Designing for performance: Database Related Worst Practices

BASLE BERN BRUGG DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. GENEVA
HAMBURG COPENHAGEN LAUSANNE MUNICH STUTTGART VIENNA ZURICH
Designing for Performance:
Database Related Worst Practices
Christian Antognini
SOUG Day, 2 March 2016, Baden (CH)

@ChrisAntognini
Designing for Performance: Database Related Worst Practices2 3/2/2016
Senior principal consultant, trainer and partner
at Trivadis in Zurich (CH)
christian.antognini@trivadis.com
http://antognini.ch
Focus: get the most out of Oracle Database
Logical and physical database design
Query optimizer
Application performance management
Author of Troubleshooting Oracle Performance (Apress, 2008/14)
OakTable Network, Oracle ACE Director

Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Worst Practices
3. Core Messages

Introduction

Where Does This Information Come From?
Personal experience!
I spent most of the last 15 years troubleshooting performance problems.
Hundreds of different projects and applications
A number of industries were involved
According to my experience, most of the database design related
performance problems are caused by a limited number of issues.
In this presentation I cover the top 10
Even though some of them may seem very basic, do not underestimate the number
of systems that are now running and suffering because of them!

Why It’s Important?
Many performance problems can be
avoided with sound planning and
design.
Do the right thing!
There is a widespread lack of
knowledge in our industry!
The same mistakes are made again
and again.
“To err is human, to persist in it, is
diabolical” – Seneca

Source: @peter_berner

It’s not Premature Optimization!
“Premature optimization is the root of all evil” – Donald Knuth
The misconception based on that particular quote is that a developer, initially,
should ignore optimization altogether.
In my opinion, this interpretation is wrong!
My take:
Developers should avoid micro optimizations that have local impact.
Developers should care about optimizations that have global impact, like the design
of a system, the algorithms used to implement the required functionality, or in which
layer a specific processing should be performed.

Worst Practices

Lack of Logical Database Design
Once upon a time, it was considered obvious that one should have a data
architect involved in every development project.
Today, unfortunately, too often I see projects in which no formal database
design is done.
The database is considered a dumb device.
The logical database design depends on the target database engine.
Schema-on-write vs schema-on-read

Implementing Generic Tables
In the quest of flexibility, generic database designs are implemented.
Entity-attribute-value models
XML- and JSON-based designs
Flexibility is tied to performance!
In some situations suboptimal performance might be good enough.
In other situations it might be catastrophic.

Not Using Constraints to Enforce Data Integrity
Constraints are not only fundamental to guarantee data integrity, but they are
also extensively used by query optimizers during the generation of execution
plans.
Cons of checking the constraints at the application level:
More code being written and tested
Potential problems with data integrity
Greater consumption of resources (not always)
Leads to less scalable locking schemes (not always)

Lack of Physical Database Design
It is not uncommon to see projects where the logical design is directly
mapped to the physical design.
The physical database design depends on target database engine.
Heap tables, clustered tables, IOT
Many type of indexes exist
Data partitioning
Do not forget to define and implement a data-archiving concept.

Not Choosing the Right Data Type
In recent years, I have witnessed a disturbing trend in physical database
design: wrong datatype selection.
E.g. VARCHAR2 instead of DATE or TIMESTAMP
There are four main problems related to wrong datatype selection:
Wrong or lacking validation of data
Loss of information
Things do not work as expected
Query optimizer anomalies

Not Using Bind Variables Correctly
From a performance point of view, bind variables introduce both an
advantage and a disadvantage.
Only applies to database engines having a cursor cache.
The advantage of using bind variables is that they allow the sharing of
cursors.
The disadvantage of using bind variables in WHERE clauses, and only in
WHERE clauses, is that crucial information is sometimes hidden from the
query optimizer.
From a security point of view, bind variables prevent the risks associated with
SQL injection.

Not Using Advanced Database Features
High-end database engines provide many advanced features that can
drastically reduce development costs while boosting performance.
E.g. data-centric processing should take place as closely as possible to the data
Leverage your investment by taking advantage of those features as much as
possible.
Most of the time, database-independent applications are not required.
I would recommend to develop a database-independent application only when there
are very good reasons for doing it.
Companies are more likely to change the whole application before changing just the
database engine.

Performing Unnecessary Commits
Commits are operations that call for serialization.
Every operation that leads to serialization inhibits scalability.
Serialization is unwanted and should be minimized as much as possible.

Steadily Opening and Closing Database Connections
Opening a database connection that in turn starts an associated process or
thread on the database server is not a lightweight operation.
Do not underestimate the amount of time and resources required.
A worst-case scenario that I sometimes observe is a web application that opens and
closes a database connection for every request that involves a database access.
Using a pool of connections is of paramount importance.

Opening Too Many Database Connections
A database connection that has an associated process or thread on the
database server is not a lightweight resource.
A processor core cannot efficiently handle many concurrent processes or
threads.
Using a pool of connections of limited size is of paramount importance.

Core Messages

Let’s Face it, Information Technology Is Expensive!
Simple solutions
for simple problems,
elegant solutions
for complex problems.

One Size Fits All?
Use the right tool
for the right job.

Performance Is Not an Option
Optimal performance is not simply a product one can buy
but rather the results of an accurate planning and
a correct implementation.

Questions and Answers
Christian Antognini
Senior Principal Consultant
christian.antognini@trivadis.com
3/2/2016 Designing for Performance: Database Related Worst Practices24

Designing for performance: Database Related Worst Practices

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