DEVELOPMENTAL READING
- 1. The ability to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes Acquiring PA is important because it is the foundation for spelling and word recognition skills. PHONEMES - small units of sound in language - represented in print using slash marks (/) phoneme for letter "m" is written /m/ The word dog is made up of three phonemes. /d /- /o /- /g /
- 2. PHONEMIC AWARENESS SKILLS Phoneme Isolation - The ability to identify where a sound appears in a word, or to identify what sound appears in a given position in a word. Phoneme Identity - requires recognizing the common sound in different words Phoneme Substitution - in which one can turn a word into another word by substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word Example: "band" replace /b/ sound with/s/ sound replace the ending /d/ sound with /k/ sound substitute the short /a/ sound with a short /e/ sound Oral Segmenting - breaking words into their corresponding phonemes - "breaking up" the word Oral Blending -require connecting series of phoneme to create a new word Sound Deletion -removing the sound to form a new word Onset-rime Manipulation -requires isolation, identification, segmentation,blendin,deletion of onsets (the single consonant that comes before the vowel and following consonants
- 5. Refers to an individual’s awareness of the phonological structure of spoken words Involves the detection and manipulation of the three level sound structures: Syllables – unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds Onsets (consonsant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable) and rime (consists of a vowel and a consonant after the onset Phonemes – small units of sounds
- 6. PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS TASK LISTENING SKILLS Alertness Discrimination Memory Sequencing Figure-ground Perception SYLLABLE- STRUCTURE AWARENESS TASKS Syllable segmentation Syllable completion Syllable identity Syllable deletion
- 7. PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS TASK ONSET-RIME AWARENESS Spoken word recognition Spoken rhyme detection Spoken rhyme generation Onset-rime blending PHONEMIC AWARENESS TASK Alliteration awareness Phoneme matching Phoneme Isolation Phoneme Completion Phoneme Blending Phoneme Deletion Phoneme Segmentation Phoneme Reversal Phoneme Manipulation Spoonerism
- 9. PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS AND READING Phononological awareness is an important predictor of success in early reading and spelling.
- 10. INTERVENTION Use of nursery rhymes, poems, and songs. Repeating and pronouncing words correctly Differentiating words that sound similar
- 11. PRINT AWARENESS Child’s earliest understanding that written laguage carries meaning GUIDELINES IN PROMOTING PRINTING AWARENESS The organization of books Read to students Use "big books" and draw attention to words and letters Label objects and centers in your classroom Encourage preschool children to play with print Help children understand the relationship between spoken and written language Reinforce the forms and functions of print Provide practice with predictable and patterned books
- 12. WORD RECOGNITION STRATEGIES WORD RECOGNITION ◦ Refers to the ability to identify, read and analyze the meaning attached to the word. SIGHT WORDS ◦ Words that reader should recognize instantly ◦ Commonly used words that young children are encourage to memorize as a whole by sight
- 13. DOLCH LIST OF BASIC SIGHT WORDS -developed by Dr. Edward William Dolch which includes 220 words that are made up of service words (pronouns, adj, adverb, prepositions, conjunctions and verbs) FRY’S INSTANT WORDS ◦ A list of the most common words by Dr. Edward B. Fry which are ranked in order frequency the I to you and it he of a in
- 14. CONTEXT CLUES ◦ “hint” words that guide readers to figure out difficult/unfamiliar word ◦ These words may appear within the same sentence, or it may follow in a preceding sentence. Examples: “Her animosity, or hatred, of her sister had divided the family. “Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is quiet and shy.
- 15. CONTEXT CLUES: SUBSTITUTION ◦ we substitute a word or phrase that makes sense in place of an unknown word. ◦ Examples: “Smoking has deleterious effects on health.” “Should a teacher intervene when children fight on the playground? STEPS IN SUBSTITUTION STRATEGY 1. Reread the sentence and subsftitute a word 2. Read on. 3. Look for synonym, definition and antonym clues.
- 16. CONTEXT CLUES: MULTIPLE MEANINGS - Words that have several meaning depending upon how they are used in a sentence - Example: My sister is great at playing the organ. The heart is a major organ in the human body.
- 17. EXAMPLES - There is an example of the word is in the sentence or nearby sentences “A beverage, such as cola, water, or tea will be served shortly. Key words: Like,such as, including, or SYNONYMS - Words with the same meaning are used in or near the sentence DEFINITIONS - The word’s meaning in the sentence is explained in the sentence “The changes in the program were significant, essential, and important.” ANTONYMS & CONTRASTS - A word or phrase that shares the opposite meaning with another word or phrase “Rather than be involved in clandestine meetings, they did everything openly.” EXPERIENCES/SENSE OF TH - Either a direct experience or one that is easily imagined the meaning is made clear - “The cacaphony of war was challenging for some of the soldiers to handle. There were Many nights when it was difficult for them to sleep”