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Digital twins as key enabler for innovation in IoT systems

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Daniel Lehner

Guest lecture given at McMaster University in Hamilton/Canad on March 13th, 2025.

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Daniel Lehner@ Digital twins as key enabler for innovation in IoT systems and how scientists can help
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Daniel Lehner 5+ years efficiently use AI in industry through digital twins ◦ Articles with > 150.000 readers ◦ Engineering Digital Twins Community Vendor-neutral training and consulting Research 2 Dr. Daniel Lehner daniel.lehner@twin-tech.at
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner IoT and AI as boosters for digitalization 3 Quantified Me Smart Farming Industry 4.0 Picture sources:https://www.mikkoikola.com/blog/2014/7/5/quantified-self-and-biohacking https://woboton.com/5-key-benefits-of-industry-40-for-factories/ https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/smart-farming-precision-agriculture https://vcloudtech.com/solutions/digital-enterprise
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Business Model of Digitalization https://www.zeit.de/digital/2024-02/klimawandel-co2-sparen-digitalisierung-bitkom-studie 4 -50 tons CO2 until 2030 „We“ Market volume time competitors New markets
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Business Model of Digitalization 5 Picture sources: https://madewithbluemchen.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Fragezeichen-17.png; https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/smart-farming-precision-agriculture geralt from pixabay.com, MR-Panda from pixabay.com „We“ competition time innovation -50 tons CO2 until 2030 Market volume New markets
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner A bit more bluntly… 6 Quality Cost Speed Quality is not enough any more! ???
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 7 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? 8 Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; smart-home-house-technology-2769239/ from geralt on pixabay.com Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner #1 Challenge of Digitalization 9 Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel „How do we use existing resources most efficiently?
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digitaler Zwilling as Solution 10 Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Digital Twins to reduce manual effort!
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Agenda 11 Part 1: Artificial Intelligence Part 3: Digital Twins Part 2: Challenges in Practice
Part 1: Overview AI Applications in IoT
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 13 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner ChatGPT 14 Large Language Model (LLM) Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) Underlying AI concept + information retrieval Underlying technology https://chatgpt.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Working with ChatGPT 15 from openai import OpenAI client = OpenAI() completion = client.chat.completions.create( model="gpt-4o", message=„Bitte erkläre mir ChatGPT in 500 Zeichen." ) print(completion.choices[0].message) https://chatgpt.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example: Analysis of Live Data 16 https://chatgpt.com/; https://sap.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 17 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 18 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning ? ? ? ? ?
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Machine Learning (ML) 19 A B C D E … … … … y … … … … n … … … … y Supervised ML Large amount of data A B C D E … … … … ? … … … … ? … … … … ? A B C D E … … … … ? classified data unclassified data Unsupervised ML Nearest known data point? „new“ data Which category?
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 1: Anomaly Detection https://towardsdatascience.com/the-basics-of-anomaly-detection-65aff59949b7 20 Supervised Unsupervised Everything „out of the norm“ is considered an anomaly + can be done „live“ - High error rate Dedicated category for „Anomaly“ + human judgement - Requires existing anomaly data - Unknown scenarios? expected Anomaly expected Anomaly
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 2: Predictive Maintenance https://towardsdatascience.com/the-basics-of-anomaly-detection-65aff59949b7 21 Supervised Learning Live Data Action Anomaly Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Which (counter-)action should be performed? Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Action 4 plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 22 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 3: Live Planning Eisenberg, M., Lehner, D., Sindelar, R., & Wimmer, M. (2022, October). Towards reactive planning with digital twins and model-driven optimization. In International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (pp. 54-70). Springer Nature. 23 Planner Anomaly Detection anomaly Live data New plan orders Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://sap.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Genetic Algorithms - Overview 24 Too large for search Searchable Problem „What is an optimal plan?“ Answer Optimal plan Challenge All Solutions „Interesting“ Solutions Solution: Genetic Algorithm
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Live planning with genetic algorithms 25 Individual = Plan - properties = actions to be executed - Fitness = required time to reach goal Generation - Number of potential plans Result: Plan with min time in last generation … Step 1: calculate „fittest“ Individuals Step 2: Generate next Generation - Combination of fittest individuals Step 3: Repeat until stop criteria met
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 26 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
Part 2: Practical Challenges
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data Sources Value Adding Services Where are we currently? 28 Different • Communication protocols • Exchange formats • Data structures Instance-based Communication plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data Sources Value Adding Services Where are we currently? 29 Different • Communication protocols • Exchange formats • Data structures Instance-based Communication plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project Realistic size: >100 robots, conveyors, etc. Restart for each value adding service
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Challenges 30 Challenge 2: Instance-based communication Challenge 1: Proprietary Systems High manual effort due to increasing complexity Interdisciplinary knowledge required Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel
Part 3: Digital Twin to solve practical challenges
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data sources Digital Twin? 32 Twin interface Twin description Reusable description of IoT systems Common interface to data sources • Access data • Send actions/commands Simulations as alternative to running system Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data sources Value adding services Digital twin! 33 Twin interface Twin description Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Separation of Concern Separation of Concern Reusability
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner An example 34 temp: 60 simTemp: 44 shutDown() Twin description robot{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Twin interface shutDown() temp: 60 simTemp: 44 Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Separation of Concern 35 Zwillings Beschreibung robot2{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Zwillingsinterface Zwillings Beschreibung robot1{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Scaling through twin types 36 Zwillings Typ Robot{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Zwillings Beschreibung robot1:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot2:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot3:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot4:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot5:Robot json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digital twins as booster of innovation and digitalization 37 Herausforderung 2: Instance based communication Challenge 2: Proprietary systems Solution: Separation of Concern Solution: Reusability Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Digital Twins to reduce manual effort!
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Use cases across company borders 38 Seamless integration Learning based on actual product use Highly invididualized services Regulatory Requirements • Digital Product Passport • NIS-2 • Cyber Resiliance Act raw material by Cik merry from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0); Factory by Lin Qiye from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Logistics by dhanis from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay https://www.lehrerfreund.de/medien/tecXinha/tec/fahrrad/fahrrad_begriffe.png Supplier matching
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Why are we not seeing more digital twins yet? 39 Which use cases? Which tools? Integration with existing infrastructure? Kunden Lieferanten AI Act CRA ESPR DPP Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://www.sap.com/; bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; ibm.de; aws.amazon.com
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Why are we not seeing more digital twins yet? 40 Customers Suppliers Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://www.sap.com/; bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; ibm.de; aws.amazon.com
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner How does my work fit into this picture? 41 Kun den Liefera nten European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project In industry • Assessment of innovation potentials • Tool selection • Trainings In academia (references on next slide) • Understanding benefits and use cases of DTs [1-5] • Assessment of DT Tooling [6-8] • Model-driven Development of DT architectures [9-12] • Effort for development and maintenance reduced by ~ 50 % • Integration of simulations
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner References 42 [1] Govindasamy, H. S., Jayaraman, R., Taspinar, B., Lehner, D., & Wimmer, M. (2021). Air quality management: An exemplar for model-driven digital twin engineering. International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), pp. 229-232, IEEE. [2] Cleophas, L., Godfrey, T., Khelladi, D. E., Lehner, D., Combemale, B., van den Brand, M., Vierhauser, M., Wimmer, M., & Zschaler, S. (2022). A community-sourced view on engineering digital twins: A Report from the EDT. Community. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion (MODELS-C) (pp. 481-485). [3] Jayaraman, R., Lehner, D., Klikovits, S., & Wimmer, M. (2023). Towards Generating Model-Driven Speech Interfaces for Digital Twins. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C) (pp. 459-464). IEEE. [4] Cleophas, L., Godfrey, T., Khelladi, D. E., Lehner, D., Combemale, B., Rumpe, B., & Zschaler, S. (2023). Model-driven engineering of digital twins (Dagstuhl seminar 22362). [5] Eisenberg, M., Lehner, D., Sindelar, R., & Wimmer, M. (2022). Towards reactive planning with digital twins and model-driven optimization. In International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (pp. 54-70). Springer Nature. [6] Lehner, D., Zhang, J., Pfeifer, J., Splettstößer, A., Sint, S., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M. (2025) Model-Driven Engineering for Digital Twins: A Systematic Mapping Study. Journal of Software and Systems Modeling (accepted for publication) 2024 [7] Lehner, D., Pfeiffer, J., Tinsel, E. F., Strljic, M. M., Sint, S., Vierhauser, M., ... & Wimmer, M. (2021). Digital twin platforms: requirements, capabilities, and future prospects. IEEE Software, 39(2), 53-61. [8] Pfeiffer, J., Lehner, D., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M. (2022). Modeling capabilities of digital twin platforms-old wine in new bottles?. Journal of Object Technologies, 21(3). [9] Lehner, D., Sint, S., Vierhauser, M., Narzt, W., & Wimmer, M. (2021). AML4DT: A model-driven framework for developing and maintaining digital twins with AutomationML. International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), pp. 1-8, IEEE. [10] Lehner, D., Sint, S., Eisenberg, M., & Wimmer, M. (2023). A pattern catalog for augmenting Digital Twin models with behavior. at-Automatisierungstechnik, 71(6), 423-443. [11] Lehner, D., Gil, S., Mikkelsen, P. H., Larsen, P. G., & Wimmer, M. (2023). An Architectural Extension for Digital Twin Platforms to Leverage Behavioral Models. International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), pp. 1-8, IEEE. [12] Lehner, D., Pfeiffer, J., Klikovits, S., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M (2024). A Method for Template-based Architecture Modeling and its Application to Digital Twins. Journal of Object Technologies, 23(3).
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner [1] Lehner, D., & Dunkel, R. (2024). Digital twins for IoT systems: exploiting synergies between industry and academia. International Workshop on MDE for Smart IoT Systems. Bonus: Aligning Industry and Academia [1]
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digital Twins in MDE research 44 What about commercial DT tooling/platforms? How can industry adopt our results? Daniel Lehner
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Action Point 1: Evaluate research on industrial DT solutions 45 Industrial Models Research Results Researchers Practitioners Daniel Lehner
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Benefits • Starting point for research • Guidance for practitioners starting to implement DTs What are we missing? • Assessment Frameworks • First attempt: https://github.com/cdl-mint/DT_Platform_Comparison • What else? Action Point 2: Structured assessments of existing DT tooling 46 Requirement 1 Requirement 2 … … Daniel Lehner bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; https://portal.azure.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner [1] https://github.com/cdl-mint/dt_language_comparison [2] https://github.com/jku-win-se/sysmlv2-aas-mapping [3] https://github.com/derlehner/etfa2021 [4] Lehner, Pfeiffer, Wortmann, Wimmer. A Method for Template-based Architecture Modeling and its Application to Digital Twins. ECMFA 2024. Action Point 3: Transformations btw. academic and industrial platforms 47 Open Question: Can we do this more efficiently? • Possible approach presented at ECMFA last year [4] Benefits • Practitioners can use research tools on their models • Transform DT solutions to industrial platforms to assess them in industrial settings Implement standards in research tools (e.g., [1, 2]) Transform models into proprietary languages (e.g., [1, 3]) Daniel Lehner bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; https://portal.azure.com/
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner 48 Access to industrial use cases Low-threshold cooperations Why MDE Community? Let‘s Build Better Digital Twins Together! + Daniel Lehner
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Summary 49 European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Herausforderung 2: Kommunikation auf Instanzebene Challenge 1: Proprietäre Systeme Solution: Separation of Concern Solution: Reusability Let‘s Build Better Digital Twins Together!
TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner 50 Questions? Comments? Feedback? Daniel Lehner daniel.lehner@twin-tech.at https://de.slideshare.net/DanielLehner3/presentations https://twin-tech.at https://linkedin.com/company/twintech-at https://edt.community/ Slides available online:

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Digital twins as key enabler for innovation in IoT systems

  • 1. Daniel Lehner@ Digital twins as key enabler for innovation in IoT systems and how scientists can help
  • 2. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Daniel Lehner 5+ years efficiently use AI in industry through digital twins ◦ Articles with > 150.000 readers ◦ Engineering Digital Twins Community Vendor-neutral training and consulting Research 2 Dr. Daniel Lehner daniel.lehner@twin-tech.at
  • 3. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner IoT and AI as boosters for digitalization 3 Quantified Me Smart Farming Industry 4.0 Picture sources:https://www.mikkoikola.com/blog/2014/7/5/quantified-self-and-biohacking https://woboton.com/5-key-benefits-of-industry-40-for-factories/ https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/smart-farming-precision-agriculture https://vcloudtech.com/solutions/digital-enterprise
  • 4. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Business Model of Digitalization https://www.zeit.de/digital/2024-02/klimawandel-co2-sparen-digitalisierung-bitkom-studie 4 -50 tons CO2 until 2030 „We“ Market volume time competitors New markets
  • 5. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Business Model of Digitalization 5 Picture sources: https://madewithbluemchen.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Fragezeichen-17.png; https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/smart-farming-precision-agriculture geralt from pixabay.com, MR-Panda from pixabay.com „We“ competition time innovation -50 tons CO2 until 2030 Market volume New markets
  • 6. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner A bit more bluntly… 6 Quality Cost Speed Quality is not enough any more! ???
  • 7. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 7 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 8. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? 8 Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; smart-home-house-technology-2769239/ from geralt on pixabay.com Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 9. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner #1 Challenge of Digitalization 9 Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel „How do we use existing resources most efficiently?
  • 10. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digitaler Zwilling as Solution 10 Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Digital Twins to reduce manual effort!
  • 11. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Agenda 11 Part 1: Artificial Intelligence Part 3: Digital Twins Part 2: Challenges in Practice
  • 12. Part 1: Overview AI Applications in IoT
  • 13. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 13 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 14. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner ChatGPT 14 Large Language Model (LLM) Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) Underlying AI concept + information retrieval Underlying technology https://chatgpt.com/
  • 15. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Working with ChatGPT 15 from openai import OpenAI client = OpenAI() completion = client.chat.completions.create( model="gpt-4o", message=„Bitte erkläre mir ChatGPT in 500 Zeichen." ) print(completion.choices[0].message) https://chatgpt.com/
  • 16. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example: Analysis of Live Data 16 https://chatgpt.com/; https://sap.com/
  • 17. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 17 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 18. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 18 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning ? ? ? ? ?
  • 19. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Machine Learning (ML) 19 A B C D E … … … … y … … … … n … … … … y Supervised ML Large amount of data A B C D E … … … … ? … … … … ? … … … … ? A B C D E … … … … ? classified data unclassified data Unsupervised ML Nearest known data point? „new“ data Which category?
  • 20. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 1: Anomaly Detection https://towardsdatascience.com/the-basics-of-anomaly-detection-65aff59949b7 20 Supervised Unsupervised Everything „out of the norm“ is considered an anomaly + can be done „live“ - High error rate Dedicated category for „Anomaly“ + human judgement - Requires existing anomaly data - Unknown scenarios? expected Anomaly expected Anomaly
  • 21. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 2: Predictive Maintenance https://towardsdatascience.com/the-basics-of-anomaly-detection-65aff59949b7 21 Supervised Learning Live Data Action Anomaly Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Which (counter-)action should be performed? Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Action 4 plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project
  • 22. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 22 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 23. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Example 3: Live Planning Eisenberg, M., Lehner, D., Sindelar, R., & Wimmer, M. (2022, October). Towards reactive planning with digital twins and model-driven optimization. In International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (pp. 54-70). Springer Nature. 23 Planner Anomaly Detection anomaly Live data New plan orders Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://sap.com/
  • 24. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Genetic Algorithms - Overview 24 Too large for search Searchable Problem „What is an optimal plan?“ Answer Optimal plan Challenge All Solutions „Interesting“ Solutions Solution: Genetic Algorithm
  • 25. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Live planning with genetic algorithms 25 Individual = Plan - properties = actions to be executed - Fitness = required time to reach goal Generation - Number of potential plans Result: Plan with min time in last generation … Step 1: calculate „fittest“ Individuals Step 2: Generate next Generation - Combination of fittest individuals Step 3: Repeat until stop criteria met
  • 26. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Were do we want to go? Picture Sources: European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free- Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project 26 Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection Innovation through Digitalization! Continuous Optimization Circular Economy Live Planning
  • 27. Part 2: Practical Challenges
  • 28. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data Sources Value Adding Services Where are we currently? 28 Different • Communication protocols • Exchange formats • Data structures Instance-based Communication plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project
  • 29. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data Sources Value Adding Services Where are we currently? 29 Different • Communication protocols • Exchange formats • Data structures Instance-based Communication plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project Realistic size: >100 robots, conveyors, etc. Restart for each value adding service
  • 30. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Challenges 30 Challenge 2: Instance-based communication Challenge 1: Proprietary Systems High manual effort due to increasing complexity Interdisciplinary knowledge required Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel
  • 31. Part 3: Digital Twin to solve practical challenges
  • 32. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data sources Digital Twin? 32 Twin interface Twin description Reusable description of IoT systems Common interface to data sources • Access data • Send actions/commands Simulations as alternative to running system Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
  • 33. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Data sources Value adding services Digital twin! 33 Twin interface Twin description Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Separation of Concern Separation of Concern Reusability
  • 34. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner An example 34 temp: 60 simTemp: 44 shutDown() Twin description robot{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Twin interface shutDown() temp: 60 simTemp: 44 Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
  • 35. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Separation of Concern 35 Zwillings Beschreibung robot2{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Zwillingsinterface Zwillings Beschreibung robot1{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Operating model icons created by Freepik – Flaticon;json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Artificial Intelligence by WEBTECHOPS LLP from Noun Project; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
  • 36. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Scaling through twin types 36 Zwillings Typ Robot{ temp, simTemp shutDown() } Zwillings Beschreibung robot1:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot2:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot3:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot4:Robot Zwillings Beschreibung robot5:Robot json by Lourenchyus from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0)
  • 37. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digital twins as booster of innovation and digitalization 37 Herausforderung 2: Instance based communication Challenge 2: Proprietary systems Solution: Separation of Concern Solution: Reusability Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Digital Twins to reduce manual effort!
  • 38. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Use cases across company borders 38 Seamless integration Learning based on actual product use Highly invididualized services Regulatory Requirements • Digital Product Passport • NIS-2 • Cyber Resiliance Act raw material by Cik merry from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0); Factory by Lin Qiye from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Logistics by dhanis from Noun Project (CC BY 3.0) Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay https://www.lehrerfreund.de/medien/tecXinha/tec/fahrrad/fahrrad_begriffe.png Supplier matching
  • 39. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Why are we not seeing more digital twins yet? 39 Which use cases? Which tools? Integration with existing infrastructure? Kunden Lieferanten AI Act CRA ESPR DPP Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://www.sap.com/; bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; ibm.de; aws.amazon.com
  • 40. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Why are we not seeing more digital twins yet? 40 Customers Suppliers Image by wal_172619 from Pixabay European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project; https://www.sap.com/; bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; ibm.de; aws.amazon.com
  • 41. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner How does my work fit into this picture? 41 Kun den Liefera nten European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project In industry • Assessment of innovation potentials • Tool selection • Trainings In academia (references on next slide) • Understanding benefits and use cases of DTs [1-5] • Assessment of DT Tooling [6-8] • Model-driven Development of DT architectures [9-12] • Effort for development and maintenance reduced by ~ 50 % • Integration of simulations
  • 42. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner References 42 [1] Govindasamy, H. S., Jayaraman, R., Taspinar, B., Lehner, D., & Wimmer, M. (2021). Air quality management: An exemplar for model-driven digital twin engineering. International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), pp. 229-232, IEEE. [2] Cleophas, L., Godfrey, T., Khelladi, D. E., Lehner, D., Combemale, B., van den Brand, M., Vierhauser, M., Wimmer, M., & Zschaler, S. (2022). A community-sourced view on engineering digital twins: A Report from the EDT. Community. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion (MODELS-C) (pp. 481-485). [3] Jayaraman, R., Lehner, D., Klikovits, S., & Wimmer, M. (2023). Towards Generating Model-Driven Speech Interfaces for Digital Twins. In International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C) (pp. 459-464). IEEE. [4] Cleophas, L., Godfrey, T., Khelladi, D. E., Lehner, D., Combemale, B., Rumpe, B., & Zschaler, S. (2023). Model-driven engineering of digital twins (Dagstuhl seminar 22362). [5] Eisenberg, M., Lehner, D., Sindelar, R., & Wimmer, M. (2022). Towards reactive planning with digital twins and model-driven optimization. In International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods (pp. 54-70). Springer Nature. [6] Lehner, D., Zhang, J., Pfeifer, J., Splettstößer, A., Sint, S., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M. (2025) Model-Driven Engineering for Digital Twins: A Systematic Mapping Study. Journal of Software and Systems Modeling (accepted for publication) 2024 [7] Lehner, D., Pfeiffer, J., Tinsel, E. F., Strljic, M. M., Sint, S., Vierhauser, M., ... & Wimmer, M. (2021). Digital twin platforms: requirements, capabilities, and future prospects. IEEE Software, 39(2), 53-61. [8] Pfeiffer, J., Lehner, D., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M. (2022). Modeling capabilities of digital twin platforms-old wine in new bottles?. Journal of Object Technologies, 21(3). [9] Lehner, D., Sint, S., Vierhauser, M., Narzt, W., & Wimmer, M. (2021). AML4DT: A model-driven framework for developing and maintaining digital twins with AutomationML. International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), pp. 1-8, IEEE. [10] Lehner, D., Sint, S., Eisenberg, M., & Wimmer, M. (2023). A pattern catalog for augmenting Digital Twin models with behavior. at-Automatisierungstechnik, 71(6), 423-443. [11] Lehner, D., Gil, S., Mikkelsen, P. H., Larsen, P. G., & Wimmer, M. (2023). An Architectural Extension for Digital Twin Platforms to Leverage Behavioral Models. International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), pp. 1-8, IEEE. [12] Lehner, D., Pfeiffer, J., Klikovits, S., Wortmann, A., & Wimmer, M (2024). A Method for Template-based Architecture Modeling and its Application to Digital Twins. Journal of Object Technologies, 23(3).
  • 43. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner [1] Lehner, D., & Dunkel, R. (2024). Digital twins for IoT systems: exploiting synergies between industry and academia. International Workshop on MDE for Smart IoT Systems. Bonus: Aligning Industry and Academia [1]
  • 44. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Digital Twins in MDE research 44 What about commercial DT tooling/platforms? How can industry adopt our results? Daniel Lehner
  • 45. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Action Point 1: Evaluate research on industrial DT solutions 45 Industrial Models Research Results Researchers Practitioners Daniel Lehner
  • 46. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Benefits • Starting point for research • Guidance for practitioners starting to implement DTs What are we missing? • Assessment Frameworks • First attempt: https://github.com/cdl-mint/DT_Platform_Comparison • What else? Action Point 2: Structured assessments of existing DT tooling 46 Requirement 1 Requirement 2 … … Daniel Lehner bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; https://portal.azure.com/
  • 47. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner [1] https://github.com/cdl-mint/dt_language_comparison [2] https://github.com/jku-win-se/sysmlv2-aas-mapping [3] https://github.com/derlehner/etfa2021 [4] Lehner, Pfeiffer, Wortmann, Wimmer. A Method for Template-based Architecture Modeling and its Application to Digital Twins. ECMFA 2024. Action Point 3: Transformations btw. academic and industrial platforms 47 Open Question: Can we do this more efficiently? • Possible approach presented at ECMFA last year [4] Benefits • Practitioners can use research tools on their models • Transform DT solutions to industrial platforms to assess them in industrial settings Implement standards in research tools (e.g., [1, 2]) Transform models into proprietary languages (e.g., [1, 3]) Daniel Lehner bosch.de; siemens.com; https://www.conplement.de/; https://portal.azure.com/
  • 48. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner 48 Access to industrial use cases Low-threshold cooperations Why MDE Community? Let‘s Build Better Digital Twins Together! + Daniel Lehner
  • 49. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner Summary 49 European Parliament Research Service; plumber-repair-man-repairman-35611 created by Clker-Free-Vector-Images on pixabay.com; PDCA by Eko Purnomo from Noun Project; Anomaly Detection by Muhammad Rofian from Noun Project Potentials of Digitalization Available Personnel Herausforderung 2: Kommunikation auf Instanzebene Challenge 1: Proprietäre Systeme Solution: Separation of Concern Solution: Reusability Let‘s Build Better Digital Twins Together!
  • 50. TwinTech https://twin-tech.at Daniel Lehner 50 Questions? Comments? Feedback? Daniel Lehner daniel.lehner@twin-tech.at https://de.slideshare.net/DanielLehner3/presentations https://twin-tech.at https://linkedin.com/company/twintech-at https://edt.community/ Slides available online: