Dominic WAI - When would using a computer be a crime?
0 likes177 views
The document discusses the legal implications surrounding the crime of accessing a computer with dishonest intent under section 161 of the Crimes Ordinance in Hong Kong, including various court cases that shaped its interpretation. It highlights the definition of 'computer' and the element of 'obtaining access' within the context of notable legal precedents, notably the Cheng Ka-yee and Wong Ka-yip Ken cases, which clarify that individuals cannot be prosecuted under section 161 for using their own devices. Additionally, it examines potential alternative charges for actions that may not fall under the existing statutes after these rulings.
![Definition of “Computer” - Secretary for Justice
v Wong Ka Yip Ken [2013] 4 HKLRD 604 (“Wong
Ka Yip Ken case”)
• No definition in the Crimes Ordinance (Cap 200)
• 2014: a man set his smartphone to record a video in
the ladies’ washroom of his office
• found guilty of the section 161 offence
• Court of First Instance considered the definition of
“computer”
• held that the dictionary meaning of “computer” as
“a device for electronic data storage, processing
and retrieval” included smartphone
• Definition of “obtain access” not discussed
5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-5-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case– Court of First Instance
[2018] HKCFI 1809
• Element: “obtain access”
• Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping:
• Considered the definition of “obtain access”
• Refused to convict the Four
10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-10-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case– Court of First Instance
[2018] HKCFI 1809
• Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping (Cont’d):
• Prosecution’s legal position that whether or not a person
should be punished depends on the type of devices that the
person used to communicate cannot be reasonably
explained
• The use of communication device was only peripheral to the
criminal or dishonest plan, which could be achieved with or
without the communication device
• using a person’s own mobile smartphones, or use of
computer which is not unauthorized, to leak questions did
not amount to “obtaining access to computer”
11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-11-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of First Instance
[2018] HKCFI 1809 (Cont’d)
• Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping (Cont’d):
• drew a difference between “obtaining access to a
computer” and “using a computer”
• does not support the contention that “obtaining access to
computer” includes using a person’s own smartphone to
communicate, to take photographs or to send messages
• To prove actus reus (the criminal act), the prosecution
must prove “the unauthorized extraction and use of
information” from a computer
12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-12-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal
[2019] HKCFA 9
• Department of Justice appealed CFI’s decision
• CFA unanimously dismissed the appeal
• upheld the CFI’s decision that the s.161(1)(c) Charge should
not apply to a person’s own computer when it did not
involve access to another’s computer
13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-13-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal
[2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d)
• Mr. Justice French NPJ decided (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro
PJ, Fok PJ, Cheung PJ), inter alia:
• as a matter of language, one always “obtain” access to
something to which one did not have access before
• the statutory language is a bit redundant as the verb
“obtain” is a synonym for “access” when used as a verb
• the overlap emphasizes the oddness of applying the
s.161(1)(c) Charge to the use by a person of their own
computer
14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-14-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal
[2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d)
• Mr. Justice French NPJ decided (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro
PJ, Fok PJ, Cheung PJ), inter alia (Cont’d):
• during the legislative history, the interpretive provision “a
person obtains access to a computer if (and only if) he
causes a computer to perform any function” was deleted;
• the words “(obtaining access) with or without authority” did
not appear in the bill either;
• s.161(1)(c) Charge does not apply to the use by a person
of his or her own computer, not involving access to
another’s computer
15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-15-320.jpg)
![Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal
[2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d)
• Mr. Justice French NPJ (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro PJ, Fok
PJ, Cheung PJ):
• it is not the function of the Court to adopt a construction
of a statute that advance a desirable public policy;
• the Court seeks to ascertain the purpose of the statute
to inform its construction;
• the Court does not identify a purpose which it thinks
would be beneficial and then construe the statute to fit it
16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/revuln1910-191229102324/85/Dominic-WAI-When-would-using-a-computer-be-a-crime-16-320.jpg)
Dominic WAI - When would using a computer be a crime?
- 2. When would using a computer be a crime? CFA narrowed the scope of application of the offence of accessing a computer with dishonest intent 2 16 May 2019
- 3. Section 161 (1) (c) of Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) • 161 Access to computer with criminal or dishonest intent • (1) Any person who obtains access to a computer— • (a) … • (b) ... • (c) with a view to dishonest gain for himself or another; or • (d) … • whether on the same occasion as he obtains such access or on any future occasion, commits an offence and is liable on conviction upon indictment to imprisonment for 5 years 3
- 4. Elements • “obtain access” to • a ”computer” • with a view to “dishonest gain” for himself or another 4
- 5. Definition of “Computer” - Secretary for Justice v Wong Ka Yip Ken [2013] 4 HKLRD 604 (“Wong Ka Yip Ken case”) • No definition in the Crimes Ordinance (Cap 200) • 2014: a man set his smartphone to record a video in the ladies’ washroom of his office • found guilty of the section 161 offence • Court of First Instance considered the definition of “computer” • held that the dictionary meaning of “computer” as “a device for electronic data storage, processing and retrieval” included smartphone • Definition of “obtain access” not discussed 5
- 6. Excessive usage of the offence • Police have invoked section 161 for: • online fraud • illegal intrusion into computer systems • clandestine photo-taking using smartphones in such non-public places as toilets or changing rooms • online publication of obscene or threatening information • inciting others on the Internet to engage in illegal acts 6
- 7. Excessive usage of the offence (Cont’d) • 1999: a technical assistant at Queen Mary Hospital, retrieved the medical records of the then-Secretary for Justice, Elsie Leung, and share them with his friends, family, and the media, • found guilty of the section 161 offence • 2014: a man posted on the popular HKGolden forum, calling for protesters to “paralyse the railway system by gathering on railway platforms in an attempt to create chaos” during the pro-democracy Occupy protests • arrested under the section 161 charge • 2016: a 22-year-old man posted erotic writing involving rape • arrested on suspicion of the section 161 charge 7
- 8. Definition of “obtain access” - Secretary for Justice v Cheng Ka-Yee and others (“Cheng Ka Yee case”) • Three teachers in a primary school (the “Primary School”) and a teacher in another primary school (the “Four”) • used mobile smartphones and a school’s computer to leak pictures and copies of the questions of the admission interview of the Primary School • charged with s.161(1)(c) of the Crimes Ordinance: “obtain access to a computer with dishonest or criminal intent” 8
- 9. Cheng Ka-Yee case– Magistrates’ Court’s ruling • 2016: acquitted by Kowloon City Magistrates’ Court: • Element: with a view to “dishonest gain” • not sure if the three who worked in the Primary School were warned of the confidentiality obligations with respect to the questions of the admission interview • prosecution failed to prove the objective limb of the Ghosh test on “honesty” against the Four • review application by the prosecution: Magistrate confirmed decision to acquit 9
- 10. Cheng Ka-Yee case– Court of First Instance [2018] HKCFI 1809 • Element: “obtain access” • Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping: • Considered the definition of “obtain access” • Refused to convict the Four 10
- 11. Cheng Ka-Yee case– Court of First Instance [2018] HKCFI 1809 • Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping (Cont’d): • Prosecution’s legal position that whether or not a person should be punished depends on the type of devices that the person used to communicate cannot be reasonably explained • The use of communication device was only peripheral to the criminal or dishonest plan, which could be achieved with or without the communication device • using a person’s own mobile smartphones, or use of computer which is not unauthorized, to leak questions did not amount to “obtaining access to computer” 11
- 12. Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of First Instance [2018] HKCFI 1809 (Cont’d) • Deputy High Court Judge Pang Chung-ping (Cont’d): • drew a difference between “obtaining access to a computer” and “using a computer” • does not support the contention that “obtaining access to computer” includes using a person’s own smartphone to communicate, to take photographs or to send messages • To prove actus reus (the criminal act), the prosecution must prove “the unauthorized extraction and use of information” from a computer 12
- 13. Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal [2019] HKCFA 9 • Department of Justice appealed CFI’s decision • CFA unanimously dismissed the appeal • upheld the CFI’s decision that the s.161(1)(c) Charge should not apply to a person’s own computer when it did not involve access to another’s computer 13
- 14. Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal [2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d) • Mr. Justice French NPJ decided (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro PJ, Fok PJ, Cheung PJ), inter alia: • as a matter of language, one always “obtain” access to something to which one did not have access before • the statutory language is a bit redundant as the verb “obtain” is a synonym for “access” when used as a verb • the overlap emphasizes the oddness of applying the s.161(1)(c) Charge to the use by a person of their own computer 14
- 15. Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal [2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d) • Mr. Justice French NPJ decided (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro PJ, Fok PJ, Cheung PJ), inter alia (Cont’d): • during the legislative history, the interpretive provision “a person obtains access to a computer if (and only if) he causes a computer to perform any function” was deleted; • the words “(obtaining access) with or without authority” did not appear in the bill either; • s.161(1)(c) Charge does not apply to the use by a person of his or her own computer, not involving access to another’s computer 15
- 16. Cheng Ka-Yee case – Court of Final Appeal [2019] HKCFA 9 (Cont’d) • Mr. Justice French NPJ (agreed by CJ Ma, Ribeiro PJ, Fok PJ, Cheung PJ): • it is not the function of the Court to adopt a construction of a statute that advance a desirable public policy; • the Court seeks to ascertain the purpose of the statute to inform its construction; • the Court does not identify a purpose which it thinks would be beneficial and then construe the statute to fit it 16
- 17. What if Wong Ka Yip Ken case is decided after CFA judgment in Cheng Ka Yee case? • Facts: A man set his own smartphone to record a video in the ladies’ washroom of his office • Analysis: using his own smartphone device to record the video • using own device, and it did not involve access to another’s computer • would not satisfy the definition of “obtaining access” • Cannot prosecute under s.161 of Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) 17
- 18. What if Wong Ka Yip Ken case is decided after CFA judgment in Cheng Ka Yee case? (Cont’d) • Possible alternative charges? • (1) Outraging public decency? (common law offence) • may not apply • Elements: • “capable of being seen by two or more persons who are actually present” AND • “in a place where there was a real possibility that members of the general public might witness it” • difficult to prove 18
- 19. What if Wong Ka Yip Ken case is decided after CFA judgment in Cheng Ka Yee case? (Cont’d) • Possible alternative charges? (Cont’d) • (2) Disorder in public places? (s.17B, Public Order Ordinance, Cap. 245) • may not apply • Elements: • act was done in public place • the victim is put in fear of being so harmed through the disturbance, and • an average Hong Kong citizen is likely to be outraged by such conduct • female toilet of the company is unlikely a “public place” 19
- 20. What if Wong Ka Yip Ken case is decided after CFA judgment in Cheng Ka Yee case? (Cont’d) • Possible alternative charges? (Cont’d) • (3) Loitering causing concern ? (s. 160 Crimes Ordinance, Cap. 200) • may or may not apply • Elements: • offender has been idling, hanging about or remaining • in or about the vicinity of the common parts of a building (entrance hall, lobby, toilet, compound, car park, etc.) • causes any person reasonably to be concerned for his/her safety or well-being • depends on whether the female toilet of the company is considered as a “common part of a building” • E.g.: whether the toilet is in common use by occupiers of building 20
- 21. What if Wong Ka Yip Ken case is decided after CFA judgment in Cheng Ka Yee case? (Cont’d) • May 2018: Law Reform Commission’s Review of Sexual Offences Subcommittee • proposed the creation of a new offence of “voyeurism” to criminalise acts of non-consensual observation or visual recording of another person done for a sexual purpose • forms of visual recording would include photography, video recording and the taking of digital images • The prosecution in Wong Ka Yip Ken case may have to rely on the proposed new offence of “voyeurism” 21
- 22. 22