Drag Estimation of a Car: Major Project
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The document presents a study on the aerodynamic flow over a nano car using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to calculate aero-forces and drag coefficients at various velocities. It utilizes SolidWorks for modeling, Gambit for meshing, and Fluent for analysis, and reports key results, including the dependence of lift and drag coefficients on vehicle velocity. The conclusion details the behavior of velocity and pressure around the car at speeds ranging from 2 to 25 m/s, alongside graphical representations of force coefficients.
Drag Estimation of a Car: Major Project
- 1. STUDY OF AERODYNAMIC FLOW OVER A NANO CAR JJ TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS (www.mechieprojects.com) Photo Courtesy www.topspeed.in
- 2. AIM 1. To study and understand the aerodynamic air flow over a NANO car using CFD 2. To calculate the aero-force acting on the vehicle for different velocities & compute the drag coefficient
- 3. PROBLEM FORMULATION Tools Used: 1. Drafting/Modeling: SolidWorks 2. Meshing: Gambit 3. Analysis & Post Processing: Fluent Car Velocity Inlet Meshing of Model in Gambit & Defining Boundary Conditions Pressure Outlet Velocity Inlet Wall Velocity of Car Considered 1. 2m/s 2. 5m/s 3. 10m/s 4. 15m/s 5. 20m/s 6. 25m/s L2L 4L
- 4. Problem Definition in FLUENT Define the problem as, Solver -Pressure based Formulation -Implicit Space -2D Time -Steady Viscous -Two-equation SST-k-omega model Enable the Energy equation The fluid type used is Air defined as ideal gas Operating pressure= 0 Pa
- 5. LIFT, DRAG, AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS • Behavior of L, D, and M depend on a, but also on velocity and altitude • V∞, r ∞, Wing Area (S), Wing Shape, m ∞, compressibility • Characterize behavior of L, D, M with coefficients (cl, cd, cm) Re,, 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 Mfc Scq L ScV M c SccVM m m m a r r Re,, 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 Mfc Sq D SV D c ScVD d d d a r r Re,, 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 Mfc Sq L SV L c ScVL l l l a r r Note on Notation: We use lower case, cl, cd, and cm for infinite wings (airfoils) We use upper case, CL, CD, and CM for finite wings
- 6. PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, CP • Use non-dimensional description, instead of plotting actual values of pressure • Pressure distribution in aerodynamic literature often given as Cp • So why do we care? – Distribution of Cp leads to value of cl – Easy to get pressure data in wind tunnels – Shows effect of M∞ on cl 2 2 1 V pp q pp Cp r
- 11. Contours of Static Pressure around the Car for Car Velocity =2m/s
- 12. Contours of Dynamic Pressure around the Car for Car Velocity =2m/s
- 13. Contours of X velocity around the Car for Car Velocity =2m/s
- 14. Contours of X-dir. Velocity around the Car for Car Velocity =2 m/s
- 15. Velocity Vectors around the Car for Car Velocity =2 m/s
- 16. Contours of Velocity magnitude around the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 17. Velocity Magnitude of the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 18. Contours of X-dir. Velocity of the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 19. Contours of Y-dir. Velocity of the Car for Car Velocity = 25 m/s
- 20. Contours of Static Pressure of the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 21. Contours of Dynamic Pressure of the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 22. Absolute Pressure Contours around the Car for Car Velocity =25m/s
- 23. Contours of Pressure Coeff. around the Car for Car Velocity = 25m/s
- 24. RESULTS Vehicle Velocity (m/s) Drag coeff. Cd Lift coeff. Cl Pressure Force (N) Viscous Force (N) Total Force (N) Pressure Coeff. Viscous Coeff. Total Coeff. 2 0.405 0.778 1.756 0.088 1.844 0.385 0.019 0.405 5 0.393 0.802 10.755 0.445 11.199 0.378 0.016 0.393 10 0.387 0.843 42.596 1.521 44.117 0.374 0.013 0.387 15 0.385 0.868 95.439 3.136 98.575 0.372 0.012 0.385 20 0.383 0.887 169.279 5.252 174.531 0.372 0.012 0.383 25 0.382 0.904 263.902 7.847 271.749 0.371 0.011 0.382
- 27. CONCLUSION 1. The contours of Velocity, Pressure & Turbulence is plotted, around the sedan car and studied for car velocity changing from 2- 25m/s. 2. The velocity increases near the hood of the car and the pressure decreases 3. A swirl/ backflow is generated at the rear end of the car with negative velocity. 4. The pressure coefficient is plotted for the top & bottom side of the car. 5. The pressure force, viscous force and total force acting on the car for different velocities is plotted against car velocity. 6. The viscous force is a small fraction of total force acting on the car. 7. The Lift coefficient decreases with the increase in car velocity, 8. The Drag coefficient (Cd) for the car is = 0.38
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- 29. This is purely an academic work and has no financial or other interest. The results achieved in this should be independently verified.