Development of the english language
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The document summarizes the evolution of the English language from its origins with the Celts and other early Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It then discusses the influences of the Vikings, Normans, and Renaissance on English. Specifically, it notes that around 900 words have Scandinavian origins and that English spelling became unreasonable after the Norman conquest and imposition of French. It also mentions Shakespeare invented around 2000 words. Finally, it provides an overview of some major British accents today such as RP, Cockney, Estuary English, and Geordie.
Development of the english language
- 3. Celts Jutes Anglos Saxons The Celts languages almost disappeared at all
- 4. The only word in Celtic language is “whiskey” the use of the auxiliaries is the result of the Celts trying to speak the Anglo-Saxon language.
- 5. Then the Vikings appeared and conquered England
- 6. There are 900 words in English that definitely have an Scandinavian origin verbs Nouns Pronoun: She, They Words with SK: skin, skate, skill, sky, skirt The S ending for 3rth person
- 7. Scandinavian words Anger fellow low trough Awkward flat neck Thursday Bag fog race tight Band gift root ugly Birth give same until Both guess seat want Bull happy sister window Cake ill simile wing Call knife take Die law Dirt leg Egg lose
- 8. NORMANS conquered England and imposed their language and culture. That’s why English spelling is unreasonable
- 9. Renaissance William Shakespeare invented 2,000 words by himself: emphasis, modest, etc.
- 11. Nowadays The British accents are: RP.(received pronunciation) Non-rhoticity, meaning the r at the ends of words isn’t pronounced (mother sounds like “muhthuh”). Trap-bath split, meaning that certain a words, like bath, can’t, and dance are pronounced with the broad-a in father. (This differs from most American accents, in which these words are pronounced with the short-a in cat. The vowels tend to be a bit more conservative than other accents in Southern England, which have undergone significant vowel shifting over the past century.
- 12. Cockney: is probably the second most famous British accent. It originated in the East End of London, but shares many features with and influences other dialects in that region. Features: Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these sounds like “trep” and “cet.” London vowel shift: The vowel sounds are shifted around so that Cockney “day” sounds is pronounced IPA dæɪ (close to American “die”) and Cockney buy verges near IPA bɒɪ (close to American “boy”). Th-Fronting: The th in words like think or this is pronounced with a more forward consonant depending on the word: thing becomes “fing,” this becomes “dis,” and mother becomes “muhvah.”
- 13. Estuary English (Southeast British) Estuary is an accent derived from London English which has achieved a status slightly similar to “General American” in the US. Features of the accent can be heard around Southeast. Geordie usually refers to both the people and dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, in Northeast England. The word may also refer to accents and dialects in Northeast England in general. I would classify this as a separate region from the rest of Northern England because it’s so radically different from the language spoken in nearby cities.