Digestive system.pptx
- 1. MOHAMMAD ARMAN Department of Pharmacy (IIUC) The Human Digestive System
- 3. Digestive System • The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids.
- 4. Function of Digestive System
- 5. Peritoneum What is the peritoneum? Peritoneum is a membrane, a sheet of smooth tissue that lines abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds in abdominal organs. It pads and insulates organs, helps hold them in place and secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction when they rub against each other.
- 6. Abdomen • The abdomen contains all the digestive organs, including the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. These organs are held together loosely by connecting tissues (mesentery) that allow them to expand and to slide against each other. The abdomen also contains the kidneys and spleen.
- 7. Quadrants and region The Four Abdominal Quadrants The four quadrants are easy to remember because they consist of a left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ), right upper quadrant (RUQ), and right lower quadrant (RLQ). 1. Major Organs in the Four Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, and the right adrenal gland. 2. Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and the left adrenal gland. 3. Right Lower Quadrant: appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter. 4. Left Lower Quadrant: left ureter, reproductive organs.
- 8. Alimentary digestive organs The organs that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces. These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The alimentary tract is part of the digestive system. Also called digestive tract and gastrointestinal tract.
- 9. Oral Cavity (OR-ul KA-vih-tee) Refers to the mouth. The oral cavity includes the lips, hard palate (the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth), soft palate (the muscular back portion of the roof of the mouth), retromolar trigone (the area behind the wisdom teeth), front two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva (gums), buccal mucosa (the inner lining of the lips and cheeks), and floor of the mouth under the tongue. The oral cavity can be divided into two parts: (1) The oral vestibule, which is the space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth and (2) The oral cavity proper, the region medial to the teeth.
- 10. Pharynx (FAYR-inx) The hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). The pharynx is about 5 inches long, depending on body size. Also called throat. The pharynx has several important jobs. It: 1. Carries air to the respiratory system. 2. Delivers food and liquid to the digestive system. 3. Pushes food into the esophagus so it’s not breathed in. 4. Equalizes pressure in the ears and drains fluid from the ears.
- 11. Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is a bundle of muscles at the top of the esophagus. The muscles of the UES are under conscious control, used when breathing, eating, belching, and vomiting. They keep food and secretions from going down the windpipe. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach. The LES muscles are not under voluntary control.
- 12. Stomach The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food. It produces enzymes (substances that create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices). This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine. Your stomach is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is a long tube that starts at your mouth. It runs to your anus, where stool (poop) leaves your body. The GI tract is a key part of your
- 13. Location and parts of stomach • Stomach sits in upper abdomen on the left side of the body. The top of stomach connects to a valve called the esophageal sphincter (a muscle at the end of esophagus). The bottom of your stomach connects to your small intestine. • The stomach is an organ of the digestive system, specialized in the accumulation and digestion of food. Its anatomy is quite complex; it consists of four parts, two curvatures and receives its blood supply mainly from the celiac trunk. Innervation is provided via the vagus nerves and the celiac plexus
- 14. Composition of Gastric Juice
- 15. Small Intestine The small intestine is actually the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract — the long, continuous pathway that food travels through your digestive system. In the small intestine, food is broken down into liquid and most of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste is passed on to the large intestine. It is a massive organ that has an average length of 3 to 5 meters. It divides into the 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum, and 3. Ileum.
- 16. Continue… 1. Duodenum: It is the shortest section, on average measuring from 20 cm to 25 cm in length. The duodenum surrounds the pancreas, in the shape of a "C" and receives chyme from the stomach, pancreatic enzymes, and bile from the liver; this is the only part of the small intestines where Brunner's glands are present on histology. 2. Jejunum: It is roughly 2.5 meters in length, contains plicae circulares (muscular flaps), and villi to absorb the products of digestion. 3. Ileum: It is the final portion of the small intestine, measuring around 3 meters, and ends at the cecum. It absorbs any final nutrients, with major absorptive products being vitamin B12 and bile acids.
- 17. Large intestine The large intestine includes the colon, rectum and anus. It’s all one, long tube that continues from the small intestine as food nears the end of its journey through your digestive system. The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the body when you poop. The large intestine has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Partly digested food moves through the cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed.
- 18. Villi in the small intestine Intestinal villi are tiny, finger-like projections made up of cells that line the entire length of your small intestine. Villi absorb nutrients from the food you eat and then shuttle them into your bloodstream so they can travel where they're needed. Villi can be damaged because of digestive health conditions. Intestinal villi dysfunction, or villous atrophy, also can be caused by other health conditions such as HIV infection as well as medication.
- 19. Differences between SIT and LIT
- 20. Accessory digestive organs • The accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive system functions to provide mechanical processing, digestion, absorption of food, secretion of water, acids, enzymes, buffer, salt, and excretion of waste products.
- 21. Salivary gland • The salivary glands are organs on each side of the face. They make saliva (spit), the lubricating fluid found in the mouth and throat. Saliva has enzymes that begin the process of digesting (breaking down) food. It also has antibodies and other substances that help prevent infections of the mouth and throat. • Your salivary glands produce saliva, which aids the digestion process. When you eat, the food leaves your mouth and travels down your throat, through your esophagus and eventually makes its way to your stomach. Saliva makes this entire process possible.
- 23. Liver • The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines. • Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark reddish- brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds. • The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile. There are 2 distinct sources that supply blood to the liver, including the following: 1. Oxygenated blood flows in from the hepatic artery 2. Nutrient-rich blood flows in from the hepatic portal vein
- 24. Gall bladder • The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. Bile is the fluid your liver produces that helps digest fats in the food you eat. • Before you start eating, your gallbladder is full of bile. When you start eating, your gallbladder receives signals to contract and squeeze the stored bile through the biliary tract. The bile eventually finds its way to your largest bile duct, the common bile duct. Bile passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of your small intestine, where it mixes with food waiting to be digested. After you eat, your gallbladder is empty and resembles a deflated balloon, waiting to be filled up again.
- 25. Composition of bile Juice
- 26. Pancreas • The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: 1. Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion. 2. Endocrine function: Sends out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. Pancreas releases the following enzymes: 1. Lipase: Works with bile (a fluid produced by the liver) to break down fats. 2. Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates for energy. 3. Protease: Breaks down proteins.
- 27. Composition of Pancreatic Juice