![[A] Heap or Mound Breakwater
(1) Armour Blocks
(3) Core
(2) Secondary Armours](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dockharbourterminaldesign-241201065603-ef722f32/85/Dock-harbour-and-port-terminal-Design-27-320.jpg)
![[A] Heap or Mound Breakwater](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dockharbourterminaldesign-241201065603-ef722f32/85/Dock-harbour-and-port-terminal-Design-28-320.jpg)
![B-1 Superstructure founded at low water:
[B] Mound with superstructure
Harbour face
Sea face
LWL](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dockharbourterminaldesign-241201065603-ef722f32/85/Dock-harbour-and-port-terminal-Design-37-320.jpg)
![[c] Vertical wall breakwater](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dockharbourterminaldesign-241201065603-ef722f32/85/Dock-harbour-and-port-terminal-Design-39-320.jpg)
Dock, harbour, and port terminal Design.
- 1. Chapter Dock & Harbour Terminal Design
- 2. Harbour It is a water area partly enclosed and so protected from storms as to provide safe and suitable accommodation for ships or vessels seeking refuge, supplies, refueling, repairs or the transfer of cargo and passengers.
- 3. Typical sketch of harbour
- 4. Approach channel or Entrance channel: It is an area near the entrance of harbour through which ship enters into the harbour having sufficient depth. Turning circle: It is a water area inside a harbour or an enlargement of a channel to permit the turning of a ship. Breakwater: This is a protective barrier constructed to form an artificial harbour with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to provide safe accommodation for shipping. Dock: This is a marine structure for mooring or tying up of vessel, loading and unloading cargo or passengers. Components of a harbour
- 5. Wharf: It is the platform or landing place for ship to come close enough to the shore for embarkation and disembarkation. Quay: This is a dock parallel to the shore. It may or may not be continuous with the shore. Pier or Jetty: This is dock that projects into the ship’s basin at right angles or oblique from shore. Cont…
- 7. Classification of Harbours According to Protection Need a) Natural b) Semi Natural c) Artificial According to Utility a) Refuge b) Commercial c) Fishery d) Military According to Location a) Lake b) River c) Canal d) Sea or Ocean
- 11. Lake Harbour
- 12. River Harbour
- 13. Canal Harbour
- 14. Ocean Harbour
- 15. A. Location of Harbour: Main function of a harbour is to provide a sheltered area where vessels can moor. The other factors affecting the harbour site area are i. Cost of construction and maintenance for marine structures. ii. Required initial dredging. iii. Recurrent dredging for the maintenance of design depth. Selection of site and Planning of Harbours
- 16. B. B. Planning of a Harbour: Important consideration which precede the technical studies for planning are i. Need of the harbour ii. Economic justification iii. Prospective volume of seaborne commerce iv. Availability of inland communications by both land and water After above studies estimation is made regarding i. The general location of harbour ii. Principle use of harbour iii. Type and tonnage of traffic to be handled
- 17. Complete site investing programme is done which should contain site information from i. Hydrographic and topographic surveys ii. Sub-soil investigation at locations of break-waters, piers, wharves, and other marine structure iii. General direction and velocity of current in the area
- 18. It is a harbour where terminal facilities such as stores, landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are added to it. Port includes the harbour. In other words every port is a harbour but the reverse is not true Port
- 19. PORTS
- 20. Classification of Ports According to Size a) Major b) Intermediate c) Minor According to Commodities a) Grain b) Coaling c) Fishery d) Transhipment According to Location a) Canal b) River c) Lake d) Sea
- 21. List of major ports in India with the state it is located a) Kandla Port - Gujarat b) Visakhapatanam - Andhra Pradesh c) Chennai Port - Tamil Nadu d) Jawaharlal Nehru Port - Maharashtra e) Paradip - Odhisa f) Mumbai - Maharashtra g) Mormugoa - Goa h) Kolkata & Haldia -West Bengal i) New Mangalore Port - Karnataka j) Tuticorin - Tamilnadu k) Cochin - Kerala l) Ennore –Tamilnadu
- 22. Map of Major ports in India
- 23. Map of ports in Gujarat
- 24. Protection facilities Dredging facilities Entrance facilities Guiding facilities Locking facilities Turning facilities Docking facilities Loading and unloading facilities Storage facilities Repairing facilities Administrative facilities Offshore terminal facilities Quarantine inspection facilities Facilities at a major Port
- 25. The protective barrier constructed to enclose harbours and to keep the harbour waters undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong seas are called breakwaters. Breakwater
- 26. Classification of breakwaters Heap or Mound a) Rubble mound b) Concrete blocks mound c) Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete block d) Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by patented block Mound with superstructure Or composite Upright wall (vertical wall) Special breakwaters
- 27. [A] Heap or Mound Breakwater (1) Armour Blocks (3) Core (2) Secondary Armours
- 28. [A] Heap or Mound Breakwater
- 29. A-1. Rubble Mound Breakwater
- 30. Concrete block mound breakwater is rare Casting of concrete block of odd shapes and sizes and weights with required irregularity is rather difficult and costly Transportation from the factory to the site of breakwater will be also costly A-2. Concrete block mound breakwater
- 31. A-3(i). Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete blocks (In pell-mell fashion)
- 32. A-3(ii). Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete blocks (In compacted fashion)
- 33. A-4. Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by Patented blocks
- 34. Patented block Tribars block Tetrapods block
- 35. Casting of Patented block (Tetra pods)
- 37. B-1 Superstructure founded at low water: [B] Mound with superstructure Harbour face Sea face LWL
- 38. B-2 Superstructure founded below low water level:
- 39. [c] Vertical wall breakwater
- 41. Design as structures subjected to forces causing failure in the following ways: 1. By shearing of bed joints or by sliding of one block against the other 2. By overturning as a solid mass 3. By the uplifting of horizontal layers 4. By fracture Vertical wall breakwater
- 44. 1. Availability of materials of construction 2. Depth of water at site of construction 3. Nature of natural foundations 4. Equipment available for construction 5. Funds and time available for construction Selection of type of breakwater
- 45. Docks are enclosed areas for birthing ships Arranged – To maintain water level more or less at constant level Loading and unloading of cargo, Repair and maintenance work Docks are classified as Harbour docks and Repair docks Dock
- 46. I. Wet docks: Harbour Docks
- 48. II. Tidal basins
- 49. A. Form and arrangement of docks and basins Exact form and arrangement depends on site Aim – to obtain maximum length of quay in proportion to water area B. Shape of docks and basins Should be rectilinear for ease in ship’s birthing 1) Rectangular shape: The length and breadth could be adjusted to give maximum quayage 2) Diamond shape: For the same perpendicular distance between the long sides, the long sides could be conveniently extended 3) Inclined quays type: Consists of a number of projecting quays into the dock or basin. Design of Wet docks
- 50. C. Location: Located on inland ports of rivers, at estuaries or on open sea coast Open sea coast site is preferable River is might be congested with local traffic River approaches to the dock have to be maintained Estuary of a river , if sheltered, broad and free from storm is more suitable D. Internal arrangement: Separate docks are provided for different kinds of cargo say coal, oil, food, fish etc. Sides and bottoms of wet docks must be practically impervious. Cont…
- 51. Arrangement should be there to replenish the water lost by leakage – where there is considerable variation in tide In inland ports separate canal river will have to be provided For sea cost docks sea water could be used for cleaning and replenishing Cont…
- 52. A. Design loads Dock wall are designed as gravity retaining wall sections. They should be able to satisfy the following requirements. i. Able to withstand backfill pressure – Dock is empty ii. Withstand internal pressure – Dock is full with no backfill Design and construction of basin or dock wall
- 53. iii. Handle shock/vibrations – Ship’s contact iv. Handle concentrated load – crane foundation, bollard fixtures v. Withstand loaded vehicles vi. Side and bottom – leak proof vii. Front face – little or no batter viii. Fenders – to resist impact of ship
- 54. Docks are entered either directly or through locks. In either case gates are provided for the dock entrances. Types of gates used are 1. Caissons 2. Wooden or Iron gates as are adopted for locks Caissons for dock entrances: 1. Sliding caisson 2. Ship caisson Dock entrances
- 55. Box shaped steel structure Stiffened with bracing Provided with steel keels Movement – rollers and rails Opening – hauling caisson into the side of dock Serves as bridge Sliding caisson
- 56. Resembles outline of ship in c/s Steel structure Stiffened properly Floated into position Sunk into grooves in dock Opening – ballasting and unballasting Ship caisson
- 57. Repair docks are necessary for the execution of repairs, cleaning and painting work. Hence these docks and docking arrangements should be such as to expose, ship’s exterior fully and keep it out of water during the progress of repairs or renovation. Repairs docks are broadly classified in four classes 1. Graving or Dry dock 2. Floating dock 3. Marine railway 4. Lift dock Repair Dock
- 58. Long, excavated chamber Side wall, a semicircular end wall and a floor Open end – entrance with gate Pumping equipment Graving or Dry dock
- 59. Graving or Dry dock
- 60. Graving or Dry dock
- 61. Typical sketch of dry dock
- 62. Graving or Dry dock
- 63. Graving or Dry dock
- 64. Graving or Dry dock
- 65. Working of Dry dock
- 66. Weight of the ship Weight of water Upward pressure Earth & hydrostatic pressure Load imposed by the shores Surcharge load Wind stress Forces on a graving dock
- 69. Working of Floating dry dock
- 70. Marine railway
- 71. Working of Marine railway
- 72. Lift dry dock
- 73. Working of Lift dry dock
- 74. Working of Lift dry dock
- 76. 2) Solid pier:
- 77. Additional points for pier: The water area between two adjacent piers is known as slip The width of the slip between piers should be at least three or four times the beam of the largest ships to be accommodated
- 78. Cont… The live loads for pier design depends upon the nature of anticipated cargo and shipping It is usual to provide no space for the purpose of storing cargo on the pier Horizontal thrust on a pier head is taken as about 1% of the maximum weight of the vessel to be berthed Water depth at pier should have a clearance of minimum 30 cm under the keel of a fully loaded ship with reasonable provision for an abnormally low tide
- 79. Wharves
- 80. Cont… The type of vessel to be accommodated governs the length of wharf and water depth required for berthing of ships The wharves design involves the following factors: 1) Provision for berthing of the ship, 2) Handling and storage of cargo 3) Terminal facilities for rail and truck transportation Wharves can broadly be classified as open or solid construction
- 81. Open type wharves Open construction wharves can be either high level decks or relieving type platform High level decks have generally a solid deck slab Relieving type platform – main structural slab is below the finish deck and the space between is filled to provide additional weight for stability
- 82. Cont… Open type construction deck – made of timber or RCC or a combination of concrete and steel or timber Precast or pre-stressed concrete slabs and beam type of decks are economical Deck supported on timber pile but for deep water and soft grounds pre- stressed concrete piles are best suited
- 83. Solid type wharves Composed of earth or rock fill partly confirmed by some sort of bulkhead Various types can be constructed A. Rock filled steel sheet pile cell bulkhead wharf: Suitable - Where water depth < 15 m and bottom conditions are suitable for support of gravity type of structures These cells are capped with a concrete slab and bulkhead wall above water level Steel pile acts in tension to retain the fill inside Shell – circular or having circular ends and straight walls
- 84. B. Bulkhead supported by tie rods and anchor wall: Sheet piles may be supported by tie rods attached to an anchor wall or anchor piles The rods should be located at a safe distance in back of the face of the bulkhead Sheet piles should be driven deep enough to act as a cantilever without additional support in shallow installations
- 85. C. Bulkhead wharf on closed bottom rock filled concrete caissons: Now become quite popular Caissons may have open wells and cutting edges to sink below the dredged bottom to obtain affirm support In case of close bottom caissons the foundation should be prepared consisting of a gravel or crushed stone bed or levelling course Heavy pre-cast concrete blocks ( 50 to 200 tonnes) – as gravity quay wall Rock fill is placed in back of the wall – to reduce lateral earth pressure
- 86. Dolphins Construction in the form of a cluster of closely spaced piles Piles are pulled together at the top and tied by a cable Marine structure for mooring vessel Generally used in combination with piers and wharves to shorten the length of these structures
- 87. Cont… Used for tying up ships and also for transferring cargo from one ship to another when moored along both of their sides Dolphins are mainly designed for resisting horizontal impact force, wind force and water current forces from a vessel when docking
- 88. Types of dolphins – as per position 1. Bresting dolphin: Having bollards or mooring posts to take the lines of ship and they move a ship along the dock or hold it against the current Provided with fenders to absorb the impact of ship and to protect the dolphin as well as ship from the damage 2. Mooring dolphin: These are additional dolphins and they are provided to hold a ship against a broadside wind blowing in a direction away from the dock They are not designed for the impact of the ship So located that the mooring lines are nearly at right angles to the dock
- 89. Types of dolphin – as per nature 1) Flexible dolphin: In the form of cluster of piles tied with galvanized cable The piles are in odd numbers of 3, 5, 7, 9 etc. Centre pile of each cluster projects about one meter above the other piles so as to provide means of attaching the mooring lines of a ship Piles are arranged with a slight batter and they are distributed symmetrically Piles are used for mooring small vessels up to 50000 kg dead weight
- 90. Cont… 2) Rigid dolphins: Piles of the cluster are bolted to wooden cross members located just above low water with wooden framing at the top Wooden platform type of rigid dolphins are used for larger cargo ships and tankers
- 91. Fenders A fender in the form of a cushion is provided on a jetty face for ships to come in contact Can be made of different materials in various forms Classification of fenders: 1) Timber piles fenders with spring 2) Rubber fender
- 92. Timber piles fenders with spring Driven at 3m to 5 m intervals on basin side of quay wall about 0.5 m away from wall At top these piles are connected to vertical face of dock or quay wall through springs
- 93. Rubber fenders Any shaped rubber pads in layers are fixed on vertical face of dock or quay wall These pads may get crushed because of heavy impact of ships In case of rubber tubes, steel chain is passing through central hole are anchored and suspended on thick bolts and nuts on vertical face of quay wall