
1min
/
(14)
Where S-min is the minimum value of S-i
Step 5: Determining the Quantitative Utility

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Calculation of qualitative utility ( which directly related to
the ( ) value as mentioned in equation. From the equation it
can be observed that the quantitative utility is directly
proportionate to the relative significance. The maximum
relative significance value is denoted as Qmax.
(15)
3. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Finite element codes ABAQUS/Explicit version 6.10 has been
used in this study to model the response of energy absorbers
and hence the frontal car subjected to dynamic impact loading
under full overlap, offset overlap and oblique loading.
ABAQUS is capable to simulate problems in various ranges as
structural field, thermal electrical analysis, heat transfer, soil
mechanics acoustics and piezoelectric. In implicit, the
simulations take several orders of magnitude fewer increments
than an explicit simulation in spite of the cost per increment is
much greater. Explicit methods require a small time increment.
ABAQUS/Explicit that operates explicit dynamic is suitable to
model high speed dynamic and this is costly to analyses by
using implicit methods. ABAQUS/Explicit is suitable to
analyze the transient dynamic of the structures which subjected
to impact loading [4]. It is possible to solve complicated, very
general, three-dimensional contact problems with deformable
bodies in ABAQUS/Explicit. Problems involving stress wave
propagation can be far more efficient computationally in
ABAQUS/Explicit. Energy absorbers deform to absorb energy
under quasi-static or dynamic loading. So ABAQUS/Explicit is
used in this study to model nonlinear loading of the energy
absorbers.
3.1 Finite Element Modeling
In this study, finite element (FE) models of both empty and
foam filled tubes were developed using the non-linear FE code
ABAQUS-Explicit. The code was used to predict the response
of the thin wall tubes subjected to a free falling impinging mass.
The whole model comprises principally of the thin wall
structure under study, the falling mass (striker), and the base.
The thin wall structure was modeled by using 4 node shell
continuum (S4R) elements with 5 integration points along the
thickness direction of the element. The foam was modeled using
8-noded continuum elements with the reduced integration
techniques in combination with hourglass control. Stiffness-
based hourglass control was used to avoid artificial zero energy
deformation modes and reduced integration was used to avoid
volumetric locking. Elements size of 5 mm were chosen for the
shells and foam elements, respectively, based on a mesh
convergence study. A mesh convergence is important to ensure
a sufficient mesh density to accurately capture the deformation
process. The contact algorithm used to simulate contact
interaction between all components was the ‘‘general contact
algorithm”. This is important to avoid interpenetration of tube
wall. This algorithm is less intense in terms of computational
time. Contact between the tube walls and tube walls with the
foam were modeled as finite sliding penalty based contact
algorithm with contact pairs and hard contact. The value of the
Coulomb friction coefficient for all contact surfaces was set at
0.2 [25, 26].
The striker was modeled as a rigid body with only one
allowable translational displacement while all other
translational and rotations degree of freedom were fixed. The
impact velocity of the striker on the tubes was modeled to be 15
m/s (54 km/h) with a lumped mass of 275 kg. (The impact
speed value was taken based from the New Car Assessment
Program (NCAP) by the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA). The mass was assumed to be 25% of
a compact car (1100kg). It is assumed that each tubular energy
absorbing structure is capable of absorbing an equivalent
kinetic of 275 kg mass since in reality the maximum energy that
can be absorbed by two tubes in service is much less than 50 %
[33].
The wide range of elements is available in ABAQUS which are
used to create the models. However, the extensive element
library provides a powerful set of tools for solving many
different problems, the figure (3) shows the type of element.
Figure 3: Commonly used element families in
ABAQUS/Explicit
(ABAQUS Version 6.6 documentation)
Shell element has been used to model thin-walled tube since
shell element is suitable when the thickness of the tube is less
than 1/10 of the height. All the absorbers have been modeled
used in this finite element simulation were generated by using
the element S4R. This element is a three-dimensional doubly

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curved four node shell element. Each node has three-
displacement and three-rotation degrees of freedom. While the
two rigid plates modeled by using three-dimensional four-node
rigid element R3D4. One of the two plates was fixed in all
degree of freedom except in the direction of the applied load,
while the other plate was fixed by constraining the whole
degrees of freedom.
3.2 Loading, Interaction and Boundary Conditions
The tube was completely fixed to a rigid body (plate) from one
end using tied constraint. This constraint makes the motion
along with all displacement in linear and rotation degrees of
freedom of all the nodes on the tube base edge the same of the
rigid body. The plate was modeled as a rigid surface. Rigid
surfaces are efficient analytical for contact simulations they are
not element and don’t need to specify masses, suctions, and
stress-strain. The other ends of the tube will constraint in all
degree of freedom except in the direction of the moving
impactor which will move axially towards the fixed plate. Two
reference points will be defined, on the rigid plates, one on the
fixed one which the reactions can be calculated and the second
one will be defined on the moving plate (impactor) which at this
point the masses and velocity can be defined.
Dynamic loading is simulated at the second reference point
which mass and velocity have been defined. Step time can be
defined in ABAQUS/Explicit by creating step and then by
choosing dynamic, explicit and then specify the time period,
long time period needs a long time to visualized the result and
need high CPU capability. Period time depends on the nature of
structure and also the mesh size.
Interaction has been done on all the parts of the structures.
Interaction is available in ABAQUS/Explicit. For the tube walls
and for the aluminium foam, self-contact between the
walls must be defined while surface to surface contact should be
defined between each rigid plate and the tube, between each
part of telescope and another also between the tube and each
part of telescope. Interaction option will be done after defining
the contact surface and specify the friction coefficient
"penalty". The surface-to-surface contact based on master-slave
type. Constraints were done between the fixed rigid plate and
the end of tube and between the fixed rigid and the end of the
last part of telescope. That's mean contact can be done between
deformable surfaces or between deformable surfaces and rigid
surfaces. Mesh then defined by specify the mesh size 5mm size
was used in this study according to [31], [32].
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Summary of the results obtain in this study is presented in
Tables 5 – 6 for convenience. Detail discussions and
explanations will be given in the accompanying sub sections.
Table 5: Summary of crashworthiness parameters for all tube
profiles for two different parameters (direct loading)
Table 6: Summary of crashworthiness parameters for all tube
profiles for two different parameters (oblique loading)
4.1. Force Displacement Characteristics of different
geometrical profiles
Typical force displacement diagrams for each kind of profile
tested in this study are presented in Figures 4 – 9. Each figure
depicts the force response for certain cross sectional geometric
profile due to the direct and oblique loading for the two classes
of perimeters (300 mm and 372 mm respectively). From these
figures, it is noticeable that the energy (area under the graph)
absorbed by the tubes due to oblique loading is much lower
than for direct loading. This is because the oblique loading
causes two kinds of mechanical loads onto the tube. These loads
are axial compression and bending. That is why the tubes under
oblique loading bend while undergoing some form of
progressive crushing. Besides this it is evident that the force
displacement characteristic for different perimeter within a
geometrical profile is rather similar for both axial and oblique

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loading. This is an indication that the perimeter does not play an
important role in the folding mechanism (progressive collapse)
of the tubes.
Figure 4: Force vs. displacement for circular tubes (direct and
oblique impacts)
Figure 5: Force vs. displacement for rectangular tubes (direct
and oblique impacts)
Figure 6: Force vs. displacement for square tubes (direct and
oblique impacts)
Figure 7: Force vs. displacement for hexagonal tubes (direct
Figure 8: Force vs. displacement for Octagonal tubes (direct

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Figure.9: Force vs. displacement for Ellipse tubes (direct and
oblique impacts)
4.2. Energy Absorption
In Figures 10 and 11, the energy absorption is plotted as
function of the deformation length rather than function of time
because this facilitates the comparison of different structural
design concepts. Based on these figures it can be concluded that
rectangle cross sectional geometry has significantly lower
energy absorption than the other five profiles for both impact
conditions. Also from these figures, the octagonal and
hexagonal profiles are better energy absorbers in both loading
conditions. A summary of the energy absorption capabilities for
all tube profiles are summarized in Figures 12 and 13 for both
direct and oblique loading respectively. From here, it can be
seen that as the perimeter was increased from 300 mm to 372
mm, most profiles exhibited a higher energy absorption
capability. In terms of specific energy absorption (SEA), the
hexagonal tube with a perimeter profile of 300 mm had the
highest SEA compared to the other profiles. This is depicted in
Figures 14 and 15 for direct and oblique loading respectively.
Another view of the energy absorption will be investigating the
effects of profiles on the energy absorption due to oblique
loading. This is depicted in Tables 7 and 8 respectively for both
different perimeters under study. In general in can be concluded
that profiles studied with oblique loading showed decreasing
energy absorption. The percentage of decrease various
according to the profile time, but on an overall the difference is
between 15 – 55 % for all profiles. Hexagonal, octagonal and
circle are good geometry to be considered since they perform
outstanding in terms of energy absorption in both loading and
perimeter conditions respectively. The task now is to select the
best tube in terms of the geometry profile and also the
perimeter. This involves using performance criteria such as
energy absorption capabilities; crush force efficiency, cost and
manufacturing constraints. This will be discussed next.
Figure 10: Energy absorption characteristics of six different
profiles for direct impact loading with perimeter 372 mm
Figure 11: Energy absorption characteristics of six different
profiles for oblique impact loading with perimeter 300 mm
Figure 12: Energy absorption capability for various profiles
due to direct loading condition.

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Figure 13: Energy absorption capability for various profiles
due to oblique loading condition.
Figure 14: Specific energy absorption capability for various
profiles due to direct loading condition.
Figure 15: Specific energy absorption capability for various
profiles due to oblique loading condition.
Table 7: Energy absorption of six profiles with three two
different load conditions
Table 8: Energy absorption of six profiles with three two
different load conditions
4.3. Selection of Best Profile
For the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) process, the
complex proportional assessment method (COPRAS) was
chosen. This method was chosen for its simplicity in usage. The
method assumes direct and proportional dependences of the
significance and utility degree of the available alternatives
under the presence of mutually conflicting criteria. It takes into
account the performance of the alternatives with respect to
different criteria and the corresponding criteria weights. This
method selects the best decision considering both the ideal and
the ideal-worst solutions. The details of this method have been
presented in the previous section. The first step is to determine
the associated weightage for each performance criteria. This is
depicted in Table 9. Once the weightages have been assigned to
the respective indicators, the decision matrix, as shown in Table
10 is normalized using Eq. (7) and the corresponding weighted
normalized decision matrix is developed, as given in Table 11.

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The purpose of normalization is to obtain dimensionless values
of different performance indicators so that all these criteria can
be compared. This is followed by the computing the sums of the
weighted normalized values for both the beneficial attributes
and non-beneficial attributes as given in Table 12. In this case
the only non-beneficial attribute is the ratio indicator where a
lower value is preferred. Then, applying Eq. (14) the relative
significance or priority value (Qi) for each tube concept is
determined, as shown in Table 13. Table 13 also exhibits the
value of quantitative utility (Ui) for each tube concept on the
basis of which the complete ranking of the tube concept is
obtained. The candidate tube for designing an efficient energy
absorber is hexagonal with a perimeter of 300 mm, followed by
hexagonal with a perimeter of 372 mm. The worst concept is
the square profile. Hence, it is the hexagonal tube with a
perimeter of 300 mm that was chosen for the next phase of
study which is to investigate the effects of thickness and foam
filling in the enhancement of energy absorption.
Table 9: Weightage setting for each performance indicator
Table 10: Data of performance indicators in a decision matrix
Table 11: Weighted normalized decision matrix
Table 12: Sums of the weighted normalized values
Specimens
Beneficial
Si+
Non-
Beneficial
Si-
C_300 0.079 0.018
C_372 0.059 0.015
R_300 0.059 0.014
R_372 0.049 0.016
S_300 0.064 0.021
S_372 0.054 0.022
H_300 0.083 0.016
H_372 0.065 0.019
O_300 0.079 0.019
O_372 0.067 0.016
E_300 0.075 0.012
E_372 0.063 0.013
∑ 0.8000 0.2000

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Table 13: Qi and Ui values
Specimens Q U Rank
CIR_300 0.094 94.1 3
CIR_372 0.077 76.7 10
Rec_300 0.079 78.5 8
Rec_372 0.066 65.7 12
Sq_300 0.0776 77.1 9
Sq_372 0.066 66.1 11
Hex_300 0.1 100 1
Hex_372 0.079 79 7
Oct_300 0.093 93 4
Oct_372 0.084 84 5
ELL_300 0.098 97 2
ELL_372 0.084 83.3 6
4.4 Effect on Foam On Energy Absorption
In this phase of study, the selected tube from phase 1, namely
the hexagonal tube with a perimeter of 300 mm was further
investigated in terms of tube wall thickness and foam filling.
The wall thickness selected were 1mm, 2mm and 3 mm
respectively. Table 14 shows that the using of foam enhances
both energy absorption and CFE, increases energy from 14.5 KJ
to 60.2 KJ for the same deformation length.
Table 14: Effect of using foam and trigger on the magnesium
tube subjected to axial loading
profile hexagonal With foam With trigger
Energy
absorption
14.5 KJ 60.2 KJ 13.85 KJ
CFE 41% 52 % 44.7 %
4.5 Effect on Trigger Mechanism
Circular, square and elliptical were used in this study. Circular
trigger shown the best values. It was shown that the distribution
of holes in non-neighbors side is the best choice. These six
holes distributed on three sides as two holes in each side. Three
reduction percentage also used 5, 10, 15% the 10% reduction
shows the best selection. Different trigger position used, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mm of the edge used, the 50mm of trigger
location reveals the best selection.as shown in table 14 the
trigger increase the CFE by 9% . Using trigger decreases the
peak load by 12.5% which decreases the force transmitted to the
passengers.
CONCLUSIONS
A numerical investigation of both the axial and oblique crush
response of thin walled has been done. Ductile metallic
Magnesium alloy (AZ31) of various cross sectional profiles was
performed. The investigation was broken up into three phases:
(1) the investigation of individual cross sectional profile and the
selection of the best profile, (2) the investigation of tube foam
filling on the crush response on the chosen profile and finally
(3) the effect of trigger mechanism onto the selected profile
design. All simulations were dynamic with an impact speed of
15 m/s and impact mass of 275 kg. Oblique loading was
simulated at a 30deg angle to the tube’s axial direction. It was
found that the hexagonal profile was a better concept for energy
absorption application taking into accounts the crash
performance indicators as well as the cost and manufacturing
feasibility. The 2 mm thickness hexagonal tube had energy
absorption of 14.5 kJ and a CFE of 0.41 for direct loading and
9.8 kJ and CFE of 0.68 for oblique loading respectively. When
foam filling was added, the crash performance indicators
improved. For direct and oblique loading, the 2 mm thickness
hexagonal tube had energy absorption of 60.2 kJ and a CFE of
0.52for direct and 29.5 KJ and 0.86 for oblique loading. This is
a mark improvement for the oblique impact crush performance.
Finally, the trigger mechanism in form of a hole induced in the
tube, helped to lower the peak force and improve the crash
force efficiency from 0.41to 0.447 and reduces the peak force
from 177KN to 155 KN in direct loading. This is partly due to
the more effective progressive crushing that was introduced by
the trigger mechanism. In conclusion, it can be said that the
hexagonal tube of wall thickness 2 mm and with aluminum
foam filling and a trigger mechanism has shown to be a good
potential energy absorber candidate for crashworthiness
application in helping mitigating serious injuries to the occupant
of the vehicle.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
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BIOGRAPHIES
Samer F. was born in Iraq He obtained
his Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering
and Masters in Engineering from IRAQ.
He is currently pursuing his PhD at
UNITEN in the field of applied
mechanics.
F. Tarlochan was born in Malaysia. He
obtained his Bachelors in Mechanical
Engineering and Masters in Biomedical
Engineering from Purdue University,
USA. His PhD was from Universiti Putra
Malaysia. He is currently an Associate
Professor at UNITEN and heads the
Center for Innovation and Design. Email:
faristarlochan@gmail.com

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