Design modelling and Simulation of DSTATCOM for distribution lines for power quality improvement

Journal of Electrical Engineering
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Design, Modeling & Simulation of DSTATCOM for Distribution Lines for Power
Quality Improvement
B.V.Rajanna1
, Rami Reddy CH2
, Dr.K.Harinadha Reddy3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, K.L. University, Guntur, A.P, India
1
bv.rajanna@gmail.com, 2
crreddy229@gmail.com, 3
kadapa.hari@gmail.com
Abstract- A Power quality problem is an occurrence
manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency
that results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user
equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer
from various types of outages and service interruptions
which can cost significant financial losses. With the
restructuring of power systems and with shifting trend
towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of
power quality is going to take newer dimensions. In
developing countries like India, where the variation of
power frequency and many such other determinants of
power quality are themselves a serious question, it is very
vital to take positive steps in this direction .This paper
presents a study on the modeling of a STATCOM (Static
Synchronous Compensator) used for reactive power
compensation on a distribution network. This paper deals
with the simulation of distribution static synchronous
compensator (DSTATCOM) for improving power quality of
a distribution system feeding linear as well as non-linear
loads. Nowadays, there are an increasing number of non-
linear loads which inject harmonics into the system. A
three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor- (IGBT-)
based current controlled voltage source inverter with a DC
bus capacitor known as a DSTATCOM is used for power
factor correction, harmonic compensation and for providing
required reactive power to the load. A model of
DSTATCOM connected to a power distribution system
feeding linear and non-linear loads (diode bridge rectifier
with R and R-C) is developed for predicting the behavior of
system under transient conditions. Simulation is carried out
in standard MATLAB environment using Simulink and
power system blockset toolboxes. Finally the performance of
DSTATCOM under various fault conditions is investigated.
Keywords- D-STATCOM, Voltage Sags, Voltage Source
Converter (VSC).
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most common power quality problems
today is voltage dips. A voltage dip is a short time (10 ms to
1 minute) event during which a reduction in r.m.s voltage
magnitude occurs [1-2]. It is often set only by two
parameters, depth/magnitude and duration. The voltage dip
magnitude is ranged from 10% to 90% of nominal voltage
(which corresponds to 90% to 10% remaining voltage) and
with a duration from half a cycle to 1 min. In a three-phase
system a voltage dip is by nature a three-phase
phenomenon, which affects both the phase-to-ground and
phase-to-phase voltages [3]. A voltage dip is caused by a
fault in the utility system, a fault within the customer’s
facility or a large increase of the load current, like starting a
motor or transformer energizing [4]. Typical faults are
single-phase or multiple-phase short circuits, which leads to
high currents. The high current results in a voltage drop over
the network impedance. At the fault location the voltage in
the faulted phases drops close to zero, whereas in the non-
faulted phases it remains more or less unchanged.
Voltage dips are one of the most occurring power
quality problems [5-10]. Off course, for an industry an
outage is worse, than a voltage dip, but voltage dips occur
more often and cause severe problems and economical
losses. Utilities often focus on disturbances from end-user
equipment as the main power quality problems [11]. This is
correct for many disturbances, flicker, harmonics, etc., but
voltage dips mainly have their origin in the higher voltage
levels. Faults due to lightning, is one of the most common
causes to voltage dips on overhead lines [12]. If the
economical losses due to voltage dips are significant,
mitigation actions can be profitable for the customer and
even in some cases for the utility. Since there is no standard
solution which will work for every site, each mitigation
action must be carefully planned and evaluated. There are
different ways to mitigate voltage dips, swell and
interruptions in transmission and distribution systems [13].
At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which
capitalize on newly available power electronics components,
are emerging for custom power applications [3, 4, 14].
Among these, the distribution static compensator and the
dynamic voltage restorer are most effective devices, both of
them based on the VSC principle [15-20].
STATCOM is often used in transmission system.
When it is used in distribution system, it is called D-
STATCOM （ STATCOM in Distribution system). D-
STATCOM is a key FACTS controller and it utilizes power
electronics to solve many power quality problems [21-24]
commonly faced by distribution systems. Potential
applications of D-STATCOM include power factor
correction, voltage regulation, load balancing and harmonic
reduction. Comparing with the SVC, the D-STATCOM has
quicker response time and compact structure. It is expected
that the D-STATCOM will replace the roles of SVC in
nearly future D-STATCOM and STATCOM are different in
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both structure and function [25-28], while the choice of
control strategy is related to the main-circuit structure and
main function of compensators [3], so D-STATCOM and
STATCOM adopt different control strategy. At present, the
use of STATCOM is wide and its strategy is mature, while
the introduction of D-STATCOM is seldom reported [29].
Many control techniques are reported such as instantaneous
reactive power theory (Akagi et al., 1984), power balance
theory, etc. In this paper, an indirect current control
technique (Singh et al., 2000a,b) is employed to obtain
gating signals for the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
(IGBT) devices used in current controlled voltage source
inverter (CC-VSI) working as a DSTATCOM [30]. A
model of DSTATCOM is developed using MATLAB for
investigating the transient analysis of distribution system
under balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear three-
phase and single-phase loads (diode rectifier with R and R-
C load). Simulation results during steady-state and transient
operating conditions of the DSTATCOM are presented and
discussed to demonstrate power factor correction, harmonic
elimination and load balancing capabilities of the
DSTATCOM system [31-34].
II. DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (D-STATCOM)
2.1 Principle of DSTATCOM
A D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), which
is schematically depicted in Fig.1, consists of a two-level
Voltage Source Converter (VSC), a dc energy storage
device, a coupling transformer connected in shunt to the
distribution network through a coupling transformer. The
VSC converts the dc voltage across the storage device into a
set of three-phase ac output voltages. These voltages are in
phase and coupled with the ac system through the reactance
of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the
phase and magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages
allows effective control of active and reactive power
exchanges between the DSTATCOM and the ac system.
Such configuration allows the device to absorb or generate
controllable active and reactive power.
The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides
a multifunctional topology which can be used for up to three
quite distinct purposes:
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power;
2. Correction of power factor; and
3. Elimination of current harmonics.
Here, such device is employed to provide continuous
voltage regulation using an indirectly controlled converter.
Figure. 1: DSTATCOM
Fig. 1 the shunt injected current Ish corrects the voltage sag
by adjusting the voltage drop across the system impedance
Zth. The value of Ish can be controlled by adjusting the
output voltage of the converter. The shunt injected current
Ish can be written as,
Ish = IL – IS = IL – ( Vth – VL ) / Zth (1)
Ish /_η = IL /_- θ
The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM can be
expressed as,
Ssh = VL Ish
*
(2)
It may be mentioned that the effectiveness of the
DSTATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends on the value
of Zth or fault level of the load bus. When the shunt injected
current Ish is kept in quadrature with VL, the desired
voltage correction can be achieved without injecting any
active power into the system. On the other hand, when the
value of Ish is minimized, the same voltage correction can
be achieved with minimum apparent power injection into
the system.
2.2 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
A voltage-source converter is a power electronic
device that connected in shunt or parallel to the system. It
can generate a sinusoidal voltage with any required
magnitude, frequency and phase angle. The VSC used to
either completely replace the voltage or to inject the
‘missing voltage’. The ‘missing voltage’ is the difference
between the nominal voltage and the actual. It also converts
the DC voltage across storage devices into a set of three
phase AC output voltages [8, 9]. In addition, D-STATCOM
is also capable to generate or absorbs reactive power. If the
output voltage of the VSC is greater than AC bus terminal
voltages, D-STATCOM is said to be in capacitive mode. So,
it will compensate the reactive power through AC system
and regulates missing voltages. These voltages are in phase
and coupled with the AC system through the reactance of
coupling transformers. Suitable adjustment of the phase and
magnitude of the DSTATCOM output voltages allows
effectives control of active and reactive power exchanges
between D-STATCOM and AC system. In addition, the
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converter is normally based on some kind of energy storage,
which will supply the converter with a DC voltage [10].
2.3 Controller for DSTATCOM
The three-phase reference source currents are computed
using three-phase AC voltages (vta, vtb and vtc) and DC bus
voltage (Vdc) of DSTATCOM. These reference supply
currents consist of two components, one in-phase (Ispdr) and
another in quadrature (Ispqr) with the supply voltages. The
control scheme is represented in Fig. 2. The basic equations
of control algorithm of DSTATCOM are as follows.
2.3.1 Computation of in-phase components of
reference supply current
The instantaneous values of in-phase component of
reference supply currents (Ispdr) is computed using one PI
controller over the average value of DC bus voltage of the
DSTATCOM (vdc) and reference DC voltage (vdcr) as
( ) = ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ( )
(3) where Vde(n) = Vdcc-Vdcn) denotes the error in Vdcc and
average value of Vdc Kpd and Kid are proportional and
integral gains of the DC bus voltage PI controller. The
output of this PI controller (Ispdr) is taken as amplitude of in-
phase component of the reference supply currents. Three-
phase in-phase components of the reference supply currents
(isadr, isbdr and iscdr) are computed using the in-phase unit
current vectors (ua, ub and uc) derived from the AC terminal
voltages (vtan, vtbn and vtcn), respectively.
= , = , = ⁄⁄⁄ (4)
where Vtm is amplitude of the supply voltage and it is
computed as
= (2 3⁄ )( + + )! ⁄
The instantaneous values of in-phase component of
reference supply currents (isadr, isbdr and iscdr) are computed as
"# = # , "# = # , "# = #
2.3.1 Computation of quadrature components of
reference supply current
The amplitude of quadrature component of reference supply
currents is computed using a second PI controller over the
amplitude of supply voltage (vtm) and its reference value
(vtmr)
$ ( ) = $ ( ) + $ # ( ) − # ( ) + $ # ( )
(5)
whereVac= Vtmc-Vmc(n) denotes the error in Vtmc and
computed value Vtmn from Equation (3) and Kpqand Kiq
are the proportional and integral gains of the second PI
controller.
% = &− + ' (3) ⁄
⁄
% = (3) ⁄
+ − 2(3) ⁄
(
% = − (3) ⁄
+ − 2(3) ⁄
( (6)
Three-phase quadrature components of the reference supply
currents (isaqr, isbqr and iscqr) are computed using the output of
second PI controller (Ispqr) and quadrature unit current
vectors (wa, wb and wc ) as
"# $ = # $ , "# $ = # $ , "# $ = # $
Figure. 2: Control method for DSTATCOM
2.3 Computation of total reference supply currents
Three-phase instantaneous reference supply currents (isar, isbr
and iscr) are computed by adding in-phase (isadr, isbdr and iscdr)
and quadrature components of supply currents (isaqr, isbqr and
iscqr) as
"# = " + " $ , "# = " + " $ , "# = " + " $
A hysteresis pulse width modulated (PWM) current
controller is employed over the reference (isar, isbr and iscr)
and sensed supply currents (isa, isb and isc) to generate gating
pulses for IGBTs of DSTATCOM.
2.4 Design of Single H-Bridge Cell
1. Device Current
The IGBT and DIODE currents can be obtained
from the load current by multiplying with the corresponding
duty cycles. Duty cycle, d = ½(1+Kmsinωt), Where, m =
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modulation index K = +1 for IGBT, -1 for Diode. For a load
current given by
Iph = √2 I sin (wt – ф) (7)
Then the device current can be written as follows.
∴ " * =
√
sin(/0 − ∅)2 (1 + 45 sin /0) (8)
The average value of the device current over a cycle is
calculated as
" *6 =
1
27
8
√2
2
sin(/0 − ∅)2 (1 + 45 sin /0) 9/0
:;<
<
=√2 =
:
+
>
6
cos AB (9)
The device RMS current can be written as
" #
= C 8
1
27
(√2 sin( /0 − ∅)) 2
1
2
2 ((1 + 45 sin /0) 9/0)
:;<
<
= √2 D6
+
>
E:
cos A (10)
B IGBT Loss Calculation
IGBT loss can be calculated by the sum of switching loss
and conduction loss. The conduction loss can be calculated
by,
Pon (IGBT) = Vceo * Iavg (igbt) + I2
rms (igbt) * rceo (11)
*6 ( 6 ) = √2 =
:
+
6
FGHAB (12)
# ( 6 ) = √2 D=6
+
E:
FGHAB (13)
Values of Vceo and rceo at any junction temperature can be
obtained from the output characteristics (Ic vs. Vce) of the
IGBT as shown in Fig .3.
Figure. 3: IGBT output characteristics
The switching losses are the sum of all turn-on and turn-off
energies at the switching events
Esw = Eon + Eoff = a + bI + cI2
(14)
Assuming the linear dependence, switching energy
Esw = (a + bI + cI2
) *
IJK
ILMN
(15)
Here VDC is the actual DC-Link voltage and Vnom is the DC-
Link Voltage at which Esw is given. Switching losses are
calculated by summing up the switching energies.
O#P =
QR
Σ T#P(") (16)
Here ‘n’ depends on the switching frequency.
Psw =
QR
Σ (U + V + F ) =
QR
= +
W
:
+
WX
Y
B (17)
After considering the DC-Link voltage variations, switching
losses of the IGBT can be written as follows.
Psw (IGBT) = fsw = +
W
:
+
WX
Y
B ∗
IJK
ILM[
(18)
So, the sum of conduction and switching losses is the total
losses given by
PT (IGBT) = Pon (IGBT) + Psw (IGBT) (19)
Vceo
rceo
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C Diode Loss Calculation
The DIODE switching losses consist of its reverse recovery
losses; the turn-on losses are negligible.
Erec = a + bI + cI2
(20)
Psw (DIODE) = fsw = +
W
:
+
WX
Y
B ∗
IJK
ILM[
(21)
So, the sum of conduction and switching losses gives the
total DIODE looses.
PT (DIODE) = Pon (DIODE) + Psw (DIODE) (22)
The total loss per one switch (IGBT+DIODE) is the sum of
one IGBT and DIODE loss.
PT = PT (IGBT) + Psw (DIODE) (23)
D. Thermal Calculations
The junction temperatures of the IGBT and DIODE are
calculated based on the device power losses and thermal
resistances. The thermal resistance equivalent circuit for a
module is shown in Fig 4. In this design the thermal
calculations are started with heat sink temperature as the
reference temperature. So, the case temperature from the
model can be written as follows.
Tc = PT Rth (c-h) + Th (24)
Here Rth(c-h) = Thermal resistance between case and heat
sink
PT = Total Power Loss (IGBT + DIODE) (25)
IGBT junction temperature is the sum of the case
temperature and temperature raise due to the power losses in
the IGBT.
Tj (IGBT) = PT (IGBT) Rth (j-c) IGBT + Tc (26)
The DIODE junction temperature is the sum of the case
temperature and temperature raise due to the power losses in
the DIODE.
Tj (DIODE) = PT (DIODE) Rth (j-c) DIODE + Tc (27)
The above calculations are done based on the average power
losses computed over a cycle. So, the corresponding thermal
calculation gives the average junction temperature. In order
to make the calculated values close to the actual values,
transient temperature values are to be added to the average
junction temperatures.
Figure. 4: Thermal resistance equivalent circuit
E. DC-Capacitor Selection
The required capacitance for each cell depends
on the allowable ripple voltage and the load current. The
rms ripple current flowing into the capacitor can be written
as follows and the ripple current frequency is double the
load current frequency.
Figure. 5 H-Bridge converter
IGBT DIODE
Case
Heat-Sink
Ambient
Rth(j-c)IGBT
C
J
a
Rth(j-c)DIODE
Rth(c-h)
Rth(h-a)
h
PT
PT(DIODE)
PT(IGBT)
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= −
I]
(|_ | ∗ 4 + /`) sin(2/0) (28)
Since the value of ‘L’ is very small, the above equation can
be simplified to
= −
I]
(|_ | ∗ 4) sin(2/0) (29)
= −4
|ab]|
I]
∗ sin(2/0) = −4 sin(2/0) (30)
Here ‘m’ is the modulation index and
= c
dee
; √2= C2w*ΔV Vdc
III. MATAB/SIMULINK MODELING OF DSTATCOM
3.1 Modeling of Power Circuit
Figure. 6: Matlab/Simulink model of DSTATCOM Power
Circuit
Fig. 6 shows the complete MATLAB model of
DSTATCOM along with control circuit. The power circuit
as well as control system are modelled using Power System
Blockset and Simulink. The grid source is represented by
three-phase AC source. Three-phase AC loads are
connected at the load end. DSTATCOM is connected in
shunt and it consists of PWM voltage source inverter circuit
and a DC capacitor connected at its DC bus. An IGBT-
based PWM inverter is implemented using Universal bridge
block from Power Electronics subset of PSB. Snubber
circuits are connected in parallel with each IGBT for
protection. Simulation of DSTATCOM system is carried out
for linear and non-linear loads. The linear load on the
system is modelled using the block three-phase parallel R-L
load connected in delta configuration. The non-linear load
on the system is modelled using R and R-C circuits
connected at output of the diode rectifier. Provision is made
to connect loads in parallel so that the effect of sudden load
addition and removal is studied. The feeder connected from
the three-phase source to load is modelled using appropriate
values of resistive and inductive components.
3.1 Modeling of Control Circuit
Figure below shows the control algorithm of
DSTATCOM with two PI controllers. One PI controller
regulates the DC link voltage while the second PI controller
regulates the terminal voltage at PCC. The in-phase
components of DSTATCOM reference currents are
responsible for power factor correction of load and the
quadrature components of supply reference currents are to
regulate the AC system voltage at PCC.
The output of PI controller over the DC bus voltage (Ispdr) is
considered as the amplitude of the in-phase component of
supply reference currents and the output of PI controller
over AC terminal voltage (Ispqr) is considered as the
amplitude of the quadrature component of supply reference
currents. The instantaneous reference currents (isar, isbr and
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iscr) are obtained by adding the in-phase supply reference
currents (isadr, isbdr and iscdr) and quadrature supply reference
currents (isaqr, isbqr and iscqr). Once the reference supply
currents are generated, a carrierless hysteresis PWM
controller is employed over the sensed supply currents (isa,
isb and isc) and instantaneous reference currents (isar, isbr and
iscr) to generate gating pulses to the IGBTs of DSTATCOM.
The controller controls the DSTATCOM currents to
maintain supply currents in a band around the desired
reference current values. The hysteresis controller generates
appropriate switching pulses for six IGBTs of the VSI
working as DSTATCOM.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
Here Simulation results are presented for four
cases. In case one load is linear RL load, in case two non
linear R load, in case three non linear RC load, and in case
four we have considered line disturbance like single line to
ground fault (SLG), without DSTATCOM and with
DSTATCOM.
4.1 Case one
Performance of DSTATCOM connected to a weak
supply system is shown in Fig.6 for power factor correction
and load balancing. This figure shows variation of
performance variables such as supply voltages (vsa, vsb and
vsc), terminal voltages at PCC (vta, vtb and vtc), supply
currents (isa, isb and isc), load currents (ila, ilb and ilc),
DSTATCOM currents (ica, icb and icc) and DC link voltage
(Vdc) for load changes from 36 kW (three-phase) to two-
phase (24 kW) to single-phase (12 kW) to two-phase (24
kW) to three-phase (36 kW). The response shows that
DSTATCOM balances unbalanced loads either of single-
phase or two-phase type and improves the power factor of
AC source to unity under varying load. Supply currents (isa,
isb and isc), compensator currents (ica, icb and icc) and DC bus
voltage (vdc) settle to steady-state values within a cycle for
any type of change in load.
Figure. 7: Simulation results for linear RL Load
Figure. 8: Simulation results power factor for linear RL
Load
4.2 Case two
Balanced three-phase non-linear load is represented
by three-phase uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier with pure
resistive load at its DC bus. Fig. 9 shows the transient
responses of distribution system with DSTATCOM for
supply voltages (vsabc), supply currents (isabc), load currents
(ila, ilb and ilc), DSTATCOM currents (ica, icb and icc) along
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with DC link voltage (Vdc) and its reference value (Vdcr) at
rectifier nonlinear load.
Figure. 9: Simulation results Non-linear R Load
At t = 0.16 sec, the DC load resistance is changed from 15
to 10 ohm to increase the loading thereby the power
absorbed changes from 21 to 30 kW. Consequently, load,
supply and DSTATCOM currents increase to provide
demanded active and reactive power to the load. The
increased load on the rectifier reflects in the form of
undershoot in DC link voltage. At t = 0.26 sec, the load
resistance is changed back to 15ohm and an overshoot is
observed now, which settles down within a few cycles due
to action of PI controller. Results show that the supply
currents are balanced, sinusoidal and in-phase with the
supply voltages.
4.3 Case three
Fig. 10 shows, the transient waveforms of all
performance variables of distribution system with
DSTATCOM supplying R-C load at the terminal of diode
bridge rectifier. At t = 0.55 sec, DC link resistance of load is
changed from 15 to 7.5ohm . The load has increased from
20 kW to 40 kW. It is observed that the DC bus voltage of
DSTATCOM regulates itself at its reference value and thus
a self-supporting DC bus is obtained. The supply currents
are sinusoidal even though the load currents are non-linear
in nature.
Figure. 10: Simulation results Non-linear RC Load
4.4 Case four
Fig. 11 shows RMS value of line voltage. Here at
t=0.2 sec a SLG fault is created the line voltage fall from1
P.U to 0.78 P.U. Fig. 12 shows the RMS value of line
voltage with DSTATCOM. Here at t=0.2 sec a SLG fault is
created the line voltage fall from1 P.U to 0.98 P.U.
Figure. 11: PCC voltage without DSTATCOM during LG
fault
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Figure. 12: PCC voltage with DSTATCOM during LG fault
V. CONCLUSION
DSTATCOM system is an efficient mean for mitigation
of PQ disturbances introduced to the grid by DERs.
DSTATCOM compensator is a flexible device which can
operate in current control mode for compensating voltage
variation, unbalance and reactive power and in voltage
control mode as a voltage stabilizer. The latter feature
enables its application for compensation of dips coming
from the supplying network. The simulation results show
that the performance of DSTATCOM system has been
found to be satisfactory for improving the power quality at
the consumer premises. DSTATCOM control algorithm is
flexible and it has been observed to be capable of correcting
power factor to unity, eliminate harmonics in supply
currents and provide load balancing. It is also able to
regulate voltage at PCC. The control algorithm of
DSTATCOM has an inherent property to provide a self-
supporting DC bus of DSTATCOM. It has been found that
the DSTATCOM system reduces THD in the supply
currents for non-linear loads. Rectifier-based non-linear
loads generated harmonics are eliminated by DSTATCOM.
When single-phase rectifier loads are connected,
DSTATCOM currents balance these unbalanced load
currents. The simulation results show that the voltage sags
can be mitigate by inserting D-STATCOM to the
distribution system. The same analysis can be carried out for
Double Line to Ground (DLG) fault and Three Line to
Ground (TLG) fault also.
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