Diff rel ind-fit practice - Copyright Updated
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The document provides explanations and examples for different types of statistical questions: - Difference questions compare two or more groups on an outcome. - Relationship questions examine if a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable. - Independence questions determine if two variables with multiple levels are independent of each other. - Goodness of fit questions assess how well a claim matches reality. Examples are given for each type of question to illustrate key concepts like comparing groups, examining associations between variables, assessing independence, and evaluating how a claim fits observed data.
Diff rel ind-fit practice - Copyright Updated
- 1. Is your question a question of: Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 2. Is your question a question of: Difference?
- 3. Difference How do two or more groups compare with one another in terms of some outcome?
- 4. Difference How do two or more groups (younger/older drivers) compare with one another in terms of some outcome (average driving speed)?
- 5. Difference How do two or more groups (younger/older drivers) compare with one another in terms of some outcome (average driving speed)? vs. average MPHolder driver younger driver in terms of
- 6. Difference How do two or more groups (those with migraines / those without migraines) compare with one another in terms of some outcome (average sugar intake)? vs. migraine no migraine average sugar intake in terms of
- 7. Difference How do two or more groups (sophomores/juniors/seniors) compare with one another in terms of some outcome (average amount of homework)? sophomore vs. average amount of homework in terms of junior senior vs.
- 8. In summary
- 9. Difference How do two or more groups compare with one another in terms of some outcome? vs. average MPHolder driver younger driver in terms of vs. migraine no migraine average sugar intake in terms of sophomore vs. average amount of homework in terms of junior senior vs.
- 10. Is your question a question of: Relationship?
- 11. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic accompanied by a change in another characteristic?
- 12. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic (age) accompanied by a change in another characteristic (flexibility)?
- 13. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic (age) accompanied by a change in another characteristic (flexibility)? Is an increase in accompanied by a decrease in
- 14. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic (height) accompanied by a change in another characteristic (weight)? Is an increase in accompanied by a increase in
- 15. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic (speed) accompanied by a change in another characteristic (road rage incidents)? Is an decrease in accompanied by a decrease in
- 16. In summary
- 17. Relationship Is a change in one characteristic accompanied by a change in another characteristic? Is an decrease in accompanied by a decrease in Is an increase in accompanied by a increase in Is an increase in accompanied by a decrease in
- 18. Is your question a question of: Independence?
- 19. Independence Is one variable with two or more levels independent of another variable with two or more levels?
- 20. Independence Is one variable (university enrollment) with two or more levels (enrolled or not enrolled) independent of another variable (state residence) with two or more levels (resident or not)?
- 21. Example 1 – Independent Independence Is one variable (university enrollment) with two or more levels (enrolled or not enrolled) independent of another variable (state residence) with two or more levels (resident or not)?
- 22. enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students Example 1 – Independent Independence Is one variable (university enrollment) with two or more levels (enrolled or not enrolled) independent of another variable (state residence) with two or more levels (resident or not)?
- 23. enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students Example 1 – Independent Enrollment and state residence are independent, because being a resident or non resident doesn’t make it more likely you are enrolled. Independence Is one variable (university enrollment) with two or more levels (enrolled or not enrolled) independent of another variable (state residence) with two or more levels (resident or not)?
- 24. enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students enrolled not enrolled resident 10 students 30 students not a resident 30 students 10 students Example 1 – Independent Enrollment and state residence are dependent, because being a non- resident makes it more likely you are enrolled. Enrollment and state residence are independent, because being a resident or non resident doesn’t make it more likely you are enrolled. Example 2 - Dependent Independence Is one variable (university enrollment) with two or more levels (enrolled or not enrolled) independent of another variable (state residence) with two or more levels (resident or not)?
- 25. Independence Is one variable (year in school) with two or more levels (9th, 10th, 11th, 12th) independent of another variable (foreign language ability) of two or more levels (fluent or not)?
- 26. Independence Is one variable (year in school) with two or more levels (9th, 10th, 11th, 12th) independent of another variable (foreign language ability) of two or more levels (fluent or not)? 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 200 300 200 250 not fluent 200 300 200 250 Example 1 – Independent
- 27. Independence Is one variable (year in school) with two or more levels (9th, 10th, 11th, 12th) independent of another variable (foreign language ability) of two or more levels (fluent or not)? 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 200 300 200 250 not fluent 200 300 200 250 Example 1 – Independent Fluency is independent of year in school because being in a lower or upper class doesn’t make it more likely that you are fluent.
- 28. Independence Is one variable (year in school) with two or more levels (9th, 10th, 11th, 12th) independent of another variable (foreign language ability) of two or more levels (fluent or not)? 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 200 300 200 250 not fluent 200 300 200 250 Example 1 – Independent Fluency is independent of year in school because being in a lower or upper class doesn’t make it more likely that you are fluent. 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 100 100 200 400 not fluent 300 400 100 100 Example 2 – Independent
- 29. Independence Is one variable (year in school) with two or more levels (9th, 10th, 11th, 12th) independent of another variable (foreign language ability) of two or more levels (fluent or not)? 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 200 300 200 250 not fluent 200 300 200 250 Example 1 – Independent Fluency is independent of year in school because being in a lower or upper class doesn’t make it more likely that you are fluent. 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 100 100 200 400 not fluent 300 400 100 100 Example 2 – Independent Fluency is dependent on year in school because being in an upper class makes it more likely that you are fluent.
- 30. In summary
- 31. Independence Is one variable with two or more levels independent of another variable with two or more levels?
- 32. Independence Is one variable with two or more levels independent of another variable with two or more levels? enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students Is university enrollment independent of state residency?
- 33. Independence Is one variable with two or more levels independent of another variable with two or more levels? 9th 10th 11th 12th fluent 200 300 200 250 not fluent 200 300 200 250 enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students Is university enrollment independent of state residency? Is year in school independent foreign language fluency?
- 34. Is your question a question of: Goodness of Fit?
- 35. Goodness of Fit Does your claim fit reality? (4 out of 5 dentist recommend flavored floss) (3 out of 5 of your dentist friends recommend flavored floss)
- 36. Goodness of Fit Does your claim (4 out of 5 dentist recommend flavored floss) fit reality (3 out of 5 of your dentist friends recommend flavored floss)?
- 37. Goodness of Fit Does your claim (4 out of 5 dentist recommend flavored floss) fit reality (3 out of 5 of your dentist friends recommend flavored floss)? Does the CLAIM . . . FIT REALITY? 4 out of 5 recommend 3 out of 5 recommend
- 38. Goodness of Fit Does your claim (72% of the county will vote democrat) fit reality (65% of the county actually voted democrat)? Does the CLAIM . . . FIT REALITY? 65% 72% 18%35%
- 39. In summary
- 40. Goodness of Fit Does your claim fit reality? (4 out of 5 dentist recommend flavored floss) (3 out of 5 of your dentist friends recommend flavored floss)
- 41. Goodness of Fit Does your claim fit reality? (4 out of 5 dentist recommend flavored floss) (3 out of 5 of your dentist friends recommend flavored floss) 4 out of 5 recommend 3 out of 5 recommend 65% 72% 18%35% The Claim The Reality The Claim The Reality
- 42. Final Summary
- 43. Final Summary Difference – (average) between groups. vs. Relationship – increase or decrease in two variables Independence – two+ levels by two+ levels. Does the CLAIM . . . FIT REALITY? Goodness of Fit – claim versus reality enrolled not enrolled resident 20 students 20 students not a resident 20 students 20 students
- 44. Let’s Practice!
- 45. Does employee moral increase significantly the longer employees work at Company X? You sample a group of 45 and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 46. Does employee moral increase significantly the longer employees work at Company X? You sample a group of 45 and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 47. Does employee moral increase significantly the longer employees work at Company X? You sample a group of 45 and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 48. Does employee moral increase significantly the longer employees work at Company X? You sample a group of 45 and generalize the results. Is a change in one characteristic (moral) accompanied by a change in another characteristic (time worked)? Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 49. Next Example
- 50. How do management and staff compare in terms of average work satisfaction? You sample both groups and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 51. How do management and staff compare in terms of average work satisfaction? You sample both groups and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 52. How do management and staff compare in terms of average work satisfaction? You sample both groups and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 53. How do management and staff compare in terms of average work satisfaction? You sample both groups and generalize the results. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit? How do two or more groups (management/staff) compare with one another in terms of some outcome (average work satisfaction)?
- 54. Next Example
- 55. A salesman claims that 95% of employees increase their work productivity using his software. You test that claim with a sample of 26 employees and find that 86% increase their productivity. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 56. A salesman claims that 95% of employees increase their work productivity using his software. You test that claim with a sample of 26 employees and find that 86% increase their productivity. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 57. A salesman claims that 95% of employees increase their work productivity using his software. You test that claim with a sample of 26 employees and find that 86% increase their productivity. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 58. A salesman claims that 95% of employees increase their work productivity using his software. You test that claim with a sample of 26 employees and find that 86% increase their productivity. Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit? Does your claim (95% increase work productivity) fit reality (86% increase work productivity)?
- 59. Is religious affiliation independent of age levels (young, prime, mature, and seasoned)? Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 60. Is religious affiliation independent of age levels (young, prime, mature, and seasoned)? Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 61. Is religious affiliation independent of age levels (young, prime, mature, and seasoned)? Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit?
- 62. Is religious affiliation independent of age levels (young, prime, mature, and seasoned)? Difference? Relationship? Independence? Goodness of Fit? Is one variable with two or more levels (religious affiliation) independent of another variable with two or more levels (age levels)?
- 63. Important Note
- 64. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential.
- 65. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit
- 66. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit
- 67. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit
- 68. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit
- 69. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 70. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 71. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 72. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 73. Of the 24 statistical methods you will learn in this course, 6 are descriptive and 18 are inferential. Those 18 under inferential break down further as follows: Mean Median Mode Range Stdev IQR Single t Ind t Paired t ANOVA ANCOVA F-ANOV RM Split Pearson Partial Point-B Phi Spearmn Kendall S-Linear M-Linear Chi-Ind Chi-Fit Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?
- 74. Is your question a question of: Difference? Relationship? Goodness of Fit?Independence?