direct-and-indirect-speech-revs a grammar unit
- 1. NARRATION • Study the following sentences: 1. Vikas said to me, “I want to see a movie today.” (Direct speech) 2. Vikas told me that he wanted to see a movie that day.(Indirect speech) REMEMBER: In Direct Speech the actual words of the speaker are repeated and these repeated words are placed within inverted commas(“___”). In Indirect Speech the actual words of the speaker are not repeated but the actual words are reported in our own words.
- 2. CHANGES WHILE CONVERTING A SENTENCE OF DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH 1. ‘said to/say to’ is changed. 2. Commas and inverted commas are removed. 3. Connector is used in place of comma. 4. Tense inside the inverted commas is changed. 5. Person is changed. 6. Nearness is changed into farness.
- 4. RULES OF CHANGE OF PERSON(PRONOUNS) REMEMBER: While changing a sentence of Direct speech into Indirect speech , only Persons(Pronouns) within the inverted commas are changed. Pronouns outside the inverted Commas remain the same. •I person pronouns like - I, my, me, we, our, us change according to Subject of Verb outside inverted commas. •II person pronouns like- you, your, yours change according to Object of Verb outside inverted commas. •III person pronouns like- he, his, him, she, her, they, their, them do not change.
- 5. • DIRECT • Am, is, are • Was/were • Shall/will • Can • May • Must • Have/has to • Might • Should • Would • could • Ought to • Used to • INDIRECT • Was/were • Had been • Should/would • Could • Might • Had to • No change
- 6. Changes of adverb of time & place Direct • Now • Tomorrow • Next week • Tonight • Today • Yesterday • Last night • Last week • Here • This • These • Ago • Come • Thus Indirect • Then • The next day/ the following day • The following week • That night • That day • The previous day/ the day before • The previous night/ the night before • The previous week/ the week before • There • That • Those • Before • Go • So
- 7. CHANGES OF TENSES Direct • Simple present(break) • Present continuous(is/am/are breaking) • Present perfect(has/have broken) • Present perfect continuous(has been/have been breaking) • Simple past(broke) • Past continuous(was/were breaking) • Past perfect(had broken) • Past perfect continuous(had been breaking) • Simple future(will/shall break) • Future continuous(will be/shall be breaking) • Future perfect(will/shall have broken) • Future perfect continuous (will/shall have been breaking) Indirect • Simple past(broke) • Past continuous(was/were breaking) • Past perfect(had broken) • Past perfect continuous(had been breaking) • Past perfect(had broken) • Past perfect continuous(had been breaking) • No change • No change • Simple future in past(would break) • Future continuous in past(would be breaking) • Future perfect in past(would have broken) • Future perfect continuous in past(would have been breaking)
- 8. 1. STATEMENT HE SAYS HE SAID HE TELLS ME HE TOLD ME THAT REPORTED WORDS NOTE: If no Object is given after Reporting Verb, it is not changed. If an Object is given after Reporting Verb, ‘say to’ is converted into ‘tell to’ & ‘said to’ is changed into ‘told’.
- 9. STATEMENT EXAMPLE • DIRECT • They said to me, “we are going to visit Delhi tomorrow.” • Rajesh said, “I didn’t go to school today.” • Anne told Angel, “My father got angry with me last night.” • INDIRECT • They told me that they were going to visit Delhi the following day. • Rajesh said that he hadn’t gone to school that day. • Anne told Angel that her father had got angry with her the night before.
- 10. STATEMENT Exception: If the introductory sentence is in the Present Tense or Future Tense, there won’t be any change in the tense of the Reported (Indirect) speech . • DIRECT • Seema says: “ I will come to your house tonight.” • He will say, “My mother was not at home yesterday.” • “Dimpal says: “I meet my friend every saturday.” • Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.” • INDIRECT • Seema says that she will come to my house tonight • He will say that his mother was not at home the previous day. • Dimpal says that she meets her friend every Saturday. • Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.
- 11. HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE
- 12. COMMAND EXAMPLE • DIRECT • The teacher asked me: Open your book page 65!” • Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! • “Ronny told him: “call me tonight! • INDIRECT • The teacher asked me to open my book page 65. • Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper. • Ronny told him to call him that night.
- 13. HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME NOT TO INFINITIVE
- 14. COMMAND EXAMPLE • DIRECT • Seema asked Esha: Don’t leave me alone anymore!” • Vikash asked Ignesh: “Don’t hurt me anymore”! • “Subham told them: “Don’t disturb me! • INDIRECT • Seema asked Esha not to leave her alone anymore. • Vikash asked Ignesh not to hurt him anymore. • Subham told them not to disturb him.
- 15. HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT
- 16. A. Yes/No Question Example • DIRECT • Ritu said to Henry: Does your father work near here?” • Mr. Rathor said to Shyam “have you finished your homework?” • Dev said to William: “can you accompany me to market tonight? • INDIRECT • Ritu asked Henry if/whether his father worked near there. • Mr. Rathor asked Shyam if/whether he had finished his homework. • Dev asked William if/whether he could accompany him to market that night.
- 17. HE ASKED ME WHEN/WHAT etc. S + V + COMPLEMENT
- 18. b. Wh- Question Example • DIRECT • The girl asked me: “Where Do you come from?” • My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?” • Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star? • INDIRECT • The girl asked me where I came from. • My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before • Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was
- 19. • Read the following dialogue and then complete the report by choosing the correct options from the ones given below. Write your answers in your answer sheet with the correct blank number. (1x3=3 Marks) • Do not copy the dialogue and the report:- Utkarsh: I have lost my wallet. Inspector: How did you lose it? Utkarsh: My pocket was picked. Inspector: Where did it happen? Utkarsh: In the local market, sir. Utkarsh reported to the inspector (A)_______lost his wallet. The inspector asked him (B)___________Utkarsh replied(C)________.The inspector further asked him where it had happened. Utkarsh replied that it had happened in the local market. (A)i) that I had ii) that he had iii) that he has iv) that I have (B) i) how he has lost it ii) how he had lost it. iii) how had he lost it. iv) how he had lost that (C) i) my pocket has been picked ii) if his pocket had been picked iii) that his pocket had been picked iv) whether his pocket has been picked