![JDBC Interface . . .
import java.sql.*;
class demo {
public static void main (String args [])
throws SQLException,ClassNotFoundException {
// Load the Oracle JDBC driver
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
// Connect to the database
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@femto:1526:ora1", "scott", "tiger");
// Create a statement
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement ();
// Insert a tuple into a relation
stmt.execute("insert into r values(1,’abc’)");
// Executes a query and displays the result
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("select * from r");
while (rset.next())
System.out.println(rset.getInt(1) + " " + rset.getString(2));
}
}
DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 23/24](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dms01-110307101149-phpapp01/85/Dms01-23-320.jpg)
Dms01
- 1. Database Management Systems 2009/10 – Chapter 1: Introduction – J. Gamper ◮ The Course ◮ The DB Field ◮ Basic Definitions ◮ The Relational Data Model ◮ Accessing DBs These slides were developed by: – Michael B¨hlen, University of Zurich, Switzerland o – Johann Gamper, University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 1/24
- 2. The Course ◮ Course page ◮ http://www.inf.unibz.it/dis/teaching/DMS ◮ The slides are based on the following text books and associated material: ◮ A. Silberschatz, H. Korth, and S. Sudarshan: Database System Concept, 5 edition, McGraw Hill, 2006. ◮ R. Elmasri and S.B. Navathe: Fundamentals of Database Systems, 4th edition, Pearson Addison Wesley, 2004. ◮ Additional Book ◮ Garcia-Molina, Ullman,Widom: Database Systems: The Complete Book, Prentice-Hall, 2002. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 2/24
- 3. The Course Content ◮ Storage and File Structure ◮ Physical Storage media, file and buffer manager ◮ Indexing and Hashing ◮ Ordered indices, B-trees, hashing ◮ Query Processing ◮ Measures of query cost, selection and join operation ◮ Query Optimization ◮ Transformation of relational expressions, evaluation plans ◮ Transactions ◮ ACID properties, SQL transactions ◮ Concurrency Control ◮ Lock-/timestamp-/validation-based protocols ◮ Recovery System ◮ Log-based recovery, shadow paging DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 3/24
- 4. The DB Field ◮ Journal Publications ◮ ACM Transaction on Database System (TODS) ◮ IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (TKDE) ◮ The VLDB Journal ◮ Information Systems ◮ Conference Publications ◮ SIGMOD ◮ VLDB ◮ EDBT ◮ ICDE ◮ DB & LP Bibliography (Michael Ley, Uni Trier, Germany) ◮ http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/˜ley/db/ ◮ Commercial Products ◮ Oracle ◮ DB2 (IBM) ◮ Microsoft SQL Server ◮ Postgres ◮ Sybase ◮ Ingres ◮ Informix ◮ PC “DBMSs”: Paradox, Access, ... DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 4/24
- 5. Basic Definitions ◮ Mini-world: The part of the real world we are interested in ◮ Data: Known facts about the mini-world that can be recorded ◮ Database (DB): A collection of related data ◮ Database Management System (DBMS): A software package to facilitate the creation/maintenance of databases ◮ Database System: DB + DBMS ◮ Meta Data: Information about the structure of the DB. ◮ Meta data is organized as a DB itself. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 5/24
- 6. Basic Definitions . . . ◮ A DBMS provides two kind of languages ◮ A data definition language (DDL) for specifying the database schema ◮ the database schema is stored in the data dictionary ◮ the content of data dictionary is called metadata ◮ A data manipulation language (DML) for updating and querying databases, i.e., ◮ retrieval of information ◮ insertion of new information ◮ deletion of information ◮ modification of information DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 6/24
- 7. ANSI/SPARC Architecture ◮ The ANSI/SPARC three level schema architecture was designed to achieve ◮ program/data independence ◮ multiple user views ◮ Schemes are defined at 3 levels ◮ external level: describes various user views for parts of the database; often uses the logical schema ◮ logical level: describes the structure and constraints for the whole database; uses a logical schema ◮ internal level: describes data storage structures and access paths; uses a physical schema DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 7/24
- 8. DBMS Functionality ◮ Stores and retrieves data ◮ Controls redundancy ◮ Ensures data consistency ◮ Enables sharing of data by multiple applications ◮ Supports concurrent access by multiple users ◮ Protects against loss of data ◮ Ensures security ◮ etc. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 8/24
- 9. Aspects of DB Research and Practice ◮ Design of languages ◮ Development of algorithms ◮ Data modeling ◮ User interface design ◮ Design of migration strategies ◮ Distributed databases ◮ Handling huge volumes of data ◮ New data models and systems ◮ XML/semi-structured databases ◮ Stream data processing ◮ Temporal and spatial databases ◮ GIS systems ◮ etc. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 9/24
- 10. Databases – Pros and Cons ◮ Pros ◮ Cons ◮ Logical ◮ Huge and complex systems ◮ Data abstraction ◮ Restrict functionality ◮ Meta reasoning ◮ Substantial overhead ◮ Self describing, e.g., data dictionary ◮ No direct data access ◮ Multiple user views ◮ Data sharing ◮ When not to use a DBMS ◮ Too high costs ◮ High intitial investment (software, hardware, training) ◮ Overhead for providing generality, security, recovery, integrity, and concurrency ◮ Simple, well defined, and not-changing application ◮ No multi-user access required ◮ Stringent real-time requirements DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 10/24
- 11. Relational Data Model ◮ Data are stored in relations/tables employee Name Dept Salary Tom SE 23K Lena DB 33K department Dname Manager Address SE Tom Boston DB Lena Tucson project Pid Dept From To 14 SE 01.01.2005 31.12.2005 173 SE 15.04.2005 30.10.2006 201 DB 15.04.2005 31.03.2006 DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 11/24
- 12. Relational Data Model . . . ◮ A domain D is a set of atomic data values. ◮ phone numbers,CPR numbers, names, grades, birthdates, departments, {i,o,x,?,-} ◮ each domain includes the special value null for unknown or missing value ◮ With each domain a data type or format is specified. ◮ 5 digit integers, yyyy-mm-dd, characters ◮ An attribute Ai describes the role of a domain in a relation schema. ◮ PhoneNr, Age, DeptName DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 12/24
- 13. Relational Data Model . . . ◮ A relation schema R(A1 , ..., An ) is made up of a relation name R and a list of attributes. ◮ employee(Name, Dept, Salary ) ◮ A tuple t is an ordered list of values, i.e., t = (v1 , ..., vn ) with vi ∈ dom(Ai ). ◮ t = (Tom, SE , 23K ) ◮ A relation r of the relation schema R(A1 , ..., An ) is a set of n-ary tuples. ◮ r = {(Tom, SE , 23K ), (Lene, DB, 33K )} ◮ A database DB is a set of relations. ◮ DB = {r , s, ...} ◮ r = {(Tom, SE , 23K ), (Lene, DB, 33K )} ◮ s = {(SE , Tom, Boston), (DB, Lena, Tucson)} DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 13/24
- 14. Properties of Relations ◮ A relation is a set of tuples, i.e., ◮ no ordering between tuples and ◮ no duplicates (identical tuples) exist. ◮ Attributes within tuples are ordered ◮ At the logical level it is possible to have unordered tuples if the correspondence between values and attributes is maintained ◮ e.g., {Salary /23K , Name/Tom, Dept/SE } DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 14/24
- 15. Accessing DBs ◮ The success of DBs also depends on the ease of data access. ◮ When accessing a (relational) DB two factors must be taken into account. ◮ The impedence mismatch. ◮ The interface to the DB. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 15/24
- 16. Impedence Mismatch ◮ Impedence mismatch: The difference between the data models used in the application and in the DB, e.g., sets vs. records ◮ Cursor ◮ The most versatile way to connect a DB to a host language. ◮ Cursors are used to resolve the impedance mismatch. ◮ A cursor runs through the tuples of a relation/table. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 16/24
- 17. DB Interfaces ◮ Various interfaces to DBs exist, e.g., ◮ Terminal interface (sqlplus, etc.) ◮ OCI (Oracle Call Interface) ◮ X/Open SQL CLI (Call Level Interface) ◮ ODBC (Open Data Base Connection), iODBC for Unix ◮ JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) ◮ DBI (Perl DB Interface) ◮ Embedded SQL DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 17/24
- 18. Oracle’s OCI ◮ The OCI is a set of C procedures to access an Oracle database e.g., ◮ olon ◮ oparse ◮ oexec ◮ ologof ◮ odescr ◮ ofetch ◮ oopen ◮ odefin ◮ oclose ◮ obndrn DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 18/24
- 19. Oracle’s OCI . . . #include <ocidfn.h> Lda Def lda; Cda Def cda; main() { orlon(&lda,hda,"scott",-1,"tiger",-1,0); oopen(&cda,&lda,0,-1,-1,0,-1); oparse(&cda,"SELECT * FROM cat",-1,0,2); odefin(&cda,1,&name,30,,-1,0,0,-1,-1,0,0); odefin(&cda,2,&type,30,,-1,0,0,-1,-1,0,0); oexec(&cda); for (;;) { if (ofetch(&cda1)) break; printf(" %s %s ", name, type); } oclose(&cda); ologof(&lda); } DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 19/24
- 20. ODBC ◮ ODBC is a set of C procedures to access any(!) SQL database, e.g., ◮ SQLAllocEnv ◮ SQLAllocStmt ◮ SQLDescribeCol ◮ SQLAllocConnect ◮ SQLPrepare ◮ SQLBindCol ◮ SQLConnect ◮ SQLSetParam ◮ SQLFetch ◮ SQLDisconnect ◮ SQLExecute ◮ SQLFreeConnect ◮ SQLExecDirect ◮ SQLFreeEnv ◮ SQLFreeStmt ◮ ODBC supports meta data. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 20/24
- 21. ODBC . . . #include <sqlcli .h> SQLHENV e; SQLHDBC c; SQLHSTMT s; int main() { SQLAllocEnv(&e); SQLAllocConnect(e,&c); SQLConnect(c, "ora1", SQL NTS, "scott", SQL NTS, "tiger", SQL NTS); SQLAllocStmt(c,&s); SQLPrepare(s,"select * from cat", SQL NTS); SQLExecute(s); SQLBindCol(s,1,SQL C CHAR,name,30,NULL); SQLBindCol(s,2,SQL C CHAR,type,30,NULL); SQLFetch(s); printf("%s %s", name, type); SQLFreeStmt(s,SQL DROP); SQLDisconnect(c); SQLFreeConnect(c); SQLFreeEnv(e); } DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 21/24
- 22. JDBC Interface ◮ JDBC is a set of Java procedures to access any(!) SQL database, e.g., ◮ getConnection ◮ execute ◮ getColumnName ◮ createStatement ◮ exectueQuery ◮ getColumnType ◮ close ◮ executeUpdate ◮ getString ◮ getResultSet ◮ getObject ◮ JDBC supports meta data. DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 22/24
- 23. JDBC Interface . . . import java.sql.*; class demo { public static void main (String args []) throws SQLException,ClassNotFoundException { // Load the Oracle JDBC driver Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"); // Connect to the database Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:oracle:thin:@femto:1526:ora1", "scott", "tiger"); // Create a statement Statement stmt = conn.createStatement (); // Insert a tuple into a relation stmt.execute("insert into r values(1,’abc’)"); // Executes a query and displays the result ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("select * from r"); while (rset.next()) System.out.println(rset.getInt(1) + " " + rset.getString(2)); } } DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 23/24
- 24. Embedded SQL ◮ Extended versions of, e.g., C, Pascal, and Fortran allow to embed SQL statements. ◮ A precompiler compiles these languages to, e.g., C with OCI library calls. ◮ The idea is that C with embedded SQL is easier to use than C with OCI calls. ◮ Embedded SQL is standardized (ISO, ANSI). DMS 2009/10 J. Gamper 24/24