The document defines the purpose of a data investigation as describing or summarizing data, determining preferences from data, comparing and contrasting different data sets, and generalizing or predicting from data. It provides examples for each purpose, such as describing data could involve questions like "How often does the average fifth grader do homework in a day?" or comparing data sets could involve questions like "What are the similarities and differences between third- and fifth-grade students’ favorite movies?". The document aims to help readers understand what a data investigation seeks to achieve through analysis.