Distillation, History, Principle Its Types and USES
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Distillation is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components, which are then cooled and condensed separately. There are several types of distillation including simple, fractional, steam, and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation is used when components have significantly different boiling points, while fractional distillation uses a column to separate closer-boiling components. Steam distillation isolates heat-sensitive materials, and vacuum distillation allows distilling higher-boiling mixtures. Distillation has many commercial uses such as producing fuels, solvents, and separating air into its components.
Distillation, History, Principle Its Types and USES
- 1. Distillation Name: Hoorub Ahmad Roll no: 35334
- 2. List of Contents • History • Definition • Principle • Types • Uses
- 3. History The earliest known evidence of distillation comes from terracotta distillation apparatus dating to 3000BC in the Indus value of Pakistan. Distillation was known to be used by Babylonians of Mesopotamia. Initially distillation is believed to have been used to make perfumes. Distillation of beverages occurred much later. The Arab chemist AL-kindi distilled alcohol in 9th century. Distillation of common alcoholic beverages appears common in Italy and China starting in 12th century.
- 4. Definition Distillation is a powerful technique for separating the component substance from a miscible fluid mixture by means of selective evaporation and condensation.
- 5. Principle Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called double distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying components using changes in temperature and/or pressure. A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a still.
- 6. Types Simple distillation Vacuum distillation Fractional distillation Steam distillation
- 7. Simple distillation Simple distillation may be used when the boiling points of two liquids are significantly different from each other or to separate liquids from solids or nonvolatile components. In simple distillation, a mixture is heated to change the most volatile component from a liquid into vapor. The vapor rises and passes into a condenser. Usually, the condenser is cooled (e.g., by running cold water around it) to promote condensation of the vapor, which is collected.
- 8. Diagram
- 9. Fractional Distillation Fractional distillation is used when the boiling points of the components of a mixture are close to each other. A fractionating column is used to separate the components used a series of distillations called rectification. In fractional distillation, a mixture is heated so vapor rises and enters the fractionating column. As the vapor cools, it condenses on the packing material of the column. The heat of rising vapor causes this liquid to vaporize again, moving it along the column and eventually yielding a higher purity sample of the more volatile component of the mixture.
- 10. Diagram
- 11. Steam Distillation Steam distillation is used to separate heat-sensitive components. Steam is added to the mixture, causing some of it to vaporize. This vapor is cooled and condensed into two liquid fractions. Sometimes the fractions are collected separately, or they may have different density values, so they separate on their own. An example is steam distillation of flowers to yield essential oil and a water-based distillate.
- 12. Diagram
- 13. Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distillation is used to separate components that have high boiling points. Lowering the pressure of the apparatus also lowers boiling points. Otherwise, the process is similar to other forms of distillation. Vacuum distillation is particularly useful when the normal boiling point exceeds the decomposition temperature of a compound.
- 14. Diagram
- 15. Destructive Distillation Introduction: Process in which solid material usually (coal, wood) is heated at high temperature out of Contact od air to make coke, coal tar or charcoal. It is called destructive because the chemical Composition of end product is distinctly different from that of input material. Destructive distillation of coal: When coal is heated without air ,it does not burn but produces many by products . The process of heating coal In the absence of air is called destructive distillation of coal. The main by-products are: • Coke • Coal tar • Amin acid liquor • Coal gas
- 16. Uses of Distillation Distillation is used for many commercial processes, such as the production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene, and many other liquids. Gas may be liquefied and separate. For example: nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are distilled from air.