Developing the curriculum chapter 8
- 1. CHAPTER 8: CURRICULUM GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND PRODUCTS Developing the Curriculum Eighth Edition Peter F. Oliva William R. Gordon II
- 2. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-2 AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: • Distinguish between goals and objectives. • Distinguish between aims and education and curriculum goals and objectives. • Distinguish between curriculum goals and objectives and instructional goals and objectives. • Specify and write curriculum goals. • Specify and write curriculum objectives. • Construct a curriculum guide. • Construct a resource unit. • Identify sources of curriculum materials
- 3. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-3 HIERARCHY OF OUTCOMES • In Chapter 6 the terms “aims of education,” “curriculum goals,” “curriculum objectives,” “instructional goals,” and “instructional objectives” were introduced.
- 4. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-4 PROBLEMS EXIST • Several problems can be found if we research the literature on aims, goals, and objectives. Four examples of problems are: ○ Aims of education are often equated with goals, and in a lexical sense, of course, they are the same. ○ The terms “educational goals” and “educational objectives” are used in the profession with varying meanings. ○ Goals are equated with objectives, and the terms are used synonymously. ○ Some curriculum specialists do not distinguish curriculum goals and objectives from instructional goals and objectives, or they use these two sets of terms synonymously.
- 5. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-5 PROBLEMS (CONTINUED) • In conclusion, the language of curriculum is somewhat imprecise and can lead to confusion. Curriculum specialists, unfortunately, do not agree among themselves on terminology.
- 6. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-6 DEFINING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES • Curriculum Goals: ○ A curriculum goal is a purpose or end stated in general terms without criteria of achievement. ○ Aims of education can become curriculum goals when applied to a particular school or system. ○ The distinction drawn between aims of education and curriculum goals is one of generality (or looking at it from the other end of the telescope, specificity).
- 7. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-7 DEFINING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES • Curriculum Objectives: ○ A curriculum objective is a purpose or end stated in specific, measurable terms. From curriculum goals, we derive curriculum objectives.
- 8. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-8 LOCUS OF CURRICULUM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES • Curriculum goals and objectives are regularly written at the state, school-district, and individual school level with the expectation that they will be followed within the jurisdiction of the respective level. • Curriculum goals and objectives developed at any level often cut across disciplines.
- 9. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-9 STATE CURRICULUM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES • States today, through their boards or departments of education, exert increasing leadership by promulgating statements of curriculum goals. • Reflecting changes in society; the global economy; the changing nature of the student clientele; competition public schools face from home, private, and charter schools; states shape policy to promote specific goals.
- 10. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-10 • Some states have drafted statements of curriculum goals that cut across disciplines as well as within disciplines. Others have concentrated on goals within subject fields. Still other states accept national goals essentially as written and may or may not add to those goals. EXAMPLES OF STATE CURRICULUM GOALS
- 11. Oliva/Gordon Developing the Curriculum, 8e. © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8-11 • State school systems, school districts, and individual schools engage in the task of specifying curriculum goals and objectives. Curriculum goals and objectives are derived from the developers’ philosophy and educational aims. • In the creation of curriculum materials, both the process and product are important. Examples of curriculum materials can be acquired from a number of sources. FINAL THOUGHTS