Dna synthesis and protein synthesis
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Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and provide instructions for building proteins. There are two main types: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of a double-stranded structure located in the cell's nucleus. RNA is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins. DNA replication is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division which involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, addition of nucleotides to form new strands, and production of two identical DNA molecules.
Dna synthesis and protein synthesis
- 2. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides Two types Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- 3. 3 Parts of a Nucleotide Phosphate (PO4 3-) Group connected to 5-carbon in the sugar link together to form chains Pentose Sugar deoxyribose in DNA ribose in RNA Nitrogenous Bases purines (Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)) pyrimidines (Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
- 4. 3 Parts of a Nucleotide
- 5. 3 Parts of a Nucleotide
- 7. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Structure and Function
- 8. Who discovered DNA? James Watson and Francis Crick accurately described the structure of DNA
- 9. Who discovered DNA? 3D Model of DNA they used cardboard and wire to build their model
- 10. Watson, Crick and Wilkins James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice WIlkins received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material
- 12. Who discovered DNA? Rosalind Franklin worked at King’s College in London as a technician doing X-ray crystallography she improved the resolution of the cameras used in order to obtain the most detailed images yet of X-ray diffraction of DNA
- 13. Who discovered DNA? X-ray diffraction of DNA detailed image of DNA that allow Rosalind Franklin to make very exact measurements related to the structure of DNA
- 14. Who discovered DNA? Raymond Gosling made the X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as Photograph 51
- 15. Who discovered DNA? Maurice Wilkins worked with Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling to produce images of DNA also contributed to the discovery of the structure of DNA
- 16. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) located at the nuclei of eukaryotic cell and nucleoid in prokaryotes
- 17. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Structure : Double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides Sugar : Deoxyribose Nitrogen Bases : Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
- 18. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Function : contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms Stability : deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds stable in alkaline conditions DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzymes to attack DNA
- 19. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Structure and Function
- 20. Who discovered RNA? The discovery of RNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher
- 21. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Location : nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplast Structure : single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides Sugar : ribose
- 22. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Nitrogenous Bases : Guanine and Cytosine Adenine and Uracil Function : involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information
- 23. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Stability : ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds not stable in alkaline conditions has larger grooves which make it easier to be attacked by enzymes
- 24. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 3 Types of RNA messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- 25. messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information from DNA to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell
- 26. Who discovered mRNA? Sydney Brenner, Francis Crick, Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod discovered the messenger RNA
- 27. transfer RNA (tRNA) small RNA chain of about 74-93 nucleotides that carries amino acids to the location of protein synthesis
- 28. Who discovered tRNA? Mahlon Hoagland and Paul Zamenick discovered tRNA
- 29. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) component of ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell
- 30. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Eukaryotes : 60S LRS and 40S SRS = 80S Prokaryotes : 50S LRS and 30S SRS = 70S
- 31. Who discovered ribosome? George E. Palade discovered ribosomes and described them as small particles in the cytoplasm that preferentially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
- 32. DNA Replication
- 33. What is DNA Replication? Also known as DNA Synthesis It is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division
- 34. 3 Major Steps in DNA Replication Initiation Proteins bind to the origin of replication while helicase unwinds the DNA helix and two replication forks are formed at the origin of replication Elongation A primer sequence is added with complementary RNA nucleotides, which are then replaced by DNA nucleotides Termination Involves interaction between two components, (1) a termination site sequence in the DNA and (2) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication
- 35. DNA Replication
- 46. DNA Helicase unwinds the DNA Single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), binds to single- stranded region of DNA to keep the strands separated by holding them in place so that each strand can serve as a template for new DNA synthesis.
- 47. Replication fork is very active where DNA replication takes place Leading Strand Lagging Strand
- 48. Primase is an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers
- 49. Primase adds RNA bases in several places along the growing strand, enabling DNA polymerase to add DNA nucleotides between them
- 51. Primers serve as a starting point for DNA synth
- 52. Assembles a new strand of DNA based on the template of RNA primer
- 56. A strand of DNA being replicated continuously. This strand is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction by continuous polymerization at the 3’ growing tip.
- 59. Requires a slight delay before undergoing replication, and it must undergo replication discontinuously in small fragments
- 60. Relatively short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
- 70. An enzyme which removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule
- 72. An enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond
- 75. Original DNA strand Original DNA strand
- 76. New DNA strand New DNA strand
- 77. Central Dogma DNA RNA Proteins
- 78. Central Dogma The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins
- 79. 6 Major Steps in Protein Synthesis Transcription RNA is made on a DNA template RNA Processing RNA transcript is spliced and modified to produce mRNA Amino Acid (AA) Attachment tRNA molecules pick up their AA Initiation of Translation First tRNA combines with the mRNA and ribosomal subunits to start polypeptide synthesis Elongation Polypeptide elongates as AA are added Terminations A stop codon signals release of the completed polypeptide and separation of ribosomal units
- 86. The first step of gene expression, in which particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase
- 87. The process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of DNA to RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain or polypeptide
- 89. An enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence
- 93. DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins Promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream or at the 5’ end of the transcription initiation site
- 97. mRNA convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression
- 98. A transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA
- 100. Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
- 103. 5’ cap
- 104. 3’ poly-A tail Poly-A tail is a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a messenger RNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule It protects the mRNA molecule from enzymatic degradation in the cytoplasm and aids in transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus and translation
- 106. Large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the nucleus Removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA
- 108. Mature messenger RNA (mRNA)
- 112. A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
- 114. A start codon or initiation codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome Always codes for methionine in eukaryotes Often preceded by 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR)
- 115. A stop codon or termination codon is a nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins
- 116. Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal pre-initiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation
- 117. Initiating amino acid is methionine rather than N- formylmethionine
- 118. A special methionine tRNA that binds to the initiation codon AUG that forms part of the initiation complex at the start of mRNA translation
- 119. The anticodon region of a transfer RNA, a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA
- 122. Binds to the initiation complex, which causes the release of initiation factors
- 128. Aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) , along with some elongation factors, deliver the amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into the polypeptide chain that is being produced
- 144. A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognising the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence
- 145. Chain of amino acid, linked covalently by peptide bonds
- 150. Thank you!!! 💚