DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY
- 1. Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Electrical Engineering SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906) OEP TOPIC: DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY Course Coordinator: Mrs. Jalpa Thakkar Date of submission: October__, 2018 1 | P a g e Sr. No. Name Enrollment No. 1. JAIMINSINH ATODARIA 150990109001 2. AJAYSINH CHAUHAN 150990109002 3. VISHAL DEVALIYA 150990109003 4. HARDIK KOTAK 150990109005 5. HARSHIL PATEL 15099010907 6. NISHANT PATEL 150990109008 7. RAVIRAJSINH SOLANKI 150990109011 8. ASHUTOSH SINGH 150990109012 9. SAHIL VHORA 150990109013 10. HARSH AGRAWAL 160993109001
- 2. DISTANCE RELAY • There are mainly Three types of distance relay 1) Impedance Relay 2) Reactance Relay 3) Mho Relay 1) Impedance Relay • Introduction The relay whose working depends on the distance between the impedance of the faulty section and the position on which relay installed is known as the impedance relay or distance relay. It is a voltage controlled equipment. The relay measures the impedance of the faulty point, if the impedance is less than the impedance of the relay setting, it gives the tripping command to the circuit breaker for closing their contacts. The impedance relay continuously monitors the line current and voltage flows through the CT and PT respectively. If the ratio of voltage and current is less than the relay starts operating then the relay starts operating. • Principle of Operation of Impedance Relay In the normal operating condition, the value of the line voltage is more than the current. But when the fault occurs on the line the magnitude of the current rises and the voltage becomes less. The line current is inversely proportional to the impedance of the transmission line. Thus, the impedance decreases because of which the impedance relay starts operating. The figure below explains the impedance relay in much easier way. The potential transformer supplies the voltage to the transmission line and the current flows because of the current transformer. The current transformer is connected in series with the circuit. 2 | P a g e
- 3. Consider the impedance relay is placed on the transmission line for the protection of the line AB. The Z is the impedance of the line in normal operating condition. If the impedances of the line fall below the impedance Z then the relay starts working. Let, the fault F1 occur in the line AB. This fault decreases the impedance of the line below the relay setting impedance. The relay starts operating, and its send the tripping command to the circuit breaker. If the fault reached beyond the protective zone, the contacts of the relay remain unclosed. The operating characteristic of the impedance relay is shown in the figure below. The positive torque region of the impedance relay is above the operating characteristic line. In positive torque region, the impedance of the line is more than the impedance of the faulty section. Similarly, in negative region, the impedance of the faulty section is more than the line impedance. 3 | P a g e
- 4. The impedance of the line is represented by the radius of the circle. The phase angle between the X and R axis represents the position of the vector. If the impedance of the line is less than the radius of the circle, then it shows the positive torque region. If the impedance is greater than the negative region, then it represents the negative torque region. This type of relay is called the high-speed relay. 2) Reactance Relay The reactance relay is a high-speed relay. This relay consists of two elements an over current element and a current-voltage directional element. The current element developed positive torque and a current-voltage developed directional element which opposes the current element depending on the phase angle between current and voltage. Reactance relay is an over current relay with directional limitation. The directional element is arranged to develop maximum negative torque when its current lag behinds its voltage by 90°. The induction cup or double induction loop structures are best suited for actuating reactance type distance relays. 4 | P a g e
- 5. • Constructionof ReactanceRelay A typical reactance relay using the induction cup structure is shown in the figure below. It has a four-pole structure carrying operating, polarizing, and restraining coils, as shown in the figure below. The operating torque is developed by the interaction of fluxes due to current carrying coils, i.e., the interaction of fluxes of 2, 3 and 4 and the restraining torque is produced by the interaction of fluxes due to poles 1, 2 and 4. • OperatingCharacteristicof ReactanceRelay The operating characteristic of a reactance relay is shown in the figure below. X is the reactance of the protected line between the relay location and the fault point, and R is the resistance component of the impedance. The characteristic shows that the resistance component of the impedance has no consequence on the working of the relay, the relay reacts solely to the reactance component. The point below the operating characteristic is called the positive torque region. 5 | P a g e
- 6. If the value of τ, in the general torque equation, expressed below is made any other 90º, a straight line characteristic will still be obtained, but it will not be parallel to R-axis. Such a relay is called an angle impedance relay. . This type of relay is not capable of selecting whether the fault has taken place in the section where the relay is located, or it has taken place in the adjoining section when used on the transmission line. The directional unit used with the reactance relay will not be same as used with the impedance type relay because the restraining reactive volt-ampere, in that case, will be nearly equal to zero. Therefore the reactance type distance relay needs a directional unit that is inoperative under load conditions. Reactance type relay is very suitable as a ground relay for ground fault because its reach is not affected by fault impedance. 3) Mho Relay A mho Relay is a high-speed relay and is also known as the admittance relay. In this relay operating torque is obtained by the volt-amperes element and the controlling element is developed due to the voltage element. It means a mho relay is a voltage controlled directional relay. 6 | P a g e
- 7. A mho relay using the induction cup structure is shown in the figure below. The operating torque is developed by the interaction of fluxes due to pole 2, 3, and 4 and the controlling torque is developed due to poles 1, 2 and 4. If the spring controlling effect is indicated by –K3, the torque equation becomes, Where Θ and τ are defined as positive when I lag behind V. At balance point, the net torque is zero, and hence the equation becomes • OperatingCharacteristicofMhoRelay The operating characteristic of the mho relay is shown in the figure below. The diameter of the circle is practically independent of V and I, except at a very low magnitude of the voltage and 7 | P a g e
- 8. current when the spring effect is considered, which causes the diameter to decrease. The diameter of the circle is expressed by the equation as ZR= K1 / K2 = ohmic setting of the relay The relay operates when the impedance seen by the relay within the circle. The operating characteristic showed that circle passes through the origin, which makes the relay naturally directional. The relay because of its naturally directional characteristic requires only one pair of contacts which makes it fast tripping for fault clearance and reduces the VA burdens on the current transformer. The impedance angle of the protected line is normally 60º and 70º which is shown by line OC in the figure. The arc resistance R is represented by the length AB, which is horizontal to OC from the extremity of the chord Z. By making the τ equal to, or little less lagging than Θ, the circle is made to fit around the faulty area so that the relay is insensitive to power swings and therefore particularly applicable to the protection of long or heavily loaded lines. Conclusion By Study this Distance relay we know about the operation & characteristics of impedance relay, reactance relay & Mho relay, 8 | P a g e
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