DR11 Expository Structures -kaye

Expository
Kayce Joy L. Saliendrez BEEd III
2
Latin “expositio” – to set forth
Webster Dictionary –setting forth of
facts ,ideas, detailed explanation

3
• Types of Exposition
• The Paragraph Structure

The Paragraph Structure
4
• Greek “para”-by the side of and
“graphein”- to write
• Group of unified sentences
• Unified by a central idea-topic
sentence
• The way the ideas are arranged in the
paragraph

Paragraph Structure
5
1. Deductive
2. Inductive
3. The topic sentence can be found
in the middle
4. The main idea is implied

Deductive
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General Particular
Topic Sentence
Supporting Details

Kayce Joy L. Saliendrez BEEd III 7
Deductive
Generalization
Supporting Details

The habit of smoking is unhealthy for young
persons because it adversely affects the blood. The
red blood corpuscles of young persons are not yet fully
developed. They are not yet fully charged with normal
supply of oxygen. This is the reason why young boys who
smoke are pale. Palpitation of the heart commonly results
because of lack of oxygen supply. This may be followed by
the permanent weakness. The whole system may be
enfeebled and mental as well as physical vigor impaired.
Teachers can tell who of their students are addicted to
smoking merely by the appearance of the smokers. This
inferiority may also be evident in their intellectual and
bodily indolence. The evil effects of tobacco are not so
evident in mature people. But competent physicians assert
that tobacco cannot be safely used by everyone

Inductive
9
Particular General
Supporting Details
Generalization

Example
10
Practically, then, at present, advancement in life
means becoming conspicuous in life, obtaining
position which shall be acknowledged by others to be
respectable or honorable. We do not understand by
this advancement, in general, the mere maing of
money, but being known to have made it;not the
accomplishment of any great aim, but by being seen to
have accomplished it. In a word, we mean the
gratification for our thirst for applause

The topic sentence may be
found in the middle
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• Sentences before and after the topic
sentence support the general idea or topic
Topic Sentence

Sample passage
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When a camera flash is used in a low-light environment, the
subject's eyes may appear red in the finished photograph.
What is known as "red-eye" is the result of light from the flash
reflecting off the pupils of the eyes. The phenomenon of
red-eye can be lessened by using the red-eye reduction
feature found on many SLR cameras. This feature
activates a lamp which shines a small light directly into the
subject's eyes. When this happens, the diameter of the pupil is
reduced, thus tightening the opening in the iris. Since a smaller
pupil means a smaller host for the reflection, the chances of
red-eye occurring are greatly reduced.

The main idea is implied
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• The sentences are of equal rank and all
the ideas contribute to one topic
• Used paragraph as transitional devices

Example
14
Radios have been stolen from four cars in our parking
garage this month. Each time, the thieves have
managed to get by the parking garage security with
radios in hand, even though they do not have a
parking garage identification card, which people must
show as they enter and exit the garage. Yet each time,
the security officers say they have seen nothing
unusual.

Do you wear glasses? Make sure your glasses fit
well. The earpieces should be at eye level. Don’t try
to adjust the earpieces yourself. Take your glasses
for adjustments to the place you bought them. Keep
your glasses in a case when you’re not wearing
them. This will prevent scratches. Keep the lenses
clean. A soft cloth is best for cleaning.
15

Find the main idea of the paragraphs. Identify its
paragraph structure
People often refer to taxes in terms of their being much too high. In
reality, they are probably even higher than you think, because in addition
to the federal income tax we are now studying, there are many other
Federal, State, and local taxes, including sales taxes, inheritance taxes,
state income taxes, personal property taxes, real estate taxes, and others.
These are just some of the most obvious ones.
a. Taxes are much too high.
b. We pay more taxes than we may realize.
c. Inheritance taxes and real estate taxes are unfair.
d. Some taxes are hidden.

The fact that electronic computers are now used for data
processing has led the general Public to believe that it is a
mysterious, complicated science and that the computers are
Giant brains. Both of these ideas are false. A computer is
basically just a high-speed adding Machine that performs the
functions it is told to. If the input data are varied even a
little, The computer is unable to operate until it is
programmed to accept the variations. The Business
operations it performs are impressive only because of the
extremely high speed of Manipulation, but most of these
operations have been used for decades. Unlike man, the
Computer performs repetitive calculations without getting
tired or bored.
a. A computer is a high-speed adding machine.
b. A computer is a mysterious giant brain.
c. A computer is impressive because of its high speed.
d. A computer is superior to man in many ways.
17

Find the topic sentence. Identify its paragraph
structure
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Constructing a wedding cake is a complicated process. Before any
baking takes place, the size of the cake and the decorative design to
be used must be determined. Then the layers are baked. On a large
cake the bottom layers may be as much as sixteen inches in
diameter. Because of their size, these layers must be baked one at a
time, a process which may actually take an entire day. Once the
layers are cooled, same-size pairs are matched and frosted. Since
large wedding cakes are surprisingly heavy, half-inch dowel rods
must be measured, cut, and carefully driven into the bottom layers.
These wooden posts provide hidden support for the weighty upper
layers. When all the layers are set in place, flowers, garlands and
leaves of frosting are added. These delicate touches individualize the
wedding cake and transform it from merely a cake into a culinary
work of art.

People do it every day. They log on to their favorite
website and browse for hours, checking out bargains.
They dump every possible wish into their shopping carts,
knowing they can cast each one aside before they finalize
their purchases. On the way, they may enter a
sweepstakes in the hopes of winning a trip to Cabo San
Lucas, or maybe even a new SUV. And then, when they
have decided on their purchases, they enter private
information without giving it a thought. With a
keystroke, they release their personal data into what may
or may not be a secure zone. Despite what much of the
public believes, internet shopping is not safe.

Exposition
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Form of discourse whose primary
purpose is to explain or interpret facts
and ideas.
Exposition is used in description,
narration, and argumentation

Types of Exposition
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• Time Arrangement
• Space Arrangement
• Process
• Example
• Analysis by partition
• Analysis by classification
• Analogy
• Comparison and contrast
• Definition
• Cause and effect
• Familiar to unfamiliar

Time Arrangement
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• “Chronological arrangement”
• Patterns of arrangement are used in
narration as in tracing step-by-step the
sequence of events

 SAMPLE PASSAGE:
The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to honor the
Greek gods. The most important festival was held in the
valley of Olympia to honor Zeus, the king of the gods. It was
this festival that became the Olympic games in 776 B.C.
These games were ended in A.D. 394 by the Roman Emperor
who ruled Greece. No Olympic games were held for more
than 1,500 years. Then the modern Olympics began in 1896.
Almost 300 male athletes competed in the first modern
Olympics In the games held in 1900, female athletes were
allowed to compete. The games have continued every four
years since 1896 except during World War II, and they will
most likely continue for many years to come.
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Space Arrangement
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• It involves description
CUE WORDS: for example, the
characteristics are, etc.
 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER:

Sample Passage:
The Olympic symbol consists of five
interlocking rings. The rings represent the
five continents - Africa, Asia, Europe,
North America and South America - from
which athletes come to compete in the
games. The rings are colored black blue,
green, red, and yellow. At least one of
these colors is found in the flag of every
country sending athletes to compete in the
Olympic games.

Process
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• Explain how to make or do something
• Simple or complex
• Simple process-an elementary
explanation
• Complex process-complicated
method

Process
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2. Add cheese.
3. Cook on
one side.
4. Flip omelet.

Process
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 The author lists items or events in
numerical or chronological order.
CUE WORDS: first, second, third; next;
then; finally…

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The best way to treat a wound is to first wash it with soap
and water.Wipe the cut with a piece of sterilized cotton or
clean cloth.Apply a little iodine to disinfect it.Cover it with
bandage.What you will use for bandage depends upon the
size and location of the wound.Small,prepared bandages
are good for small wounds.For larger wounds,use a gauze
or a folded piece of cotton.Wrap this around the wound and
hold it in place by the narrow strips of adhesive tape to
keep the bandage a snug fit. Don't bandage in a wound too
tightly because this may shut off the circulation of the blood
Sample passage

Example
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• Proving a point and explaining a rule
or generalization by giving an example

Example
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Analysis by partition
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• The analytic method entails the
breaking down of a subject into its
components parts and showing their
relation to one another and to the
subject as a whole

A Sample Passage
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Beavers are among the best known of the
rodents.They are thickset and heavy,weighing
up to sixty-five pounds. Their legs are short and
strong.The hind feet are webbed and these help
them in swimming.The tail is flat and
naked,covered with scales.The tail is used used
as a rudder when swimming; it also serves to
make loud splashes as warning of danger to the
beaver colony, and to prop up the beaver when
he is gnawing down trees.

Analysis by Classification
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• Division of elements that make up an
idea or an object
• Each division is independent of the
others although each contribute to the
general theme

A Sample Passage
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There are many types of microphone available.Each has
certain advantages and disadvantages.The first is the
carbon microphone,which consist of a diaphragm and a
small cup filled with carbon granules.The second is the
crystal microphone and this is the mostly used in lower-
cost installations.It has a relatively high output level and
high impedance.The last type is the dynamic
microphone,which consist of a metal diaphragm , a coil
that is connected to it, and a magnet.Its construction and
operation are similar to those of a dynamic speaker.

Analogy
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• Shows relation of likeness between
two things
• Consists of the attributes or
circumstances as effects
• familiar -----unfamiliar
• Used in law courts, in solving problems
in geometry and in explaining certain
idea in simple terms

A book is like a single house. It is a mansion of many
rooms on different levels, of different sizes and shapes,
with different outlooks, rooms with different functions to
perform. These rooms are independent in part. Each has
its own structure and interior decoration. But they are
not absolutely independent and separate. They are
connected by doors and arches, by corridors and
stairways. Because they are connected, the partial
function which each performs contributes its share to
the usefulness of the whole house. Otherwise the house
would not be
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Comparison &Contrast
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• Compare two or more objects or
ideas to show the similarities or
differences or both

Comparison & Contrast
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however even though
but on the contrary
yet otherwise
despite in comparison
still on the other hand

SAMPLE PASSAGE:
Julio studies in the living rrom where all members of the
family sit and talk or listen to the radio or watch tv. Mary
takes her books and goes to a corner where she can be alone
to prepare her lessons. Julio opens his book,read for a
while, leans over to pat his dog,whistles the tune being
played on the radio,yawns, and returns to his book. Mary
reads her book and allows nothing to disturb her. She reads
and writes carefully with concentration. When both are in
class next morning,Julio cannot understand why he cannot
answer the questions because he knows that he studied his
lesson the night before. Mary knows her lesson and answers
the questions right.at the end of the year, of course, Julio
fails and Mary is promoted to the next grade.
40

Definition
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• Explanation of a word, phrase or an
idea using words that are easily
understood by the reader
• It involves two main steps

Two main steps
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• Classification- the inclusion of a term
in the general group to which it belongs
by its component
• Differentiation – it includes the
characteristics or descriptive words that
would show how an object is different
from other s belonging to the same kind

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Intensive definition Extensive definition
• consist of only one or
two sentences
• use clear and simple
terms
• Do not employ any
derivation of the
word being defined.
• Do not make
definition too broad
or too narrow
• usually employs various
devices
• example
• partition or classification
• cause and effect
• telling what the idea or
object is not like

Sample passage
44
Barangay and its variants balanhai,biniday,baranghai
was originally a boat, possibly of Malay design,that
could carry from 60 to 90 persons.The term likewise
used to mean ethnic grou=ping that settled in the
archipelago in pre-Spanish times.Thus, the name for
the vessel would be used in early Spanish chronicles to
refer to an indigenous Philippine political unit at the
time of Spanish contact.Today,when Filipinos form
associations or organized as a such,the grouping is
popularly called barangay.

Cause and Effect
45
Gives the causes of a certain event as well
as its effect
An action and its results are explained.
Cause Effect
Students did not learn
the material.
They performed
poorly on the test.

Cause and Effect
46
for this reason thus
in order to as a result
because consequently
so that on account of
therefore accordingly

Example
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It is a good thing for us to realize that we have duties
as well as rights. If we think only of our rights, our
country will perish, we know it. If we think only of
what the country should do for us, we forget that we
owe to our country.it is a good thing to enjoy all our
rights as citizens of our country, but we must
remember that the natural result of enjoying one's
rights is the obligation of safeguarding those rights.
Rights imply that realization of duties-the duty to
serve our country, in peace and in time of need.

SAMPLE PASSAGE:
There are several reasons why so many people attend the
Olympic games or watch them on television. One reason is
tradition. The name Olympics and the torch and flame
remind people of the ancient games. People can escape the
ordinariness of daily life by attending or watching the
Olympics. They like to identify with someone else's
individual sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride is
another reason, and an athlete's or a team's hard earned
victory becomes a nation's victory. There are national medal
counts and people keep track of how many medals their
country's athletes have won.
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Familiar to unfamiliar
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It makes use of a familiar object or
event to explain what is unfamiliar

Practice
50
1. Read each passage.
2. Determine how the text is organized.
3. Write your answer.

Popular Sports
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Football and baseball are two of the
most popular sports in the country. They
have many things in common. For one,
they are both team sports, and they both
require players to advance to an end or
“home” point on the playing field.
However, football requires players to carry
the ball to the end zone, whereas in
baseball, it is the defending team that
controls the ball while it is in play.

Studying for a Test
52
Believe it or not, as important as it is,
many students do not know how to study
for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy.
The first thing that you must do is take out
your notes. Open your notes up to the
section that you are supposed to review.
Read what you wrote in your notebook.
When you are done, close your notebook
and see if you remember the ideas that you
were studying. Still don’t remember?
Open your notebook back up a try again.

Peanut Butter and Jelly
53
After a long day at school, I came home
and watched “Cops,” my favorite show.
During the commercial breaks, I got up
and made a peanut butter and jelly
sandwich. I took the bread out of the
cabinet, spread the jelly and peanut butter
on the bread, and stuck the two pieces
together. I enjoyed that sandwich as I
watched the rest of “Cops.”

The Gym Room
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The gym room at the high school down the
street from me is huge. Along the North and
South walls are bleachers that fold up during
gym. Coach pulls the bleachers out for big games.
At the end of the East and West walls are
basketball hoops. The ceilings are very high and
at the top of the gym are many large windows.
The windows go all the way around the gym.
There are also ropes that are either tucked away
or hang from the ceilings in the middle of the
gym. The ropes intimidate some students. That
gym is my favorite place.

Eligibility
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Being involved in after school sports and
clubs is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore,
students have to meet eligibility requirements. If
students have any “D”s or “F”s, they are not
allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior
issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in
the club. Lastly, students need to keep good
attendance. If students miss school, they most
certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a
team is a lot of responsibility. If students are not
proving to be responsible, they will not be
permitted to be in clubs or teams.

Answers
56
1. Compare and contrast
2. Sequential
3. Sequential
4. Description
5. Cause and effect

Identify the following as to the
expository structure used. Choose
your answer from the list of
methods of exposition.
57

Piranha are omnivorous, freshwater fish, which are
mostly known for their single row of sharp, triangular
teeth in both jaws. Piranhas’ teeth come together in a
scissor-like bite and are used for puncture and tearing.
Baby piranha are small, about the size of a thumbnail,
but full-grown piranha grow up to about 6-10 inches,
and some individual fish up to 2 feet long have been
found. The many species of piranha vary in color,
though most are either silvery with an orange
underbelly and throat or almost entirely black.

You can safely swim with piranhas, but it’s important to
know how and when to do it. First, chose an appropriate
time, preferably at night and during the rainy season.
Avoid piranha-infested waters during the dry season,
when food supplies are low and piranhas are more
desperate. Piranhas feed during the day, so night-time
swimming is much safer. Second, streamline your
movement. Wild or erratic activity attracts the attention of
piranhas. Swim slowly and smoothly. Finally, never enter
the water with an open wound or raw meat. Piranhas
attack larger animals only when they are wounded. The
presence of blood in the water may tempt the fish to
attack. If you follow these simple precautions, you will
have little to fear.

Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species of fish,
depending on whom you ask. The many species fall into
four genera: Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus, and
Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus genus are the
most common variety, the kind you might find in a pet
store. Pygopristis piranha are herbivores, feasting on
seeds and fruits, not flesh. In contrast, fish in the
Serrasalmus genus eat only meat, and their teeth are
razor-sharp. Pristobrycon are the least friendly of all
piranhas; they often bite the fins of other fish, even fish of
the same species. The label piranha, then, refers to a wide
variety of species.

Students are often confounded by the prospect of writing
an essay for the first time. I tell them that the process of
writing an essay is not much different than the process of
building a fence around a yard. Both the fence and the
essay are structures, systems composed of interrelated
parts that function as a whole. First one determines the
need for the structure, gauging whether it will help to
solve some problem one has identified or make matters
worse. Next will come some kind of rough plan and a
determination of necessary parts and equipment. At about
this stage, the writer or builder generally stops to ponder
whether the project will be worth what it costs.

There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the
standard sets and best sellers-unread,untouched(this
deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink ,not
books).The second has a great many books-few of them
read through, most of them dipped into,but all of them
read is clean and shiny as the day they were bought (this
person is probably like to make books of his own,but is
restrained by the false respect of their physical
appearance).The third has a few books or many-every
one of them dogeared and dilapidated, shaken and
loosened by the continual use,marked and scribbled in
from front to back(this man owns his books).

Propaganda is the expression of
opinions or action by individuals or
groups deliberately designed to
influence the opinions or actions of
other individuals or groups with
reference to predetermined ends.

Propaganda differs from scientific
analysis.The propagandist is trying to
put across good or bad,whereas the
scientific is trying to discover truth and
fact.Often the propagandist does not
want careful scrutiny and criticism; he
wants to bring about a specific action.
64

It is easier to recognize propaganda if
we are familiar with the seven common
propaganda vices. These are:
a. The Name Calling Device
b.The Glittering Generalities
Device
c.The Transfer Device
d.The Testimonial Device
e.The Plain Folks Device
f.The Card Stacking Device

In the story of "The Little Red Hen", the
story teller begins with finding of the
rice grains.The story continues when
the little red hen asks questions like:
Who will help me plant the rice?Who
will help me harvest the rice?Who will
help me pound the rice?Who will help
me bake the bread?
66

An engineer is surveying a piece of
land.On the map he prepares, he has to
give the landmarks.There is a creek
running in a broken arc along the
northwest section.There are two rows of
coconut on the east and a cart trail on the
south.
67

The comma has many uses. One rule is: Do not
use a comma to separate adjectives that seem
to modify a following noun but which really
modify each other or have become a part of the
noun.
68

The kingdom of heaven is like unto a
net that was cast into the sea, and
gathered of every kind; which when it
was full, they drew to share , and sat
down, and gathered the goods on top
the vessels, but cast the bad away. So
shall it be all the end of the world;
angels shall come forth, and severe the
wicked from the just.
- Matthew 13:47-49

References
70
• Writer's choice Vol.10
• Writer's choice Vol.
• Developmental Reading 1
• Hidalgo, Araceli C. et.al.Effective Communication
in English.College English (JMC Press,Inc. 1982)
• Baraceros,Ph.D, Esther I. English 3; English for
Academic Writing.Manila,Philippines:Rex
Bookstore,inc.
• Serrano,Josephine B. Third Edition,Better English
for the Philippine High Schools, Third year,
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,Inc.1994

71
References
• http://www.rit.edu/ntid/rate/sea/processes/paragraph/pr
ocess/placement

DR11 Expository Structures -kaye

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