Drivermanual

The
THE
New Jersey
NEW JERSEY
DRIVER
Driver
Manual
MANUAL
www.njmvc.gov

The New Jersey Driver License System 5
New Jersey Driver Testing 29
Driver Responsibility 37
Safe Driving Rules & Regulations 57
Defensive Driving 79
Drinking, Drugs & Health 101
Driver Privileges & Penalties 109
Sharing the Road with Others 129
Vehicle Information 141
Motorcycle Manual 147
Appendices
Driver Safety 185
MVC Locations 196
Table of
Contents
NEW J ERSEY DRIVER MANUAL

6 Laws governing driver licenses
8 Digital Driver License
8 Types of New Jersey licenses
11 6 Point ID Verification
16 Graduated Driver License (GDL)
21 Special Learner Permits for New Jersey residents
22 Examination Permits for New Jersey Residents
NEW JERSEY DRIVER MANUAL www.njmvc.gov
5 DRIVER LICENSE SYSTEM
The New Jersey
Driver License System
22 Examination Permits for Out-of-State Drivers
23 Examination Permits for Out-of-Country Drivers
23 International Driving Permit (IDP)
24 Non-Driver ID
24 Next-of-Kin Registry (Sara’s Law)
24 Hearing-Impaired Designation
25 Commercial Driver License (CDL)

™™ LAWS GOVERNING DRIVER LICENSES
• A motorist who operates a motor vehicle in the State of New Jersey
must carry a valid driver license, a valid probationary license or a validated
New Jersey permit. The motorist must also carry valid insurance and vehicle
registration cards. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-29)
• A motorist with a validated New Jersey driver permit must be accompanied by
an appropriately licensed driver. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-13, 39:3-13.2a)
• A motorist who is a legal resident of New Jersey must be licensed in this
state. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-10, 39:3-17.1)
• A motorist who changes addresses must report this change to the MVC
within one week after moving. This includes individuals who are moving out
of New Jersey. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-36)
• A motorist who legally changes his/her name (marriage, divorce, adoption)
must report the change to the MVC within two weeks. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-9a)
• A motorist with a valid out-of-state license who moves to New Jersey must
apply for a New Jersey license within 60 days (commercial driver license
– CDL - within 30 days) or before the current license expires, whichever is
sooner. The out-of state license must be surrendered prior to receiving a
New Jersey license. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-17.1, 39:3-10.17, 39:5D-5)
• A motorist who is a foreign national with a valid license from another country
may be eligible for a New Jersey driver license. If the motorist receives a
New Jersey license, he/she will not have to surrender the out-of-country
license.
• Operators of commercial vehicles, such as large trucks, buses and vehicles
that transport hazardous materials, must satisfy more stringent testing
standards than the drivers of automobiles or motorcycles. These operators
must still possess a valid, basic New Jersey driver license prior to applying
for a CDL.

.• Individuals who have never had a driver license must complete the
MVC’s Graduated Driver License (GDL) Program, which introduces driving
privileges in phases with a period of supervised driving before getting a
basic driver license. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-10, 39:3-13 through 39:3-13.8)
• All applicants for a New Jersey driver license who are under 18 years of age
must present a completed consent form signed by a parent or guardian.
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-13 and 39:3-13.3)
• GDL, special learner and examination permits are valid until all qualifications
for a probationary license are met, or for two years, whichever occurs first.
All others are valid for 90 days.
• All applicants for a New Jersey driver license must provide a full name,
current address, Social Security number, 6 Points of ID Verification and
other documentation that verifies that their legal presence in the United
States is authorized under federal law. Documents must be in English or
have an approved translation. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-9a, 39:3-9b, 39:3-10 and
N.J.A.C. 13:21-1.1, 13:21-1.2, 13:21-1.3, 13:21-8.2)
• Drivers under age 21, who possess an examination permit or probationary
license, shall not operate a motor vehicle without displaying two visible,
reflective GDL decals, which are provided by the Motor Vehicle Commission,
on the license plates of the vehicle. (39:3-13, 39:3-13.2a and 39:3-13.4f)

™™ DIGITAL DRIVER LICENSE
In 2011, New Jersey began issuing the next generation
of security-enhanced digital driver license. The
DDL, along with new facial recognition technology,
helps to prevent identity theft and ensures that only
those individuals who are legally entitled to have a
driver license may get one. The DDL has more than
20 covert and overt features and is issued to all
customers at MVC agencies statewide. Motorists
under 21 years of age are issued a distinctive,
vertical-format driver license. Driver licenses are valid
for four years.
Altering a driver license or presenting an altered driver license
may result in the loss of a motorist’s driving privilege, a fine up
to $1,000 and/or up to six months imprisonment. Additionally,
obtaining a driver license illegally may result in a fine up to $200
to $500 and/or imprisonment of 30 to 90 days.
™™ TYPES OF NEW JERSEY LICENSES
The following chart shows age requirements, license fees and required tests
for each type of license that the MVC offers. Testing for commercial and
moped licenses will require the use of topic-specific manuals in addition to
using this Driver and Motorcycle Manual. Copies of the commercial or moped
manuals may be obtained at any MVC agency or viewed online or requested
at www.njmvc.gov. Manuals may also be obtained by calling (888) 486-3339
toll-free in New Jersey or (609) 292-6500 from out of state.
An endorsement added to a license will expire with the license. When an
endorsement is added to an existing license, the charge for the endorsement is
prorated to cover the period remaining until expiration.

Basic Automobile License
For all types of Class D motor vehicles
registered by the MVC, except motorcycles.
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
4 Years
18 (Permit: 16)
$10
$24
KVR 1
Probationary Automobile License
For all types of Class D motor vehicles
registered by the MVC, except motorcycles.
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
Commercial Driver License
For large trucks, buses and vehicles (Classes
A, B and C).
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
Motorcycle License
For most vehicles with fewer than four wheels
(Class E). Issued as a separate license or as
an endorsement (M) if the individual already
holds a basic New Jersey driver license.
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
Probationary Motorcycle License
For most vehicles with fewer than four wheels
(Class E). Issued as a separate license or as
an endorsement (M) if the individual already
holds a basic New Jersey driver license.
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Tests Required:
4 Years
17
$10+$4 decals
$6 3
KVR 1
4 Years
18/21 4
$125 5
$32
CKVR
4 Years
17
$5
$24 or $18 6
KVR 1
4 Years
17
$10+$4 decals
$6 3
KVR 1

Moped License
For unlicensed motorists 15 years of age and older.
Not needed if operator has a Class A, B, C, D or E
license.
Agricultural License
For farming purposes only. May be granted to
persons between 16 and 17 years old.
Boat License
For individuals 16 years of age and older, who
operate a motorboat on fresh, non-tidal waters,
such as lakes, creeks or rivers, that are not affected
by tidal conditions. All persons who wish to operate
a power vessel must possess a Boating Safety
Certificate and present it when applying for a boat
license. For more information about New Jersey
boating requirements, visit the State Police Marine
Services Web site at www.state.nj.us/njsp/
maritime/index.html. (N.J.S.A. 12:7-61.1)
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
Expiration:
Minimum Age:
Permit Fee:
Photo License Fee:
Test(s) Required:
4 Years 2
15
$5
$6
KVR 1
4 Years 2
16
$10
$6
KVR 1
4 Years
16
n/a
$18
n/a non-tidal
waters only
1 K-Knowledge, V-Vision, R-Road, C-Commercial
2 Or until a basic license is obtained at 18 years of age.
3 Motorist must return to agency in one year to have license upgraded. Fee is $18.00.
4
CDL applicants must be at least 18 years old. Applicants under 21 may travel only
in New Jersey (intrastate, not interstate) and may not receive HAZMAT or passenger
endorsements.
5
Out-of-state CDL transfer fees are $10.
6
Class E endorsements are $24; Class M endorsements are $18.
Note: Fees in this manual are subject to change. Current fees are available online
at www.njmvc.gov or by calling (888) 486-3339 toll-free in New Jersey or
(609) 292-6500 from out of state.

™™ 6 POINT ID VERIFICATION
Per N.J.A.C. 13:21-8.2, all New Jersey driver license applicants must complete
6 Point ID Verification by presenting documents that prove their age, identity,
and legal presence in the U.S. All applicants must prove identity through a
prescribed combination of documents that includes:
• At least one primary document
• At least one secondary document
• At least six points of ID
• Proof of address
Use the chart on the following pages to select your documents, or use the
online Document Selector at www.njmvc.gov/6point.
If discrepancies exist within or between documents presented to the MVC,
the applicant may be required to provide additional documentation. Any permit
or license application may be refused if a document appears altered, false or
otherwise invalid.
A non-citizen must submit proof of continued legal presence in the United
States. The MVC may accept other documents proving identity, date of birth
and continued legal presence. Documents must be provided in English.
A motorist referred for a conference due to identification issues will be
required to provide an original or certified copy of his/her civil birth certificate
if a U.S. citizen. Passports will not be accepted. Non-U.S. citizens may be
asked for additional identification documents.
For assistance with 6 Point ID Verification, visit www.njmvc.gov or call
(888) 486-3339 toll-free in New Jersey or (609) 292-6500 from out of state.

REQUIREMENTS:
AT LEAST ONE PRIMARY DOCUMENT
AT LEAST ONE SECONDARY DOCUMENT
TOTAL DOCUMENTS MUST BE WORTH 6 POINTS OR MORE
PROOF OF ADDRESS
SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
If your current legal name is different from the name on your civil birth certificate
(e.g., your maiden name), then you must show legal proof of the name change.
Legal proof = Certified marriage or civil union certificate, divorce decree or
court order linking the new name with a previous name. U.S. passport is not
proof of legal name change. A divorce decree may be used as authority to
resume using a previous name only if it contains the new name and the previous
name and permits a return to use of the previous name.
Certain documents may require proof of legal U.S. presence.
Visit www.njmvc.gov for a list or call (888) 486-3339.
All documents must be ORIGINAL or CERTIFIED COPIES in English and
have the required state and/or municipal seals. Certified copies of New
Jersey records are available from the municipality that originally issued them
and from the State Bureau of Vital Statistics at www.nj.gov/health/vital
or (609) 292-4087. For information about Jersey City/Hudson County birth
certificates, visit www.nj.gov/health/vital/jerseycity. For information about
birth certificates from Puerto Rico, visit www.nj.gov/health/vital.

CHOOSE PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
You must show at least one of these
1
US Citizens
4-Point Documents:
Valid civil birth certificate or cer-tified
copy from one of the 50
states, District of Columbia or
a US territory. Photocopies or
certificates from hospitals or
religious entities are not accepted.
Please read Important Information
on previous page.
US Department of State birth
certificate (Form FS-545, FS 240
or DS-1350)
US passport, current or expired
less than 3 years (may not be used
for proof of legal name change)
Current NJ digital driver license
Current NJ digital non-driver
ID card
Current NJ digital boat license
Valid active duty US military
photo ID card
US adoption papers
Certificate of naturalization
(Form N-550, N-570 or N-578)
Certificate of citizenship
(Form N-560, N-561 or N-645)
Non-Citizens
4-Point Documents:
Foreign passport with INS or USCIS
verification and valid record of ar-rival/
departure (Form I-94)
Foreign passport with INS or
USCIS verification and valid Form
I-551 stamp
Current alien registration card (new
Form I-551) with expiration date and
verification from INS or USCIS
Refugee travel document
(Form I-571)
US re-entry permit (Form I-327)
Valid I-94 stamped “Refugee,”
“Parolee,” “Asylee” or “Notice of Ac-tion”
(Form I-797 approved petition)
by INS or USCIS
Valid I-94 with attached photo
stamped “Processed for I-551…”
by INS or USCIS
3-Point Document:
Current photo employment authori-zation
card (Form I-688B or I-766).
Must be presented with valid Social
Security card.
2-Point Documents:
Current alien registration card (old
Form I-551) without expiration date
and with INS or USCIS verification
Photo temporary resident card
(Form I-688)

2 CHOOSE SECONDARY DOCUMENTS
You must show at least one of these
3-Point Documents:
Civil marriage, domestic partner-ship
or civil union certificate issued
by the municipality in which the cer-emony
occurred. Please note: Pho-tocopies
or certificates issued by
religious entities are not acceptable
Order or decree of divorce,
dissolution or termination (see “Im-portant
Information” p.12)
Court order for a legal name
change, signed by a judge or
court clerk
Current US military dependent card
US military photo retiree card
Valid NJ firearm purchaser card
2-Point Documents:
US school photo ID card with
transcript or school records
US college photo ID card with
transcript
Valid federal, state or local
government employee driver license
Valid federal, state or local
government employee photo ID
card
US military discharge papers
(DD214)
FAA pilot license
1-Point Documents: You cannot
use more than TWO of these
Current PHOTO driver license from
any other state or the District of
Columbia
Social Security card
Bank statement or record
ATM card with preprinted name and
applicant’s signature. (Please note:
An ATM card and bank statement
cannot be submitted together.)
Current health insurance card, pre-scription
card or employee ID card
with printed pay stub
State professional license
NJ public assistance card with photo
(also known as a NJ Social Services
ID card)
High school diploma, GED or college
diploma
Property tax statement, bill or receipt
issued by a New Jersey
municipality
For NJ high school students: a waiver
certificate for the written
portion of the driver’s test
Veterans Affairs universal access
photo ID card

9
You must also present proof of
residential address, which may be,
but is not limited to, ONE of these
Utility or credit card bill issued in the
past 90 days that shows your name
at your current address.
Note: Mail addressed to P.O. boxes not
accepted as proof of address (39:3-9b)
Checking or savings account
statement from a bank or credit
union, issued in the past 60 days
High school or college report card
or transcript containing your address,
issued within the past two years
Original lease or rental agreement
showing your name as the lessee
or renter
Property tax bill, statement or
receipt from the past year
Any letter or correspondence
(including tax bills) received from
the IRS or state tax office in the
past year
First-class mail received from any
federal, state or local government
agency in the past six months
If you are under 18, then we will
accept a Parent or Guardian
Certification that verifies you are
living with a parent or guardian
To complete 6 Point ID Verification,
MVC will verify that your Social Security
number matches your name and birth
date on record with the Social Security
Administration database.
If you are not eligible for a Social
Security number, you must provide an
exemption letter from the Social Security
Administration.
ADD UP POINTS
PRIMARY
+
SECONDARY
TOTAL
Must equal 6 or more points
3 CHOOSE
Proof of Address 4 SOCIAL
Security Number

™™ GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSE (GDL)
In 2001, New Jersey sought to enhance driver preparation and safety by
implementing a multi-stage driver licensing system. Known as the Graduated
Driver License (GDL) Program, the system gradually introduces driving privileges
to first-time drivers, extends their practice driving time and requires a minimum
age of 18 in order to receive an unrestricted, basic driver license. GDL restrictions
placed upon first-time drivers must be strictly adhered to. Failure to do so may
result in a fine of $100 or a possible suspension of a motorist’s driving privilege.
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-10 and 39:3-13 through 39:13.8)

GRADUATED
DRIVER
LICENSE THE EARLY BIRD ROAD A
GET A SPECIAL LEARNER PERMIT
• Must be at least 16 years old
• Must have signed parent or guardian consent
• Must be enrolled in approved behind-the-wheel driver training
course through the N.J. Department of Education or commercial
driving school
• An approved instructor must purchase the permit
• Must pass MVC’s knowledge and vision tests
• Must pay required fee
STEP 1
STEP 2
OPTION
MVC will validate Special Learner Permits ONLY after training course completion.
PRACTICE WITH AN ADULT SUPERVISING DRIVER
• Must observe special learner permit driving restrictions
• Must practice at least six months
GET A PROBATIONARY LICENSE
• Must have completed six months of supervised driving
without any suspensions or postponements
• Must pass MVC’s road test
STEP 3
WITH A PROBATIONARY DRIVER LICENSE
• Must practice unsupervised driving for at least one year
• Must observe probationary driver license restrictions
STEP 4
GET THE BASIC DRIVER LICENSE
• Must have completed one year of unsupervised driving with
probationary driver license restrictions
STEP 5
Note: Permit may not be used for practice driving until validated at an MVC Driver
Testing Center.

GRADUATED
DRIVER
LICENSE THE YOUNG ADULT ROAD OPTION
GET AN EXAMINATION PERMIT
• Must pass MVC’s knowledge and vision test
• Must obtain parent or guardian consent if you are under
18 years of age
STEP 1
PRACTICE SUPERVISED DRIVING
• Must practice with an adult supervising driver
• Must practice at least six months
• Must observe examination-permit driving restrictions
STEP 2
• Must have completed six months of supervised driving
without any suspensions or postponements
STEP 3
PRACTICE UNSUPERVISED DRIVING
• Must follow probationary driver license restrictions
STEP 4
• Must have completed one year of unsupervised driving
STEP 5
B

1139 DDRRIIVVEERR LLIICCEENNSSEE SSYYSSTTEEMM
GRADUATED
DRIVER
LICENSE THE ADULT ROAD OPTION C
GET AN EXAMINATION PERMIT
• Must pass MVC’s knowledge and vision tests
STEP 1
PRACTICE SUPERVISED DRIVING
• Must practice with an adult supervising driver
• Must practice at least three months
• Must observe examination permit driving restrictions
STEP 2
• Must have completed three months of supervised
driving without any suspensions or postponements
STEP 3
PRACTICE UNSUPERVISED DRIVING
• Must follow applicable probationary driver license restrictions
STEP 4
• Must have completed one year of unsupervised driving
STEP 5

^^ SPECIAL LEARNER PERMIT RESTRICTIONS
• No driving between 11:01 p.m. and 5:00 a.m.
• No using hand-held or hands-free cell phones or any other electronic
devices.
• Permit holder must be accompanied in the front seat by an adult
supervising driver who is at least 21 years of age and who possesses a
valid New Jersey driver license and has a minimum of three years’
driving experience.
• Passengers are limited to any parent, guardian or dependant of the special
permit holder and one additional passenger.
• Permit holder and all passengers must wear seat belts.
• Must display decals on license plates.
^^ EXAMINATION PERMIT RESTRICTIONS
• No driving between 11:01 p.m. and 5:00 a.m.1
• No using hand-held or hands-free cell phones or any other electronic
devices.
• Permit holder must be accompanied in the front seat by an adult
supervising driver who is at least 21 years of age and who possesses
a valid New Jersey driver license and has a minimum of three years’
driving experience.1
• Passengers are limited to dependants of the permit holder and one
additional person, unless accompanied by a parent/guardian.
• Permit holder and all passengers must wear seat belts.
^^ PROBATIONARY DRIVER LICENSE RESTRICTIONS
• No driving between 11:01 p.m. and 5:00 a.m.1
• No using hand-held or hands-free cell phones or any other electronic devices.
• Passengers are limited to dependants of the probationary license holder
and one additional person, unless accompanied by a parent/guardian.
• Probationary license holder and all passengers must wear seat belts.
1 If the Examination Permit or Probationary License holder is 21 years of age
or older, hour and passenger restrictions do not apply.

GDL DECAL
All GDL drivers under age 21, who possess a permit or probationary license, are
required to display two visible, red reflective decals, distributed through the MVC, on
any vehicle that they operate. One decal is to be displayed on the top left corner of
the rear license plate and the other on the top left corner
of the front license plate. The two, removable decals are
provided to a driver at the time a permit is issued for a fee
of $4. Additional decals are available for $4 per pair at
any MVC agency. (39:3-13 and 39:3-13.4f)
GDL DRIVER EXEMPTIONS
Exemptions to the hours rule for permit and probationary drivers under 21 years:
Proof of a need to drive during the prohibited hours for employment and/or religion.
For an exemption, the motorist must carry a legible certification to indicate this need
from his/her employer or religious official on the official letterhead of the business,
organization or religious institution, with the signature of the certifying official and
his/her name, title, address and phone number. (N.J.A.C. 13:21-8.18)
Note: If the student driver commits a traffic offense, responsibility will be with
both the student and instructor or adult supervising driver. All motorists who
possess a probationary driver license, whose probationary licensing period
is not extended by the MVC beyond the standard 12 months, must visit an
MVC agency to upgrade to a basic driver license after the end of those 12
months. Motorists who fail to do so will remain subject to the probationary
driver license restrictions and could be cited by law enforcement for violating
the restrictions.
™™ SPECIAL LEARNER PERMITS FOR NEW JERSEY
RESIDENTS
Any New Jersey resident who is at least 16 years old and is not in suspension
status can obtain a special learner permit at any MVC agency. The applicant
must have the signed consent of his/her parent or guardian, must be enrolled in a
behind-the-wheel driver training course approved by the New Jersey Department
of Education or conducted by a commercial driving school, and must pass the
MVC’s knowledge test and vision screening. An approved course is six full hours
of behind-the-wheel instruction in a dual-controlled vehicle. These hours are
exclusive of time spent at the MVC for permit purchasing or testing. The instructor
must purchase the permit, which is valid for two years. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-13.1)
New Jersey
g d l
Garden State

After an applicant fills out the form with his/her personal information and provides 6
Points of ID Verification and, if applicable, proof that the U.S. government authorizes his/
her presence in this country, the instructor can purchase a permit at any MVC agency.
Upon completion of the approved driver training course and before practice driving,
the permit holder must have the permit validated at any MVC Driver Testing Center.
™™ EXAMINATION PERMITS FOR NJ RESIDENTS
Any New Jersey resident who is at least 17 years old and is not in suspension
status can obtain a driver examination permit at any MVC agency. The
examination permit is different from a student learner permit because the
applicant does not have to be a student and an instructor is not necessary.
Note: A driver examination permit is required even if the motorist possesses a valid
license from another state. See Examination Permits for Out-of-State Drivers.
After an applicant fills out the form with his/her personal information and provides
6 Points of ID Verification and proof that the U.S. government authorizes his/her
presence in this country, he/she can purchase a permit to take to the nearest
Driver Testing Center. Basic automobile license applicants must supply a Social
Security number or an exemption from the Social Security Administration.
Note: Most agencies conduct knowledge testing and vision screening. To
find out which MVC agencies offer driver testing services, check online at
www.njmvc.gov or call (888) 486-3339 toll-free in New Jersey or
(609) 292-6500 from out of state.
The MVC will validate the permit for practice driving after the applicant passes
the required knowledge test and vision screening. Results are valid for two
years (see Chapter 2).
™™ EXAMINATION PERMITS FOR OUT-OF-STATE
DRIVERS
All out-of-state drivers are required to purchase an examination permit within
60 days of becoming a permanent New Jersey resident or when his/her out-of-
state license expires, whichever comes first.
Out-of-state drivers who are under 18 years of age and move to New Jersey
are subject to this state’s GDL Program. If they wish to apply for a New Jersey
license, they should follow the steps outlined for special and examination

17
permit holders. Permits may be purchased at any MVC agency upon presenting
the required proof of age and 6 Point ID Verification. Applicants are required to
pass a vision screening test. Knowledge and road tests are waived as long as
you have a valid, non-probationary driver license issued by any of the 50 states
or District of Columbia.
Out-of-state driver licenses must be surrendered when the MVC issues a New
Jersey driver license.
™™ EXAMINATION PERMITS FOR OUT-OF-COUNTRY
DRIVERS
A non-citizen must show formal proof that U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Ser-vices
(USCIS) has authorized his/her presence in this country under federal law.
Students and their families on visas must show INS Form I-20, student
identification cards or certification on school letterhead indicating status.
Note: Foreign drivers may use their native driver licenses as proof of driving
experience if their countries are members of the United Nations Convention
on Road Traffic and if the applicants have their licenses translated into English
by a consulate or an MVC-approved translator. A road test may still be required.
Note: Licenses from US Possessions and Territories are considered out-of-country.
™™ INTERNATIONAL DRIVING PERMIT (IDP)
Visitors with a foreign driver license who travel to the United States should
carry an IDP or attach an acceptable English translation to their national driver
licenses. The IDP is translated into the official languages of the United Nations
(including English) and is useful in traffic emergencies. Non-citizens must
obtain the IDP in their native country before traveling to the United States.
New Jersey motorists who travel to foreign countries may obtain an IDP appli-cation
through their local AAA club. Visit www.aaa.com/vacation/idpc.html
for more information.
Note: A motorist must carry a valid driver license. Although it is an official
document, the IDP cannot replace a driver license, but it can be used in
conjunction with the license to provide an additional source of motorist
identification and span foreign language barriers.

™™ NON-DRIVER ID
An individual, 14 years of age or older, who does not possess a valid driver
license may apply for a non-driver identification card. To obtain an identification
card, the individual must show proof of age and provide 6 Points of ID Verification
and proof that his/her presence in this country is authorized under federal law. The
cost is $24. The non-driver ID must be surrendered if the individual applies for and
receives a New Jersey driver license. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-29.2 to 39:3-29.10)
™™ NEXT-OF-KIN REGISTRY (SARA’S LAW)
The Next-of-Kin Registry is a New Jersey statewide web based system that allows
individuals at least 14 years of age to voluntarily submit and maintain emergency
contact information through the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission. This
non-public information will only be used by law enforcement officers to locate
designated emergency contacts in an event that a person is involved in a motor
vehicle crash that renders him or her unable to communicate. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-
134.2 to 39:4-134.3)
Any individual who legally possesses New Jersey-issued driver’s license,
probationary license, learner’s permit, non-driver identification card or any other
MVC-issued permit or license authorizing an individual to operate a motor vehicle
or vessel (i.e., boat) may utilize the registry. Additionally, individuals as young as
14 years old may utilize the Next-of-Kin Registry to submit emergency contacts
if they apply for a non-driver identification card.
™™ HEARING-IMPAIRED DESIGNATION
A special driver license for deaf or hearing-impaired motorists (41 dB loss
or more) is provided by the MVC. To obtain this license, which is designated
with the international symbol of the deaf or a numerical code, a motorist must
complete an application, available at any MVC agency. Verification by a physician
or audiologist is required. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-11a)
™™ COMMERCIAL DRIVER LICENSE (CDL)
There are three classes of a commercial license; A, B, and C. However, no one
can apply for these licenses until he/she is in possession of a valid basic Class D

New Jersey driver license or he/she possesses a valid out-of-state CDL.
Class A: License is necessary for the operation of tractor trailers or any truck or
trailer with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 pounds or more,
provided the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of the vehicle being towed is
more than 10,000 pounds. The Class A license also allows the motorist to operate
all vehicles in the class B, C and D categories, provided the motorist has qualified
for all the proper extra endorsements. See the chart on page 25.
Class B: License is necessary for the operation of any vehicle with a GVWR of
26,001 pounds or more:
• A vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more
towing a trailer with a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 pounds
• A bus with a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more designed
to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver
A Class B license allows the motorist to operate all vehicles in the Class C and D
categories, provided the motorist has qualified for all the proper extra endorsements.
Class C: License is necessary for any vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001
pounds, used and placarded to transport hazardous material:
• Any bus, including school buses, designed to carry 16 passengers or more,
including the motorist, and with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds and
all school vehicles designed for 15 passengers or fewer, including the
motorist
• Any bus or other vehicle designed to transport 8 to 15 passengers,
including the motorist, which is used for hire
COMMERCIAL DRIVER EXEMPTIONS
Taxi drivers, ride-sharing van drivers, funeral procession drivers, operators
of rescue, first-aid squad or firefighter apparatus, farmers hauling their own
products and equipment within 150 miles of their farms, non-civilian operators
of military equipment and operators of construction equipment not designed for
operation on public roads are exempt and need not apply for a commercial driver
license. Operators of recreational vehicles are also exempt, provided the vehicle
is being operated only for personal use. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-10k, 39:3-10.11)

COMMERCIAL LICENSE ENDORSEMENTS
Most commercial drivers will need to obtain at least one special endorsement. An
example of an endorsement on a commercial license is “H” for hazardous materials,
which means that the motorist may legally transport hazardous materials.
CODE VEHICLE ENDORSEMENT SPECIAL REQUIREMENT
T Double and
Triple Trailer
Needed by operators of
vehicles pulling two or
three trailers
Requires a knowledge test. Class A
license required to operate this type
of vehicle
P Passenger Needed by operators of
buses or similar vehicles
used to transport
passengers
Requires a road test. Other special
requirements are necessary (see
CDL Manual)
S School Bus Needed by all school bus
drivers
Requires a knowledge and road
test. Motorists who hold an “S”
endorsement will also have to test
for a “P” endorsement. Both are
required to operate a school bus
N Tanker
Vehicle
Needed by operators
of vehicles used to
transport liquids or gas
in bulk
Requires a knowledge test.
H Hazardous
Materials
Needed by operators
of vehicles used to
transport hazardous
materials
Requires a knowledge test. Must
be trained and retested every
two years. See the Federal Motor
Carrier Safety Administration for
requirements (www.fmcsa.dot.
gov)
COMMERCIAL LICENSE RESTRICTIONS
Numbered restrictions, such as corrective lenses, are noted on all commercial
licenses. An example of a special restriction on a commercial license is “L” for
air brakes. This means the motorist may not operate a vehicle equipped with air
brakes, if designated on the license.
COMMERCIAL DRIVER MANUAL
For more information on commercial motor vehicle licensing, refer to the MVC’s
Commercial Driver Manual. All CDL tests are based on information contained
in the manual. To get a copy, visit any MVC agency or regional service center
or view/request it online at www.njmvc.gov. Manuals may also be obtained by
calling (888) 486-3339 toll-free in New Jersey or (609) 292-6500 from out of
state.

NEW JERSEY DRIVER TESTING
29
New Jersey
Driver Testing
30 Requirements for a Basic Driver License
32 Road Test
34 Reasons for Rejection

™™ REQUIREMENTS FOR A BASIC DRIVER LICENSE
6 POINT ID VERIFICATION
All applicants for a New Jersey driver license must have all required documents to
satisfy the 6 Point ID Verification.
VISION TEST
A vision screening is required for all motorists. The MVC may refer applicants with
impaired vision to a physician. Periodically, the MVC may require a vision recheck
of a New Jersey motorist.
KNOWLEDGE TEST
The knowledge test consists of 50 questions, plus a survey question about
organ donation. The MVC offers the knowledge test in English and these
foreign languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Polish,
Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. If the applicant cannot read in any language,
head phones are supplied to administer an oral test. If the applicant is hearing
impaired, there is a test using sign language visuals.
INTERPRETERS
An approved foreign language interpreter is:
• A full-time faculty member of a college or university in the United States, who
displays a current identification card issued by that college or university
• A priest, minister, rabbi or other religious leader of a recognized organization,
who displays credentials showing his/her association in such an organization
• An individual listed on the N.J. Administrative Office of the Courts (Language
Services Section) Registry of Interpreters and Agencies
An approved hearing-impaired interpreter is:
• An interpreter certified by the National Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf
and listed with the New Jersey Division of the Deaf
• An interpreter who has been evaluated by the Division of the Deaf and is on
the approved list of professional interpreters
The MVC will pay the interpreter fees for hearing-impaired applicants. Contact
any Driver Testing Center for more information about approved interpreters or
fee payments.

SCREENING TESTS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
EYESIGHT Basic license applicants: 20/50 vision with or
without corrective lenses. For sight in one eye only, that
eye must meet the 20/50 rule and the applicant must
have documentation signed by a licensed physician.
CDL license applicants: 20/40 vision with or
without corrective lenses in both eyes. Must be able
to distinguish among red, green and amber lights.
WRITTEN 80 percent, or 40 of the 50 questions, must have
correct answers.
HEALTH Inform examiner of health problems, a medical review
may be necessary. Under federal law, commercial
drivers must carry a medical examiner’s fitness
statement and have it renewed every two years.
31
TEST REQUIREMENTS
OUT-OF-STATE AND OUT-OF COUNTRY APPLICANTS
Applicants may transfer a valid out-of-state license to New Jersey. Knowledge
and road tests will be waived for applicants, at least 18 years of age, who submit
a valid, non-provisional driver license issued by any of the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, the U.S. Territories of American Samoa and Guam, Puerto Rico or
the U.S. Virgin Islands*. The 6 Pt ID requirements must also be submitted.
*Persons transferring driver licenses from the U.S. Territories of American
Samoa and Guam, Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands must present a certified
driver abstract from that jurisdiction in order to have the knowledge test waived.
If that document is not readily available, the person may choose to take the
knowledge test in order to obtain a New Jersey driver license.
These applicants will be issued a four-year basic New Jersey license and will be
required to surrender the out-of-state license.
Out-of-state applicants between 17 and 18 years of age who possess a valid
out-of-state license will be given a probationary license for a period of one year
and must comply with GDL requirements and restrictions.
All out-of-country applicants must pass the knowledge test and a vision
screening and may be required to pass a road test. Test results are valid for
two years.

™™ ROAD TEST
After an applicant passes the knowledge test and vision screening and, if
applicable, an approved behind-the-wheel course, the MVC will validate his/
her permit so that he/she can practice. GDL permit holders under 21 years
of age must have a minimum of six months supervised practice driving prior
to a road test appointment. GDL permit holders, 21 years old and over, must
have a minimum of three months supervised practice driving prior to a road test
appointment. To make an appointment for an initial road test or a retest, visit any
Driver Testing Center or schedule online at www.njmvc.gov. Appointments may
not be made by phone.
ROAD TEST CHECKLIST
No practice driving is permitted on the test course or in the parallel parking area.
Every road test applicant must bring all the items on this checklist to the road test
site in order to take the test. Only ORIGINAL documents will be accepted.
…… 6 Points of ID
…… Validated permit (permit must be legible and cannot be laminated)
…… Valid inspection sticker on vehicle, valid registration and valid insurance
ID documents for vehicle used for the test (unless covered by BPU or
federal DOT regulations)
…… 2 red GDL decals, properly mounted (if Graduated Driver License (GDL)
requirements are applicable)
…… Vehicle for test must not have any obstructions or consoles that prevent
the examiner from reaching the foot or parking brakes
…… Vehicle for test must not have parking assist parking sensors or back-up
cameras unless these features are temporarily disabled prior to taking
the test
…… Self parking vehicles cannot be used for the test
…… All signals, brake lights and windshield wipers on vehicle for test must
be in working order
…… No rental cars are permitted unless the test applicant’s name is listed as
a driver on the rental agreement
…… Applicant must be accompanied by a licensed driver. (The accompanying
driver must hold a valid license to operate the type of vehicle for which
the applicant has a permit, except for a moped.)
Note: Vehicles registered out of state must comply with the laws of the motorist’s
home state with regard to insurance identification.

33
ACCOMPANYING DRIVER REQUIREMENTS
An applicant may drive a properly registered vehicle to the road test area.
However, a licensed driver must remain in the vehicle with the applicant at all
times. A vehicle may not be moved, even in the road test line, without a licensed
driver in the vehicle. If the accompanying motorist is licensed in a state other
than New Jersey, or has less than three years of driving experience, he/she
must drive the vehicle to the road test area. The MVC does not supply vehicles
for road tests. Only MVC examiners are allowed in the vehicle when the test is
administered.
ELEMENTS OF THE ROAD TEST
On the actual road test, an MVC examiner will ride with the applicant when he/
she drives in an off-road test area or on a public road course. The purpose of the
road test is to make sure that the applicant understands the rules of the road
and can drive safely. If the applicant’s vehicle has a standard transmission, the
examiner will ask the applicant to demonstrate his/her ability to correctly shift
gears.
During the basic road test, the examiner may test the applicant on the
following items:
TEST ITEM PAGE
Driving in reverse 49
Following other vehicles 84
Nearing corners, intersections 62
Parking (parallel) 52
Sitting properly 38
Starting a vehicle 44, 45
Steering properly 46, 47
Stopping at signs 71
Stopping smoothly 48
Turning 50, 68, 69
Turning around 51
Using the horn 43
Yielding right-of-way 61

If an applicant passes the road test, the examiner will issue an authorization for
licensing. The permit, authorization and 6 Points of ID Verification must be taken
to a motor vehicle agency to obtain the digital driver license (DDL).
The MVC will license a successful applicant for a Class D basic driver license
or Class E motorcycle license as a probationary driver if the applicant has never
been licensed to drive a motor vehicle in this or any other state. The MVC will
monitor his/her driving habits for two years.
If an applicant fails the road test, he/she must wait at least two weeks before
taking the test again. To reschedule the test, go to any Driver Testing Center in
person or schedule online at www.njmvc.gov.
™™ REASONS FOR REJECTION
Most applicants believe that their driving performance is the only criterion the
examiner uses to grade their road test. However, the vehicle may be the cause
for denial of the road test. Some license applicants may not have the opportunity
to take an initial road test because an examiner considers the vehicle unsuitable
or unsafe for the test.
Here are some of the more common reasons the MVC rejects road test vehicles:
• Improper, expired or no inspection sticker
• Lack of examiner access to foot brake or parking brake
• Any defect or condition that affects the safe operation of the test vehicle,
such as but not limited to:
– Poor brakes (pedal must not fade or go to the floorboard)
– Dashboard brake warning light on
– Parking brake, brake lights, or signal lights not working
– Unsafe tires (smooth, cut, badly worn)
– Vehicle interior is not in reasonably clean condition
– Vehicle failed inspection, and motorist does not bring the Vehicle
Inspection Report issued by the inspection station to road test area
– Fast engine idle (cannot judge speed control)
– Missing seat belts (seat belts are required on all vehicles
manufactured after July 1, 1966)
– Tinting on driver and/or front door windows
– Missing rear-view mirrors - interior and/or driver door
– Any broken or cracked window glass

35
Additional items for motorcycle and moped tests only:
• Lack of equipment required by state regulations
• No helmet
• Unapproved goggles or face shield
• No bell or horn (but not a siren or whistle) that can be heard 100 feet away
See motorcycle section for more specific information.

DRIVER SAFETY & THE RULES OF THE ROAD
38 Buckle Up – New Jersey’s Seat Belt Law
39 Car Seats
40 Child Restraint Law
40 Air Bags
42 Car Condition
44 Starting a Parked Car
46 Steering
37
Driver
Responsibility
47 Stopping Distances
48 Proper Braking
49 Driving Signals
49 Driving in Reverse
50 Turning
51 Parking

Safe driving is the responsibility of all individuals who operate a vehicle on New
Jersey roads. The rules of the road must be obeyed at all times and laws must
be strictly followed. A motorist must ensure the safety of all passengers who are
riding in his/her vehicle and be mindful of the other motorists who share the road
each day.
™™ BUCKLE UP – NEW JERSEY’S SEAT BELT LAW
Under state law, the driver and all passengers of a passenger vehicle (ie. car,
van, pickup truck and SUV) must wear a seatbelt. The failure of a driver, front-seat
passenger and children under age 18 to wear a seatbelt is a primary
offense. The driver is responsible for all passengers under age 18. Front-seat
passengers 18 years of age and over are responsible for themselves. A police
officer can stop a motorist solely for a violation of the seat belt law. Under a
secondary law, all unbuckled back seat occupants 18 years of age and older,
may be issued a summons if the vehicle is stopped for another reason. Motorists
with GDL permits or probationary licenses must use seat belts. Additionally, they
must require all passengers seated anywhere in the vehicle to use seat belts.
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-76.2f, 39:3-13, 39:3-13.2a, 39:3-13.4)
The exemptions are any passenger vehicle manufactured before July 1, 1966,
a passenger vehicle that is not required to be equipped with seat belt systems
under federal law and a physical or medical reason, verified in writing by a
licensed physician, that makes the motorist or passenger unable to wear a seat
belt. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-76.2g)
The driver of a passenger automobile including cars, vans, pick-up trucks and
utility vehicles shall secure any passenger using a wheelchair in a properly
adjusted and fastened wheelchair and occupant securement device. (N.J.S.A.
39:3-76.21)
Seat belts can save a life and improve a motorist’s chances of surviving a
crash by 60 percent. A motorist’s chances of surviving a collision are three to
four times better if he/she is wearing both a seat belt and a shoulder strap.
Fastening a seat belt takes only three seconds and reduces the chances of
death or serious injury. Seat belts help in many ways, for example:
• They keep motorists and passengers from being thrown from the vehicle in a
collision. If a motorist/passenger is held in place, any injury may be less severe.

39
• They slow a body down with the vehicle. If a vehicle hits something, the
vehicle stops, but the person keeps going at the same speed that the
vehicle was moving. Hitting the dashboard or windshield at 30 mph is
like falling from the top of a three-story building.
• They keep a motorist/passenger from sliding on the seat during sudden
stops and turns. Belts and straps also keep a motorist in position so
he/she can control the vehicle.
TIPS FOR SEAT BELT USE
• Buckle up with both lap and shoulder belts on every trip. (Air bags are
supplemental protection devices.)
• Wear the lap belt under the abdomen and low across the hips. The
shoulder portion should come over the collar bone, away from the neck,
and cross over the breast bone. The shoulder belt in most new vehicles can
be adjusted on the side pillar to improve fit.
• Know how to adjust the seat belts and how to release them if motorists/
passengers have to quickly get out of the vehicle.
• Buckle up if riding in the backseat; use center seat belts if those seats are
used. Seat belts help prevent riders from falling forward.
• Never put more than one person in one belt.
™™ CAR SEATS
Traffic accidents are a leading killer of children. When riding in a vehicle, children
should be held in place by a restraint system that meets all Federal Motor Vehicle
Safety Standards. Refer to the paragraph on Child Restraint Law.
All child restraint systems built since January 1, 1981, must be designed to pass
tough safety tests. These seats carry a label that gives the date of manufacture
and reads: “This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards.”
There are many types and styles of car seats. An infant car seat will protect a
baby up to 20 pounds and 26 inches and must be placed in the vehicle facing
the rear. A convertible car seat is a larger seat that can be used for an infant or a
toddler of up to 40 pounds and 40 inches in height. The seat can be adjusted to
a reclining position and placed in the vehicle facing backwards for a baby. When
the baby weighs at least 17 pounds and can sit up well without help, the seat can
be adjusted to an upright position and placed in the vehicle facing forward.

Note: It is preferred that whenever possible, child car safety seats be placed in
the backseat. However, if a motorist is riding with a new infant and the vehicle
does not have a backseat, move the front seat as far back as possible from
the dashboard and make sure the child is buckled properly in the appropriate
restraint for his/her height and weight. Never place rear-facing infant safety
seats in the front seat of a vehicle with a front passenger-side air bag.
While a convertible seat is designed to be used facing forward once a child has
reached at least 17 pounds, an infant seat must never be faced forward. To do
so would be very dangerous. Always check the label on a car seat to find out the
size and weight of the child the seat is designed to protect.
Using the car seat every time a child rides in the vehicle - and using it correctly
each time - is very important for the safety of the child. Always read the
instructions that come with the seat and follow them very carefully. Correct
use of the car seat is the best protection a motorist can offer a child. For more
information on child car seats, contact the Division of Highway Traffic Safety at
(800) 422-3750 or visit www.njsaferoads.com.
™™ CHILD RESTRAINT LAW
The New Jersey child passenger safety law (N.J.S.A 39:3-76.2a) states:
• Children up to age eight or a weight of 80 pounds must ride in a federally
approved safety or booster seat in the rear seat of the vehicle. If there
is no rear seat, the child must sit in the front seat secured by a safety or
booster seat.
• Children under age eight and over 80 pounds must be in a rear seat and
use a seat belt. If there is no rear seat, the child must be properly belted in
the front seat.
• Failure to comply with this law could mean a $54 fine and court costs.
™™ AIR BAGS
Air bags are standard equipment in almost all new vehicles and are designed
to supplement seat belts in frontal crashes. Federal safety standards required
that manufacturers equip all new passenger cars and light trucks with air bags
by 1999. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
statistics show that between 1986 and 2000, front air bags saved the lives of
5,303 front- seat riders.

41
Air bags inflate at speeds of up to 200 mph to protect adults in a front-end
collision. An average-sized adult who is correctly belted is not likely to come in
contact with the air bag until it is fully inflated.
When air bags are combined with lap/shoulder seat belts, they have saved many
adult lives and prevented many injuries in motor vehicle crashes. However, air
bags could seriously injure or kill children who are sitting in the front seat.
In 1995, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) allowed
cutoff switches in pickup trucks, sports cars and autos with no backseat. In Jan-uary
1998, it allowed repair shops and dealers to install the switches in vehicles
after the appropriate application was made for people in these categories:
• Driver-and passenger-side air bags: For individuals with medical
conditions when the risks of a deploying air bag exceed the risks of impacting the
steering wheel, dashboard or windshield.
• Driver-side air bags only: For individuals who cannot properly operate
the vehicle and keep at least 10 inches between the center of the steering
wheel and the center of the breastbone.
• Passenger-side air bags only: For individuals who must place infants in
the front seat because the vehicle has no rear seat (e.g., a pickup truck) or
the rear seat is too small to hold the child’s rear-facing seat, or the motorist
must monitor the child’s medical condition; for individuals who must place
children, 1 to 12 years old, in the front seat because the vehicle has no rear
seat, or because the individual must transport more children than can be
seated in the rear seat, or because the motorist must monitor the child’s
medical condition.
For more information about an air bag on-off switch or for an application to
request one, call NHTSA’s toll-free Auto Safety Hotline at (800) 424-9393.
Information is also available online at www.nhtsa.gov.
Children of any age are safest when they are belted properly in the backseat of
a vehicle, especially when the vehicle is equipped with a passenger-side air bag.
Other safety points are:
• Always put an infant in a rear-facing infant child safety seat in the back
seat of a vehicle with air bags.
• Always be sure that children 12 years old and younger ride in the backseat
of the vehicle.
• Always make sure everyone is buckled up.

A motorist can tell if his/her vehicle has an air bag by the words “air bag” or the
letters “SRS” (supplemental restraint system) or “SIR” (supplemental inflatable
restraint) on the steering wheel and dashboard panel. Manufacturers also
may mark the sun visors or the sides of the open door frame with warning
labels or enter a warning in the vehicle owner’s manual.
™™ CAR CONDITION
It is the responsibility of all vehicle owners to ensure the proper working
condition of their vehicles. Always check your vehicle before driving and prevent
problems with regular maintenance and care.
BACKUP LIGHTS
When driving in reverse, backup lights should be on. These must be checked to
make sure they are in working order.
Note: It is against New Jersey law (N.J.S.A 39:3-52) to have any backup lights
on while a vehicle is moving forward.
BRAKES
A motorist should be able to brake smoothly and quickly. If the vehicle pulls
to one side when it stops or a motorist feels a taut pedal or hears an unusual
squealing or grinding, the brakes must be checked. With conventional disc and
drum brakes, a motorist should pump them gently after driving through water
to test them and dry them out. If the brakes are hit hard, they could lock up. A
motorist should be able to stop within 25 feet at 20 mph. This can be tried in an
empty parking lot. Chalk marks can be made on the surface to see if the vehicle
can stop within that distance.
If a vehicle has an antilock braking system (ABS), the brakes can be tested by
applying steady pressure to the brake pedal. A motorist should never pump an
ABS or jerk the steering wheel when braking. On very soft surfaces, such as
loose gravel or unpacked snow, an ABS system may actually lengthen stopping
distance. In wet or slippery conditions, a motorist should still drive carefully,
always keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front and maintain a speed
consistent with the road conditions.
BRAKE LIGHTS
If a vehicle’s brake lights are not working, someone may crash into it from the
back. A motorist should have someone help to check the brake lights. Replace
broken light covers. They may cause a glare that affects the motorist in back.

43
HEADLIGHTS
Bright and dim lights must work and be in line. A motorist can check them
against the garage wall or on parked vehicles. Lights should be kept clean. If
other motorists flash their lights while a motorist’s lights are on low beam, it
could mean that the lights are out of line.
HORN
A horn should not be overused, but a motorist should check it often to make
sure it works. Use the horn to signal when passing or when coming out of a blind
alley, curve or driveway.
STEERING
On straight level roads a vehicle should hold a straight course. The front end
should not vibrate (shimmy). The steering should respond to a motorist’s turns
without too much play in the steering wheel.
TAIL LIGHTS
Always keep tail and side lights in working order. They signal other motorists in
the dark and prevent accidents.
TIRES
If a motorist feels or hears any unusual thumping while driving, he/she should
check the tires. Bumps, cuts or bad tread can cause blowouts. Tire pressure
should be checked often, especially when tires are cold. A motorist should check
the owner’s manual to determine proper tire pressure or should ask for advice
at a service station. Properly inflated tires save money in fuel consumption. A
vehicle should not be driven with tires that have less than 1/16 inch of tread
(about the edge of a dime). To hold on to the road properly, tires must match (do
not mix radials with other tire types) and must have enough tread.
TURN SIGNALS
A motorist should be able to hear the clicking and see the lighted arrows flash
on the dashboard. If they do not work, the signals must be fixed as soon as
possible. Meanwhile, a motorist should use hand signals.
WINDSHIELD
Cracks or chips in a windshield could cause it to break; it should be replaced.
A windshield should be clean at all times, inside and out. Windshield wipers
should always work. If they come with washers, a motorist can use non-freezing
spray to stop icing. New Jersey laws prohibit add-on tinting on windshields and front
side windows.

SNOW AND ICE
State law (N.J.S.A 39:4-77.1) requires a motorist to remove snow or ice from
a vehicle before driving it. If snow or ice dislodges from a moving vehicle, it
could strike another vehicle or pedestrian, causing injury or property damage.
A motorist is required to make all reasonable efforts to remove accumulated ice
or snow from the exposed surfaces of his or her motor vehicle prior to driving
it, including the hood, trunk, roof and windshield. Any person who violates this
law is subject to fines of $25 to $75, regardless of whether any snow or ice
is dislodged from vehicle. If dislodged snow or ice causes injury or property
damage, fines up to $1,500 may be assessed.
™™ STARTING A PARKED CAR
Before getting into a vehicle, look behind it and in front of it. There are blind
spots once a motorist is behind the wheel. Children may be there. There also
may be bottles, cans, bicycles or other things that cannot be seen from the
motorist’s seat.
STARTING CHECKLIST
• All windows should be clean and nothing should block a motorist’s vision.
• The seat must be adjusted so a motorist can reach all pedals and controls
easily. (For most motorists, the seat may be adjusted so he/she is sitting
an arm’s length from steering wheel).
• Inside and outside rearview mirrors should be adjusted.
• Seat belts and shoulder harnesses should be fastened so that they are
firm and comfortable.
• The vehicle should be in park or neutral gear and the parking brake
should be set.
• Doors should be locked.
A motorist should keep good posture while driving. The seat should be adjusted
so that the motorist can reach the foot pedals easily. The motorist should be
comfortable behind the wheel. He/she should not have to strain to reach the
gear shift levers, turn signals or dashboard controls. A motorist is properly
positioned when he/she can see clearly and can glance to the rear.
If a motorist wears glasses, he/she should adjust them. More than 95 percent
of the information a motorist needs is visual. To fight glare at night, colored
lenses should be avoided as they distort color. Anti-reflective coatings should

be used on lenses. This will help eliminate internal reflections in eyeglasses and
may help night driving. A motorist should have an eye checkup every two years.
As a motorist ages, visual clarity declines and peripheral vision becomes less
distinct. For example, a 60-year-old perceives light about a third as well as a
20-year-old.
Inside and outside mirrors should be adjusted to reduce blind spots. These are
areas where a motorist cannot see behind his/her vehicle (on both sides) through
the mirror. A motorist can check this by turning his/her head. The outside mirror
should be adjusted so that the motorist can see the tip of the driver-side front
door handle in the lower right of the mirror. This will allow the motorist to see part
of the lanes of traffic to the left and rear of the vehicle.
After starting the engine, a motorist should make sure his/her path is clear by
turning and looking back. A motorist should not depend on rearview mirrors.
A motorist must also be sure to check for pedestrians and less conspicuous
vehicles, such as bicycles and mopeds. A motorist should give the proper signal
and drive with caution.
45
AREA OF FORWARD VISION
BLIND AREA BLIND AREA
AREA OF
REARVIEW
MIRROR VISION
LEFT
SIDE
MIRROR
RIGHT
SIDE
MIRROR
BLIND SPOTS WHILE DRIVING

When on the road, a motorist can check the vehicle’s mirrors by letting a vehicle
pass on the left. As the passing vehicle disappears from the inside rearview mirror,
a motorist should be able to see its front bumper in the outside rearview mirror.
IDLING YOUR VEHICLE
New Jersey law requires all motorists to restrict vehicle idling to three minutes
or less. (N.J.A.C. 7:27-15.8)
Idling more than three minutes is unnecessary and harmful to your vehicle and
your health. Vehicle and property owners face fines of $250 to $1,000 for each
violation of this law. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-70.2)
There are some specific situations in which a vehicle may idle for an extended
time, such as when stuck in traffic, or at drive-thru establishments. See www.
StopTheSoot.org for a complete Steering
listing of exemptions.
So don’t forget: Idling Stinks, and it’s against the law—turn the key and be idle free!
™™ STEERING
HAND POSITION
10
11
12
1
2
9 3
A motorist’s grip on the steering wheel is important. The steering wheel can be
thought of as the face of a clock. For normal driving, a motorist should grip the
steering wheel by the outside rim at the 9 and 3 o’clock positions, keeping his/
her thumb along the face of the wheel. Gripping the steering wheel as described
diminishes the risk of hand, wrist or arm injury if the air bag is deployed. A
motorist should never turn the wheel while gripping it from the inside of the rim,
hand facing inward. The steering wheel should be held firmly but not too tight,
as steady as possible as the vehicle’s speed increases. Both hands should be
kept on the wheel at all times, except when shifting gears or giving hand signals.

47
The motorist should keep the vehicle in the center of the lane that it is traveling.
On a two-lane road with traffic coming toward the vehicle, the motorist should
keep to the right. Once a motorist feels how the vehicle reacts to steering, he/
she will be ready to practice turning, parking and other movements.
It takes practice to get the feel of steering. If the vehicle has antilock brakes
(ABS), the motorist should never violently jerk the steering wheel while braking.
(See page 42, “Brakes”)
HAND-OVER-HAND STEERING
Hand-over-hand steering permits a motorist to make steering adjustments
ranging from very minor up to a half turn of the wheel, while keeping both hands
on the wheel. If turning through a slight curve, both hands will typically retain
their original grip on the wheel, making only slight finger or wrist adjustments
as necessary to maintain the path of travel. However, when moving through a
turn, the hands may move as much as 165 degrees. The motorist initiates the
turn by pushing the wheel up from the 9 or 3 o’clock position toward 12 o’clock,
and the opposite hand crosses over and down to the 9 or 3 o’clock position, as
appropriate to provide additional input or to stabilize steering. The original hand
then returns to the original start position of 9 or 3 o’clock. The process is reversed
to return to a straight path, or the wheel can be allowed to slip through the fingers
(controlled slipping) to straighten when coming out of a turn, while both hands are
always on the wheel to make adjustments as necessary. Hand-over-hand steering
is particularly well-suited for precision maneuvers, steering through curves,
intersection entry and exit, and skid recovery.
™™ STOPPING DISTANCES
There is no simple way to tell exactly how long it will take a vehicle to stop at a
certain speed. Stopping distance depends on:
• Motorist reaction time
• Weather and visibility conditions
• Vehicle weight
• Brake conditions
• Condition and type of tires
• Roadway conditions
• Speed

One point is sure: The faster a vehicle is going, the longer it will take it to stop.
When a motorist must stop quickly, speed can be the difference between life
and death.
STOPPING DISTANCES ON DRY SURFACES FOR PASSENGER
VEHICLES
Speed Reaction distance Braking distance Total
10 mph 11 ft 8 ft 19 ft
20 mph 22 ft 31 ft 53 ft
30 mph 33 ft 69 ft 102 ft
40 mph 44 ft 123 ft 167 ft
50 mph 55 ft 192 ft 247 ft
60 mph 66 ft 277 ft 343 ft
70 mph 77 ft 376 ft 453 ft
Based on a reaction time of 3/4 second, which is typical for most motorists under
most traffic conditions. A vehicle travels 88 feet per second at 60 mph. Deceleration is
approximately 14 feet per second. See p. 71 for more information on stopping, p. 86 for
information about following distances and p. 90 for information about stopping at night.
™™ PROPER BRAKING
The use of brakes may seem simple, but it is not. A motorist should know the
type of braking system that his/her vehicle uses. It could be a conventional drum
and disc brake system or an antilock braking system (ABS). Whether the vehicle
is front- or rear-wheel drive does not determine proper braking.
Many new motorists make the common mistake of slamming the brake pedal,
even if there is no emergency. The vehicle will jerk to a stop quickly and wear
out brakes and tires. Steady, gentle pressure should be applied to the brake to
bring the vehicle to a controlled stop. With an ABS, a motorist should not pump
the brakes or violently jerk the wheel. An ABS-equipped vehicle may go out of
control at only 35 mph if a motorist violently jerks the steering wheel and brake,
even on dry pavement. New motorists should practice hard braking and steering
in an empty parking lot or similar open space until they are accustomed to the
ABS. A motorist should always use his/her right foot for both the brake and the
gas pedal. If the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission, the left foot
should be used for the clutch.

49
Driver Signals
STOP
RIGHT TURN
LEFT TURN
™™ DRIVING SIGNALS
A motorist should always give a proper signal when
turning, changing lanes, stopping or slowing down. Most
vehicles have turn signals and a motorist should always
use them. A motorist should turn on the turn signal at
least 100 feet before turning and be sure to cancel the
signal after making a turn. Not doing so could mislead
other motorists. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-126)
New Jersey law requires a motorist to know the correct
hand signals for stopping and turning, which are standard
in all states. To give a hand signal, a motorist should put
his/her arm well out of the vehicle so that it is visible to
other motorists.
• Stop or slowing down: hand and arm downward,
palm facing to the rear
• Right turn: hand and arm upward
• Left turn: hand and arm straight out
Another signal is the horn, which is a warning signal. It
calls attention to what the motorist is doing. Motorists
may sound the horn when passing another vehicle when
not in a business or residential zone. Under normal
conditions, the horn should be able to be heard for at
least 200 feet. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-69) Only emergency
vehicles may use sirens, whistles or bells.
™™ DRIVING IN REVERSE
Before driving in reverse, a motorist must be sure that the path is clear. This can
be done by using the mirrors and turning to check. He/she must be very careful
because the view to the rear is limited. In reverse, turning the wheel to the right
will direct the vehicle to the right. Steering to the left will direct the vehicle to the
left. If a motorist does not turn the wheel while in reverse, the vehicle will move
straight backward.
To drive in reverse, a motorist’s head and body should be turned to the right until
he/she can see clearly through the back window of the vehicle without the use
of mirrors. The motorist’s right hand and arm should be placed over the back of the
front passenger seat; the left hand should grasp the top of the steering wheel.

This is the position a motorist should be in to reverse in a straight line, with sight
seeing correction made as needed. A vehicle should be driven slowly in reverse
– typically, walking speed (2 to 4 mph). The motorist should not turn forward
until the vehicle is totally stopped.
If a motorist must turn the wheel while reversing other than in a straight line (e.g.
parallel parking), two hands must be on the wheel to steer, while a motorist’s
head and body is turned to look out the rear window. Palming the wheel with
one hand while turning in reverse is dangerous and can result in failing the road
test. A motorist should always remember that the front of the vehicle will swing
in the opposite direction of a turn. A vehicle should be driven slowly in reverse.
A motorist must be able to drive in reverse in order to pass the road portion of
the driving test. He/she will be asked to back the vehicle about 100 feet in a
straight line, slowly and smoothly.
™™ TURNING
To make safe turns, a motorist should decide well in advance where he/she
wants to turn. Last-minute turns can be unsafe. State law requires a motorist to
get in the proper lane and signal at least 100 feet before making any turn. The
faster the traffic is moving, the sooner a motorist should plan his/her turn. If a
turn is missed, a motorist should never back up. It is better to take the next turn
than to risk a collision. Before turning, a motorist should always:
• Use the mirrors to look behind and to both sides for other vehicles
(or people) to see if it is safe to turn
• Check for less visible vehicles, such as motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds
• Signal first (use turn signals or hand signals) and then move into the
proper lane.
• Slow down before reaching an intersection
• Keep a steady speed and follow pavement markings
• Always stay in the same lane until the turn is finished
• Make sure turn signal is turned off after the turn is completed
THE 3-POINT TURN (K TURN)
When turning a vehicle around, a motorist should start from the right edge of
the road. Choose a safe spot with good visibility in both directions. If there is
no other traffic, the motorist should signal left and move forward slowly while
turning the steering wheel to the left. The vehicle should be stopped several

inches from the left curb or street edge. The motorist should then back up
slowly while turning the steering wheel to the right, stopping several inches
from the right curb or street edge. The motorist should next move the vehicle
forward while turning the steering wheel to the left. Finally, the motorist should
straighten the vehicle’s wheels as it faces in the direction he/she wants to go.
This is a complete 3-Point (or K) Turn. A new motorist will be required to make
this turn during MVC’s road test.
51
3 Point Turn
3
2
1
™™ PARKING
When parking, a motorist should always set the hand brake and put the vehicle
in park or, with a manual transmission, in reverse or low gear. There are several
important steps for a motorist to follow when parking his/her vehicle on a street
with a curb:
• When parking a vehicle facing downhill: The hand brake should be
set and the vehicle’s wheels should be turned toward the curb. The vehicle
should be in park or, with a manual transmission, in reverse.
• When parking a vehicle facing uphill: The hand brake should be set
and the vehicle’s wheels should be turned away from the curb. The vehicle
should be in park or, with a manual transmission, in low.

ANGLE PARKING
Angle parking is often used in parking lots of shopping centers and sometimes
at curbs.
A motorist should follow these rules when entering an angle parking space to
his/her right:
• Watch for traffic both ahead and behind.
• Signal and begin to slow down.
• Make sure the rear of the vehicle will clear the parked vehicles.
• Steer sharply into the parking space, and then straighten the wheels
centering the vehicle in the parking space.
• Shift to park, or reverse if standard transmission, and apply the parking brake.
A motorist should follow these rules before backing out of an angle parking space:
• Walk around to make sure nothing is in the vehicle’s way.
• Slowly move the vehicle in reverse and be sure that the lane is clear of traffic.
• Tap the horn to warn nearby pedestrians.
• When able to see past the tops of vehicles parked next to the vehicle,
stop and look again.
• Look back and to each side for other motorists.
• Remember that the front of the vehicle will swing opposite to the
direction of the turn.
• Back up slowly while turning until the vehicle’s left front wheel passes
the rear bumper of the vehicle parked on the left.
• Straighten the wheels as the vehicle comes back into the lane of traffic.
PARALLEL PARKING
Parallel parking is the most common type of parking on city streets. A motorist
must be able to parallel park a vehicle in order to pass the MVC’s road test. This
takes the most practice for a new motorist. A motorist should practice often, in
an empty parking lot at first. Flags or markers 25 feet apart may be used to show
where the other vehicles would be. If a motorist hits these signs, he/she is not
ready for parking between real vehicles and should keep practicing. The slower
and smoother a motorist backs into a parking space, the easier it is to park. To
properly parallel park, a motorist should:
• Find a parking space that is large enough to fit the vehicle.
• Signal for a stop and signal to the right to alert motorists that the vehicle
will back up to the right.

• Pull up alongside (parallel) about two to four feet from the vehicle in front.
• Turn and check to see that the way is clear behind the vehicle before
backing up.
• Turn his/her body to look out the rear window of the vehicle. Begin backing
up slowly for about two feet and turn the steering wheel all the way to the right.
• When the front of the vehicle has cleared the rear bumper of the vehicle in
front, stop and check the angle.
• Make sure the right back wheel has not hit the curb.
• Turn the steering wheel all the way to the left while beginning to back up slowly.
• Make sure the vehicle can clear its back bumper.
• When the vehicle is in line, stop. Be sure not to hit the vehicle in back.
• Turn the vehicle’s wheels straight, and drive to the center of the parking
space. The vehicle’s tires should be no more than six inches from the curb.
53 Parallel Parking
P R N D 3 2 1
P R N D 3 2 1
P R N D 3 2 1
6”
P R N D 3 2 1

55 DRIVER SAFETY AND THE RULES OF THE ROAD

57 SAFE DRIVING RULES & REGULATIONS
58 Speed Control
60 Passing
61 Keeping to the Right
61 Yielding the Right-of-Way
62 Pedestrians in a Crosswalk
62 Intersections
64 Entering Highways, Parkways and Turnpikes
65 Leaving Highways, Parkways and Turnpikes
Safe Driving Rules
& Regulations
66 Special Highway, Parkway and Turnpike Conditions
67 Curves
67 Interchanges
68 Turning Regulations
70 Stopping Regulations
74 Using Headlights
75 Parking Regulations
76 Cellular Telephones
77 Littering

™™ SPEED CONTROL
Exceeding the speed limit is a common contributing factor of fatal and other types
of accidents. A motorist must always obey the speed limit. Speed affects almost
everything that can happen when driving. A good rule is to keep up with the flow of
traffic at any legal speed. In order to make safe emergency stops when necessary,
it is important to keep enough distance from surrounding traffic. New Jersey law
sets top speed limits for any given road, street, highway or freeway.
SPEED
LIMITS
25
25 mph
School zones, business
or residential districts
SPEED
LIMITS
35
35 mph
Suburban business and
residential districts
SPEED
LIMITS
50
50 mph
Non-posted rural roadways
SPEED
LIMITS
55
55 mph
Certain state highways (as
posted) and interstates
SPEED
LIMITS
65
65 mph
Certain interstate
highways (as posted)
Motorists pay double fines for exceeding
the 65 mph limit by 10 miles per hour
or more. Double fines also apply to
most other moving violations committed
in a 65 mph zone. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-98.6)

NEW JERSEY SPEED LIMITS (UNLESS OTHERWISE POSTED)
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-98)
Never drive faster than weather, road or other conditions safely allow, regardless
of the posted speed limit. A motorist should judge his/her speed control by
existing conditions. A motorist should slow down enough to be able to see
clearly and stop quickly in traffic. Failure to do so can result in a moving violation.
Always slow down:
• On narrow or winding roads
• At intersections or railroad crossings
• On hills
• At sharp or blind curves
• Where there are pedestrians or driving hazards
• When the road is wet or slippery
If vehicle problems prevent a motorist from keeping up with the normal flow of
traffic, he/she should pull off the road and activate hazard lights.
DRIVING TOO SLOWLY
A motorist should always try to keep up with the normal flow of traffic, while
not exceeding the posted speed limit. Some collisions are caused by driving too
slowly and backing up traffic. When road surfaces and traffic are normal, New
Jersey law prohibits blocking traffic through slow driving.
SAFE CORRIDORS (N.J.S.A. 39:4-203.5)
In an effort to improve highway safety, New Jersey initiated the Safe Corridors
Program, which was signed into law in July 2003. The Safe Corridors law
doubles fines on various state highways for a variety of driving offenses,
including speeding and aggressive driving. Highways are designated as safe
corridors based on statistics showing crash rates 50 percent over the state
rate and 1,000 or more crashes reported over a three-year period. The
Commissioner of Transportation has the authority to designate highways as
necessary, as well as to remove those that show improved safety levels. The
law took effect on February 15, 2004. A current list of Safe Corridor highways
is available on the New Jersey Department of Transportation Web site at www.
nj.gov/transportation.

™™ PASSING
A motorist must know the proper lane for normal driving and how to change
lanes safely. The rules for passing depend on the type of road. Stay to the right
of the roadway’s center lines. Passing is only safe when there is no oncoming
traffic.
Passing
Watch for the following lane markings: (N.J.S.A. 39:4-86)
• Both center lines are solid: No passing allowed.
• One center line is broken: Passing is allowed only on the side with the
broken line.
• Both center lines are broken: Passing is allowed on both sides.
PASS
WHEN LINE
IS BROKEN
DO NOT PASS
WHEN LINE
IS SOLID
NO PASSING
WITH DOUBLE
SOLID LINES
Note: All passing must be completed before the center lines are solid again.

PASS ONLY WHEN SAFE
Most passing should be on the left. Passing on the right is allowed only on roads
with more than one lane going in the same direction, if vehicles on the roadway
are moving in two or more substantially continuous lines or when the motorist
ahead is making a left turn and there is room to pass. Never pass on the right
shoulder of the road. This is against the law. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-85)
A motorist should not pass:
• On a hill or a curve or at any time he/she cannot see far enough ahead
• At a street crossing or intersection
• At a railroad crossing
• On narrow bridges or in underpasses or tunnels
• When a sign prohibits passing or center lines restrict passing
• When behind a vehicle that has stopped to let a pedestrian cross
™™ KEEPING TO THE RIGHT
The laws of New Jersey require motorists to keep to the right, except when
passing. Motorists must drive on the right half of the roadway unless driving on
a one-way street. Motorists must drive a vehicle as close as possible to the right-hand
edge or curb of the roadway, except when overtaking and passing another
vehicle. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-82)
On a multi-lane roadway, motorists must drive in the lane nearest to the right-hand
edge or curb of the roadway when the lane is available for travel, except when
overtaking another vehicle or in preparation for a left turn. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-88)
™™ YIELDING THE RIGHT-OF-WAY
Although laws govern the right-of-way, a motorist should always be prepared to
yield. These basic rules always apply.
• Emergency vehicles: when police cars, fire engines and ambulances
are giving warning signs (sirens, flashing lights)
• Buses: when re-entering the flow of traffic
• Postal vehicles: when vehicle is seeking to re-enter the flow of traffic
• Motorized or mobility-assistance devices: when in a crosswalk or
seeking to cross a road
• Other vehicles that are already in the intersection

™™ PEDESTRIANS IN A CROSSWALK
New Jersey has experienced a large number of pedestrian injury crashes and
fatalities, as compared to the nation as a whole. The most important pedestrian
safety message for New Jersey residents is: Pedestrian safety is a shared
responsibility. There is no single cause of crashes involving pedestrians.
Pedestrians and motorists must all do their part to keep pedestrians safe.
A motorist must:
• Stop for pedestrians in crosswalks. (Per N.J.S.A 39:4-36), failure to stop
carries a fine of up to $500, up to 25 days in jail, community service, a
driving privilege suspension of up to 6 months and 2 points.
• Watch for pedestrians when turning right on red.
• Obey speed limits.
• Be sure not to block or park in crosswalks.
• Keep the vehicle’s windshield clean for maximum visibility.
• Be alert for pedestrians at all times.
• Be aware of areas where pedestrians are most likely to appear (near
schools, town centers, residential neighborhoods, parks).
• Never pass another vehicle that has stopped for a pedestrian.
• Stop for all pedestrians in a crosswalk, even if they began
crossing with a proper signal and they are still in the crosswalk when the
signal changes.
• Remember that pedestrians are the most vulnerable roadway users.
Motorists will be held responsible for maintaining pedestrian safety.
™™ INTERSECTIONS
An intersection is where two or more roads cross or merge at angles. As most
collisions occur at intersections, a motorist should be aware of the three types
of intersections and know how to safely navigate through them. A single solid
white line across a road at an intersection means that a motorist must stop
behind the line for a traffic signal or sign.
CONTROLLED
An intersection is controlled if there are traffic signals or signs in any direction
or controlled by a police officer. A motorist must obey the signals and signs. At
a controlled intersection, a motorist must yield for certain conditions. At a multi-way
stop or stop intersection, a motorist must yield to the motorist on the right if

both motorists get there at the same time. A motorist should also yield to another
motorist already stopped at the intersection. At an intersection controlled by a
yield sign, a motorist must slow down and yield to traffic on the intersecting
roadway, even if he/she has to stop. When making a left turn at an intersection,
a motorist must yield to oncoming traffic and to stop for pedestrians within the
crosswalk.
A motorist is prohibited from entering or crossing an intersecting street marked
with a stop sign unless he or she first brings the vehicle to a complete stop
at a point within five feet of the nearest crosswalk or stop line marked upon
the pavement at the near side of the intersection street. The motorist may only
proceed after yielding the right-of-way to all traffic on the intersection street,
which is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.
Note: Driving on private property to avoid a traffic signal or sign is a motor vehicle
violation. (N.J.S.A.39:4-66.2)
UNCONTROLLED
An intersection is uncontrolled when two or more roads join and there is no traffic
signal or regulatory device. A motorist must be very careful when approaching
these types of intersections. Most of the time there will be a warning sign prior to
reaching the intersection. As a motorist nears a crossroad that is not controlled, he/
she must reduce speed and be ready to stop if any traffic is coming from the right
or left. A motorist coming from a private road or driveway must yield to all traffic on
the main road (although a motorist can never be sure that will occur). As a general
rule, the vehicle on the left should yield to the vehicle on the right. When a traffic
signal is not illuminated because of a power failure or other malfunction, the traffic
signal is observed as a 4-way stop signal. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-81)
BLIND
Buildings, parked vehicles or bushes may obstruct a motorist’s line of sight. On
rural roadways, trees or crops may obstruct a motorist’s line of sight. A motorist
should always slow down or stop completely to make sure there is no cross
traffic before proceeding.
TRAFFIC CIRCLE
There are no set rules for driving into, around and out of a traffic circle in New
Jersey. Common sense and caution must prevail at all times. In most cases, the
circle’s historically established traffic flow pattern dictates who has the right-of-way.
If a major highway flows into and through the circle, it usually dominates the
traffic flow pattern and commands the right-of-way. Traffic control signs, such

as stop or yield signs, at the entrances to the circle also govern which motorist
has the right-of-way. Never enter a traffic circle without checking all signs and
determining the intentions of the motorists already moving within the circle.
Merging Lanes
Whenever a motorist is in doubt concerning who has the right-of-way in a circle,
he/she should exercise extreme caution and remember the basic rule governing
any uncontrolled intersection: The vehicle to the left yields the right-of-way to
the vehicle approaching from the right.
USE TURN SIGNAL
SPEED UP TO FLOW OF TRAFFIC
™™ ENTERING HIGHWAYS, PARKWAYS AND
TURNPIKES
Highways, parkways and turnpikes are high-speed (up to 65 mph) divided road-ways
and generally have multiple lanes. Traffic on each side of the divide will
travel in only one direction. There are no direct intersections. Motorists enter
these roadways by way of acceleration lanes, which are extra lanes at highway
entrances used by motorists to speed up to join the flow of traffic. A motorist
must yield to traffic already traveling on the main road before moving into the
proper lane.
Keep the following points in mind when entering a highway, parkway or turnpike:
• Obey posted advisory speed limits (if any) at the entrance ramp.
• Speed up to the flow of traffic when leaving the acceleration lane.
SLOW TO SPEED LIMIT OF EXIT LANE
USE TURN SIGNAL
AVOID STOPPING IN THE ENTRY AND EXIT LANES

USE TURN SIGNAL
• Avoid coming to a complete stop in the acceleration lane.
• Yield to traffic and enter the right-hand lane when safe.
™™ LEAVING HIGHWAYS, PARKWAYS AND
TURNPIKES
In most cases, exit ramps or deceleration lanes, which are extra lanes at a
highway exit, are located on the right-hand side of the roadway. A motorist
should always watch for signs that direct where to exit the roadway. If a motorist
misses an exit ramp on a highway, parkway or turnpike, he/she should go to the
next exit.
Keep the following points in mind when leaving a highway, parkway or turnpike:
• Start slowing down when entering a deceleration lane.
• Obey the posted advisory speed limit of the deceleration lane
• When the exit is located on the left of a roadway, look
for signs that will direct traffic to the proper lane for exiting.
• If you miss an exit, go on to the next one.
• Never back up on an exit ramp or deceleration lane.
SPEED UP TO FLOW OF TRAFFIC
SLOW TO SPEED LIMIT OF EXIT LANE
USE TURN SIGNAL
AVOID STOPPING IN THE ENTRY AND EXIT LANES
merging_lanes_110907

™™ SPECIAL HIGHWAY, PARKWAY AND TURNPIKE
CONDITIONS
WEAVE LANE
A weave lane is both an entrance and an exit for an expressway. Traffic may come
onto and leave the expressway at the same location. This traffic weave causes
conflicts, both for motorists using a weave lane and those on the expressway
and entrance ramp (in terms of speed and space adjustments). The motorist
entering from the entrance ramp must yield the right-of-way to the motorist
leaving the expressway.
HIGHWAYS THROUGH CITIES
The volume of traffic may increase dramatically. Speeds may slow to a crawl.
A motorist should drive in the left or center lane to avoid merge conflicts during
rush hour. A motorist should search for exits early and adjust position for exit.
DISABLED VEHICLES
When seeing a disabled vehicle ahead, a motorist should reduce speed and
increase the space between his/her vehicle and the disabled vehicle. This
may involve changing lanes. Be alert for pedestrians, tow trucks and/or police
vehicles. If a motorist’s vehicle becomes disabled, he/she must:
• Pull off as far as possible onto the shoulder or median
• Turn on emergency flashers.
• Raise the hood to signal for assistance.
• Stay in the vehicle and lock the doors.
• If available, use your cell phone to call for help.
• Ask anyone who stops to go to a phone and call for assistance.
• Not get into a stranger’s vehicle.
CONSTRUCTION AREAS
A motorist should always stay alert for construction-area warning signs. When
coming across these areas, a motorist should adjust speed and adjust position
to maintain space around his/her vehicle.
TOLL BOOTHS
A motorist should stay alert for toll booth signs and begin reducing speed early, as
traffic may be backed up at the booth. Green lights or signals will highlight open
booths. A motorist should be aware of EZ Pass booths and lanes, including high-

speed EZ Pass lanes. When exiting toll booths, a motorist should search traffic
to both sides for merging potential, accelerate smoothly and adjust speed.
™™ CURVES
It is important for a motorist to adjust steering and speed when approaching a
curve in the road because vehicles tend to keep going straight. The best way to
enter a curve is to slow down before entering and avoid drifting into another lane.
A motorist should always watch for vehicles that may drift into his/her lane as well.
Check for Curve Ahead warning signs and recommended speeds.
™™ INTERCHANGES
Divided roadways are built for express traffic. To ease traffic flow, there are
usually no traffic lights or direct intersections. To enter or exit such an expressway,
a cloverleaf turn is often necessary. A motorist should watch for entrance and
exit signs and drive slowly in the circle, obeying the posted speed limit.

™™ TURNING REGULATIONS
RIGHT TURN ON RED
Unless a No Turn on Red sign is posted, New Jersey law authorizes a right
turn on a red light after a motorist comes to a full stop and checks for traffic. A
motorist must yield to all oncoming traffic and pedestrians before turning right at a
red light. Difficult-to-see vehicles, such as bicycles and mopeds, may have a green
light, so it is important for a motorist to be aware of their presence. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-
115) Always use a proper turn signal at least 100 feet before making any turn, and
cancel the signal after completing the turn. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-126)
RIGHT TURNS Right Turn
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-123)
To make a safe right turn, a motorist should approach the intersection as far to
the right as possible, keeping near to the curb or parked vehicles. The motorist
should not swing outward or into another lane while making the right turn. He/
she should drive up to the turn as far to the right as possible, keeping close to
the right curb or parked vehicles at the curb. This vehicle positioning prior to a
right turn reduces the chance of another vehicle being in the space on the right
as the motorist makes the turn. He/she should not swing into the wrong lane
while making the turn.
USE TURN SIGNAL
STAY IN LANE
DO NOT CROSS
DIVIDING LINE
SLOW DOWN

LEFT TURNS (N.J.S.A. 39:4-123)
Left turns, two vehicles: When two vehicles meet at an intersection and both
have signaled to turn left, extra caution must be applied. When safe, each
motorist should turn to the left of the center of the intersection.
Left Turn: Cutting Corners
Left turn from a one-way road on to a one-way road: Approaching the turn
in the left lane, the motorist should turn into the left lane of the road he/she
is entering.
Left turn from a two-way road onto a two-way road: Approach the turn as
close as possible to the line nearest to the center of the road. When turning, the
vehicle should not cross lane markings. The motorist should keep to the right of
the center line of the road that the vehicle is entering.
USE TURN SIGNAL
YIELD TO
ONCOMING
TRAFFIC
DON’T CUT CORNERS

Left turns, between intersections: Between intersections, solid lines show
when not to pass. However, these lines may be crossed with care when entering
or leaving driveways in business or residential areas.
Left turn from a two-way road onto a four-lane highway: Approach the turn
as close to the center Left line of Turn: the right side Four of the road Lane
as possible. Make the turn
before reaching the center of the intersection.
It is important not to cross lane markings. The motorist should turn into the lane
nearest the center line of the right side of the other road. This is the passing lane
of the four-lane highway. When traffic permits, the motorist should move to the
right, out of the passing lane.
YIELD TO
ONCOMING
TRAFFIC
USE TURN SIGNAL
DON’T
TURN WIDE
™™ STOPPING REGULATIONS
Signs, signals and traffic rules indicate when a motorist must stop. A motorist
should never try to beat a traffic light change. A motorist must be careful even
if the light is changing to green (fresh green light). There may be other vehicles
coming through or still in the intersection. Most accidents at traffic signals
happen in the first few seconds after the light has changed. When a yellow light
follows a green light, a motorist must stop before entering the intersection, unless

yellow appears when the vehicle is too close to stop safely. If the light changes while
a driver is already in the intersection, he/she should go through with caution. Be
alert for a stale green light; this is a light that has been green for some time.
Be prepared for it to change to yellow and then red. Slow down and
stop accordingly.
A motorist must stop:
• At an intersection with a stop sign
• At an intersection with a red light either flashing or illuminated
• At an intersection with a yellow light after a green, unless too
close to stop safely
• When a traffic officer orders the vehicle to stop
• When there is a yield sign, and traffic does not permit a safe merge
• When a school bus is picking up or letting off children and/or the red
lights are flashing
• When coming from an alley, private driveway or building
• At a bridge span that is about to open for boat traffic
• For a blind pedestrian using a white or metallic walking cane,
or a trained guide dog, or a guide dog instructor engaged in instructing
a guide dog
• For a pedestrian in a crosswalk or at an intersection
• For a motorized wheelchair or mobility-assistance device in a crosswalk
or at an intersection
Single white stop lines show motorists where to stop at stop signs or traffic signals.
STOP AT RAILROAD CROSSINGS
To ensure public safety, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) and
railroad companies mark public highway railroad crossings with one or more warning
devices. Warning devices include advance warning signs, pavement markings in
front of a railroad crossing, flashing lights (usually on railroad crossing signs), gates
or gates with flashing lights, bells and flag signals.
A motorist must stop at least 15 feet from railroad crossings when there are flashing
lights, ringing bells or flag signals. Descending gates or gates that have already
been lowered indicate that a train is coming and a motorist must stop. A motorist
should never attempt to cross until the gates have been raised and the lights have
stopped flashing. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-127.1)

Special Circumstances:
Some vehicles, such as school buses or vehicles carrying hazardous materials,
must always stop at railroad crossings. When driving behind one of these
vehicles, a motorist must be prepared to stop, even if signals do not indicate a
train is coming. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-128)
A motorist should never stop his/her vehicle on railroad tracks. If a vehicle stalls
on the tracks, and the motorist sees a train coming, he/she should get out and
walk clear of the tracks. Never try to race a train. Most trains need more than a
mile to stop, if traveling at 60 mph or more.
STOP FOR SCHOOL BUSES (N.J.S.A. 39:4-128.1)
A motorist must stop for a school bus with flashing red lights. State law requires
motorists to stop at least 25 feet away if he/she is traveling on a two-lane road
or on a multi-lane highway where School lanes are Bus
only separated by lines or on a
privately maintained road. When traveling on a dual-lane highway, a motorist
should slow to 10 mph if on the other side of a safety island or raised median.
CARS MUST STOP 25 FEET
AWAY FROM SCHOOL BUS
School buses are equipped with yellow (or amber) and red flashing lights. The
yellow (or amber) lights go on before the bus stops, and the red lights go on
when it has stopped. However, a motorist should not depend on these lights,
if driving behind a school bus. They could be malfunctioning.
When a bus stops, all motorists traveling behind or approaching it must stop
their vehicles at least 25 feet away. A motorist should only proceed after the bus
signals have been turned off, and even then, he/she must watch for children or
persons who have developmental disabilities.

If a school bus has stopped directly in front of a school to pick up or let off children
or persons with developmental disabilities, a motorist may pass from either
direction at a speed of no more than 10 mph.
STOP FOR FROZEN DESSERT TRUCKS (N.J.S.A. 39:4-128.4)
When approaching or overtaking an ice cream or frozen dessert truck from ei-ther
direction, and the truck is flashing red lights and posting a stop signal arm,
a motorist must:
• Yield the right-of-way to any person who is crossing the roadway to
or from the truck.
• Watch out for children and be prepared to stop.
• Stop, then drive past the truck at a slow speed of no more than 15 mph.
A motorist need not stop on a dual highway if he/she is on the other side of a
safety island or raised median.
PULL OVER AND STOP FOR EMERGENCY VEHICLES
New Jersey law requires all motorists to yield to emergency vehicles when
they sound sirens and/or flashing red and/or blue emergency lights. A motorist
should steer to the extreme right of the roadway, stop and wait for the vehicle to
pass. Afterward, the motorist should keep at least 300 feet behind a signaling
emergency vehicle. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-92, 39:3-54.12)
Police cars, fire trucks, ambulances or other emergency vehicles have sirens
and red lights. Private vehicles operated by volunteer fire and rescue squad
members (with emergency vehicle identification) responding to an emergency
call use blue lights. A motorist should never park within 200 feet of a fire
department vehicle in service or drive over a fire hose unless directed to do so
by a fire, emergency rescue or police official.
MOVE OVER LAW
New Jersey’s “Move Over” law requires that all motorists approaching a
stationary, authorized emergency vehicle, tow truck, highway maintenance
or other emergency service vehicle that is displaying a flashing, blinking
or alternating red, blue, amber or yellow light or, any configuration of lights
containing one of these colors, must change lanes, safety and traffic conditions
permitting, into a lane not adjacent to the authorized vehicle. If a lane change is
impossible, prohibited by law or unsafe, the motorist must reduce the speed of
his/her vehicle to a reasonable and proper speed that is lower than the posted

speed limit and be prepared to stop, if necessary. Motorists who violate this law
face a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $500. (C.39:4-92.2)
™™ USING HEADLIGHTS
Proper use of headlights is critical to safe driving. Headlights must be used
between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise. Headlights
must also be used when visibility is 500 feet or less, when using windshield
wipers (during rain, snow and ice) or when encountering fog, mist, smoke or
other factors that reduce visibility. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-46)
Being able to see clearly while driving is very important. A vehicle’s lights should
always be in good working order and clean. Headlights help other motorists see
approaching vehicles. Parking or auxiliary lights cannot legally be used in place
of headlights when headlights are required.
BRIGHT AND DIM
Headlights have two sets of beams: bright (high) and dim (low), which are
controlled by a switch or button on or near the dashboard. The bright beam is
for open-country driving when there is no traffic in sight. The bright beam helps
a motorist see farther ahead and peripherally or at a wider angle. At night, a
motorist’s pupils are dilated, allowing more light to aid in the ability to see. Bright
beams can momentarily blind other motorists by constricting the pupils and
should not be used if other vehicles are approaching or when driving behind
another vehicle. It can take three to five seconds for a motorist to recover from
the glare of approaching high-beam headlights. At a speed of 50 mph, a motorist
will have traveled the length of a football field while being unable to see. If a
vehicle is approaching with high beams, a motorist should look to the right of the
road until the vehicle passes. Never flash high beams at an approaching motorist.
The dim beams are used for city driving and driving in traffic on roadways. Dim
beams are focused down on the road. Dim beams are used when traveling
behind other vehicles or when another vehicle is approaching.
OTHER TYPES OF LIGHTS
Parking lights: These lights are to be used for a short period of time, such
as when a vehicle is left in a permitted zone, to show other motorists where a
vehicle is parked. Parking lights are required on vehicles parked in areas other
than business or residential zones.

Tail lights: These lights turn on at the same time as a vehicle’s headlights and
parking lights. They become brighter when a motorist applies the brakes to
show that he/she is slowing or stopping. During the day, without headlights, the
taillights also turn on as a motorist applies the brakes.
Brake lights: These lights become brighter when a motorist applies the brakes,
showing that the vehicle is slowing or stopping.
Interim (overhead) lights: Found inside the vehicle, these types of lights
should be used only briefly (when necessary) when driving or to comply with a
police officer’s request to illuminate the motorist’s compartment of the vehicle
when stopped.
Dashboard lights: If dashboard lights are too bright, they may create a glare
for the motorist and impede vision. The lights should be kept dim but still light
enough for a motorist to read the dials.
Spotlights: These types of lights should be used only in emergencies. This also
applies to emergency flashers (hazard lights). Spotlights may not be used for
driving purposes.
Fog lights: These auxiliary driving lights may be used with low-beam headlights
to provide general lighting ahead of a motor vehicle, specifically during foggy
weather conditions. (N.J.A.C. 13:20-32.25)
™™ PARKING REGULATIONS
A motorist should always check for traffic when leaving a vehicle after parking.
He/she should also check for bicycles or mopeds, which are sometimes difficult
to see, before opening the driver-side door and exiting the vehicle. A motorist
opening a door into traffic may be liable for any collision with a moving vehicle. It is
safer for passengers to exit a parked vehicle from the curb side. A motorist should
read parking signs before parking on a city street to be aware of restrictions or
time limits. It is illegal for a vehicle to be parked more than six inches from the curb
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-135). Never park where a vehicle will block traffic.
DO NOT PARK (N.J.S.A. 39:4-138)
Unless directed to do so by a police officer or to avoid an accident, a motorist
should never stop or park at any of the following places:
• On a crosswalk
• Between a safety zone for pedestrians and the adjacent curb or within

20 feet of the end of the safety zone
• Near properly marked street construction
• In a space on public or private property marked for vehicle parking for
persons with a disability (unless legally authorized)
• On an interstate highway
• On a sidewalk
• In a bus stop zone
• In front of a public or private driveway
• Within an intersection
• Within 10 feet of a fire hydrant
• Within 25 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection, or side line of a street
or intersection highway, except at alleys
• Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing
• Within 50 feet of a stop sign
• Within 20 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire station and within 75
feet on the street opposite a fire station entrance
• On any bridge or elevated roadway or in any tunnel
• Next to another vehicle parked at the curb (double parking)
• In an area where parking is prohibited by municipal ordinance
In case of mechanical trouble or other emergency, a motorist should stop on the
right highway shoulder and turn on emergency flashers.
™™ CELLULAR TELEPHONES
State law prohibits the use of handheld electronic devices (e.g., cellular
telephones) while driving a motor vehicle on any public road or highway.
Using a handheld cellular telephone or texting device is a primary offense.
Law enforcement may stop and cite a motorist specifically for these actions.
Motorists are permitted to use a hands-free cellular telephone if it does not
interfere with any federally required safety equipment or with the safe operation
of the vehicle. Although the use of a hands-free cellular telephone is legal, it is
strongly discouraged. A handheld cellular telephone may be used only in certain
emergency situations, which include:
• Fire
• Traffic accident

• Serious road hazard
• Medical emergency
• Hazardous material emergency
Motorists in the above-mentioned circumstances must keep one hand
on the steering wheel while using a handheld telephone. To prove
legal use of a handheld telephone while operating a motor vehicle, a
motorist may be asked to produce testimony or written statements from
appropriate authorities, or telephone records. The fine for breaking this
law is $200-$400 for a first offense, $400-$600 for a second offense
within 10 years of the first offense, $600-$800 for a third offense
within 10 years of the second offense and for all subsequent offenses.
Also beginning with the third offense, there will be three (3) points assessed to
the driver’ 's' record and there may be a 90-day driver license suspension as well.
(N.J. S.A. 39:4-97.3)
“Kulesh’s, Kuberts’, and Bolis’ Law,” enacted in 2012, establishes illegal use
of a cell phone while driving as recklessness under the vehicular homicide
(N.J.S.A.2C:11-5) and assault by auto (N.J.S.A.2C:12-1) statutes. The intent and
effect of this law is to make it easier for prosecutors to obtain convictions for
vehicular homicide or assault by auto against a person who illegally uses a cell
phone while driving and, as a result, kills or injures someone.
A graduated driver license (GDL) motorist may not use a handheld or
hands-free cellular telephone, or any other handheld electronic device, when
behind the wheel. Doing so is a violation of GDL restrictions. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-13,
39:3-13.2a, 39:3-13.4)
A school bus driver may not use a handheld or hands-free cellular telephone
while operating the school bus, except in an emergency situation or when the
school bus is parked in a safe area off of a highway. (N.J.S.A. 39:3B-25)
™™ LITTERING
Throwing trash, debris or rubbish from a moving or parked vehicle is illegal. Litter
is a safety hazard and an eyesore. Fines of up to $1,000 may be imposed on
motorists found throwing dangerous objects from a vehicle onto a roadway. If
the vehicle is moving when litter is thrown, the motorist may lose his/her license.
All trash, debris or rubbish carried in a vehicle must be covered to keep it from
littering the roadway. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-63, 39:4-64)

79 DEFENSIVE DRIVING
80 Prevent a Collision
80 Aggressive Driving/Road Rage
8 1 Distractions
8 1 Tired Driver/Highway Hypnosis
82 Communicating and Driving
83 Keep a Safe Distance/Do Not Tailgate
84 Following Distances
85 Changing Lanes and Passing
85 Passed by Another Vehicle
Defensive
Driving
85 Road Conditions
88 Reduced Visibility
88 Night Driving
89 Driving Situations
92 Reacting to Driving Problems
94 Vehicle Failure
96 Collisions (Accidents)
98 What to do in case of a Collision

™™ PREVENT A COLLISION
Most collisions are caused by motorist error. A motorist can reduce the chances
of a collision by knowing and using the standard collision-prevention formula:
Be alert: Never think the other motorist will not make a driving mistake.
Be prepared: Learn what to do in any situation when you have to act fast, and
always expect the unexpected.
Act in time: Try not to panic. Know what to do if something happens suddenly
™™ AGGRESSIVE DRIVING/ROAD RAGE
Emotions can have a great affect on a motorist’s driving. If a motorist is angry or
excited, he/she should take time to cool off. Aggressive driving is defined as a
progression of unlawful driving actions, such as speeding, improper or excessive
lane changing, or improper passing. Aggressive drivers fail to consider how their
actions behind the wheel may affect other motorists on the road. When behind
the wheel, a motorist should always remain calm and follow the rules of the road.
Extreme cases of aggressive driving may lead to road rage.
Road rage occurs when motorists lose their tempers or become frustrated
because of a traffic disturbance. These aggressive motorists may run stop signs
and red lights, speed, tailgate, weave through traffic, pass illegally on the right,
make improper and unsafe lane changes, make hand or facial gestures, scream,
honk horns or flash high beams. In extreme cases, aggressive motorists may
cause a collision.
New Jersey is waging a campaign against road rage. The state has specially
trained enforcement patrols to help stop aggressive motorists. To report an
aggressive motorist call (888) SAF-ROAD or cell phone #77.
Note: While there are emergency exceptions to the hand held cellular phone
law, it is always safest to pull over to the side of the road before making a call.

™™ DISTRACTIONS
Operating any motor vehicle requires the motorist’s full attention. In many
cases, collisions are caused by a distracted motorist. Inattentive motorists
often tailgate, go too fast or drift out of their lanes. They ignore traffic signs
and signals, road markings, potential traffic hazards, road conditions and other
vehicles. Some causes of inattentive driving are:
• Lighting a cigarette
• Trying to fasten a safety belt while driving
• Reaching across the seat to close a door or look in the glove compartment
• Reaching for coins in pockets while driving up to a toll booth
• Trying to adjust a wristwatch
• Watching children or pets in the vehicle
• Trying to remove a coat
• Reading maps and newspapers
• Eating while driving
• Adjusting a mirror while driving
• Using a cellular phone or any other electronic device
• Adjusting the radio or CD player
• Shaving
• Using a laptop computer or fax machine
• Applying makeup
A motorist should never do any of these while driving. His/her full attention must
be on the road at all times.
™™ TIRED DRIVER/HIGHWAY HYPNOSIS
A tired driver is a dangerous driver. A tired driver cannot drive well and his/her
reaction time is reduced. The motorist may also get upset more easily or even fall
asleep behind the wheel. A tired driver can be as dangerous as a drunk driver.
Maggie’s Law, which was enacted in June 2003, makes it illegal to knowingly drive
a vehicle while impaired by lack of sleep. This law establishes driving while fatigued
as recklessness under the vehicular homicide statute (N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5).
When a motorist has been behind the wheel for a long time, he/she may experience
“highway hypnosis.” This trance-like state may be avoided by not looking at any

one thing for more than a few seconds. It is recommended that a motorist rest
every two hours and/or share the driving with another licensed motorist.
DROWSY DRIVING – WHO IS MOST AT RISK?
Motorists who are:
• Sleep deprived
• Driving long distances without rest breaks
• Driving through the night or at other times when they are normally asleep
• Taking medicine that increases sleepiness, or drinking alcohol
• Driving alone
• Driving on long, rural, boring roads
• Young people
• Shift workers
• Commercial drivers
™™ COMMUNICATING AND DRIVING
Communicate with other motorists by all available means and signals. A motorist
should always stay in the lane that shows where he/she intends to turn. Turn
signals (hand signals) allow a motorist to tell other motorists what he/she is
going to do. Another good method is catching other motorists’ eyes. It may be
necessary to tap the horn to warn other motorists. At night, a quick flip of the
headlights from low to high and back to low might be helpful.
A motorist should always be patient in town or city traffic and try not to make
quick turns or lane changes. Do not let rush-hour traffic become irritating. Be
alert and drive defensively. Always use good judgment in stopping, starting and
turning. Knowing all traffic rules, signs and signals is helpful. If a motorist must
pull off the road, he/she should always turn on the vehicle’s emergency flashers
(hazard lights).

Space Cushion
™™ KEEP A SAFE DISTANCE/DO NOT TAILGATE
A motorist should always keep a safe distance from other vehicles on the road
so that he/she has plenty of time to react to emergencies. Tailgating refers to
following too closely behind a vehicle directly in front. This is a common cause
of accidents. Tailgating can cause a series of rear-end collisions when many
vehicles are too close together. There should be plenty of space between a
motorist’s vehicle and others on all sides. A motorist should stay in the middle
of the lane and make sure there is enough room ahead to stop or pass safely.
KEEP SAFE DISTANCE
DO NOT TAILGATE
ONE CAR LENGTH OF
DISTANCE PER 10 MPH
TOO CLOSE
ONE CAR LENGTH
Although there is no perfect rule for following distance, the rule of thumb most
often used is to keep one car length back (about 20 feet) for each 10 miles per hour
of speed. At high speeds or in bad weather, following distances should be increased.

THREE-SECONDS-PLUS RULE
Since most people have trouble judging distances, the three-seconds-plus rule
to determine safe distance may be easier to use. It is useful at any speed.
• Choose some fixed object ahead of the vehicle in front. The object may be
a sign or a tree. Make sure the object does not distract attention from driving.
• As the vehicle in front passes the object, begin counting seconds (one-thousand-
one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand-three).
• If it takes at least three seconds before your vehicle passes the object,
a motorist should have enough distance for a sudden stop.
• Practicing safe space management/following distance is the ability to stop
a vehicle safely and smoothly in the event the vehicle in front stops.
• Stopping Distance = Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking
Distance.
• By keeping a foot near the brake, a motorist can reduce reaction distance.
• Time and distance relationships are designed for the best driving conditions.
• It should be noted that heavier vehicles may take longer to stop.
Try the rule while driving. It can help a motorist develop good judgment for proper
following distances. During bad weather, the time interval should be increased
to four or more seconds.
™™ FOLLOWING DISTANCES
While keeping the proper following distance in traffic, the motorist should
always know the condition of his/her vehicle’s brakes. Test them often. Make
sure of the distance it might take to stop. This is very important on wet roads and
where there is snow or ice. A motorist should always increase following distance
with poor road conditions.
MINIMUM SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE (in car lengths)
Road condition 20 mph 30 mph 40 mph 50 mph
Ideal 2 car lengths 3 4 5
Wet pavement 4 car lengths 6 8 10
Gravel 4 car lengths 6 8 10
Packed snow 6 car lengths 9 12
Ice 12 car lengths 18

™™ CHANGING LANES AND PASSING
Using the proper lane is an important part of defensive driving. Do not straddle
a lane. Be alert to traffic behind. When a lane change must be made, look at the
rearview mirror. Glance behind to check blind spots. Always signal lane changes.
Before passing a vehicle or changing lanes, keep the following points in mind:
• Only pass or change lanes when necessary.
• Only pass or change lanes if it can be completed without speeding.
• Keep a safe following distance; do not tailgate.
• Check traffic ahead and behind.
• Only pass when signs and pavement markings permit.
• Signal every lane change.
• Signal your return to the right lane.
• Return to the right lane when well ahead of the vehicle that was passed.
(A good indication that it is safe to return to the right lane is when the
vehicle that was passed is visible in the rearview mirror.)
• Cancel the turn signal.
™™ PASSED BY ANOTHER VEHICLE
When a motorist is passed by another vehicle, he/she must be careful. Stay in the
proper lane and slow down to make the pass easier for the other motorist. Return
to normal speed after the passing vehicle is well ahead. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-87)
™™ ROAD CONDITIONS
WET ROADS
Drive more slowly on wet roads. Stopping and turning should be completed with
great care. The three-seconds-plus rule should be increased to four or more
seconds. Quick turns or changes in speed may cause a vehicle to skid.
Road surfaces are the most slippery during the first few minutes of a rainfall. When
driving through a water puddle, a motorist should test the brakes by pumping
them. This will also help to dry the brakes. Speed should be decreased when
passing through water puddles, especially those deeper than the tread of a tire.

HYDROPLANING
Wet road surfaces can cause tires to hydroplane, or ride up on a film of water,
starting at about 35 mph, which could cause a motorist to lose control of his/her
vehicle. Chances of hydroplaning increase as speeds increase. After 55 mph,
tires may totally leave the Hydroplaning
road surface. If tires totally leave the road surface,
braking is virtually impossible, and turning is not possible. A gust of wind, a
change in road level or a slight turn can create a skid if a vehicle is hydroplaning.
To avoid hydroplaning, do not drive on bald or badly worn tires, and slow down
when heavy rain, standing water or slush is present. In a heavy rainstorm, try
to drive on the highest point of the road. For example, use the center lane on a
multiple lane highway, when available.
35 MPH
OR MORE
35 MPH
OR LESS
SNOW AND ICE
Winter driving has special dangers, including longer hours of darkness, fog, rain,
snow, sleet and ice. Each of these increases the possibility for an accident. A
safe motorist is prepared for these types of situations.
Before driving in cold weather, start the engine and let it warm up according
to manufacturer directions. All snow and ice must be removed from the entire
vehicle. New Jersey law states that a motorist is responsible for any ice that
flies from his/her vehicle and causes death, injury or property damage (N.J.S.A.
39:4-77.1). Always make sure the vehicle has the proper type of windshield
washing fluid.

In snow and ice conditions, a motorist should take precautions and get a feel for
the road. Gently applying the brakes while driving slowly will allow a motorist to
find out just how slippery the road is. This will also allow the motorist to judge
how fast the vehicle can go and still stop safely. A vehicle will skid if a motorist:
• Accelerates too quickly.
• Turns too fast.
• Brakes improperly.
Motorists who have a vehicle with antilock brakes (ABS) should keep a foot on
the brake pedal and not pump the brakes. Conventional disc and drum brakes
require firm, steady pressure on the brake pedal. Hitting the brakes too hard
may cause the wheels to lock. If the brakes do lock, release the brake pedal
and then immediately reapply with slightly less pressure. This process should
be repeated with less and less pressure on the brake pedal until the vehicle
is under control. Snow tires help driving during the winter months by providing
better traction for more controlled starting, steering and stopping. Snow tires
do not provide good traction on ice. Tire chains are the best traction on ice and
in hard-packed or deep snow. In New Jersey, motorists may use studded snow
tires between November 15 and April 1. (N.J.S.A. 13:20-15.2g)
To start on snow and ice, keep the engine speed low. If the wheels spin, a lower
gear should be used. When stuck, rock the vehicle back and forth by shifting
between forward and reverse to escape.

Motorists are prohibited from allowing their motor vehicles to idle for more than three
consecutive minutes. Among the exceptions for this prohibition include motor vehicles
stopped in the line of traffic, motor vehicles being repaired, motor vehicles waiting to be
inspected, emergency vehicles in emergency situations and buses while discharging or
picking up passengers. (N.J.A.C. 7:27-15.8, 7:27-14.3)
™™ REDUCED VISIBILITY
Poor roadway or weather conditions require motorists to increase following
distance because rough, wet or snow-covered roads may require more response
time. A good rule on snow-covered roads is to maintain a following distance of
six seconds or more.
Frost or ice: Always scrape and wipe a vehicle’s windows before starting. Turn on
the defroster. If the defroster does not work while driving in freezing rain or snow,
stop the vehicle. Close the windows and let the heater warm up the windows.
Fog: Always slow down when driving in fog. Headlights should be kept on low
beam and fog lights should be turned on, if the vehicle has them. Pavement
markings and other vehicle lights can serve as a motorist’s guide.
Sun glare: Sun visors should always be adjusted to shield a motorist’s eyes
without cutting off his/her view of the road. Hold the steering wheel firmly and
slow down. Watch for lane markings.
In all cases, if visibility is greatly reduced, a motorist should stop alongside the
road or on the shoulder, out of the way of traffic, and turn on emergency flashers.
™™ NIGHT DRIVING
Nearly 90 percent of driving decisions are based upon what a motorist sees
while driving. At night, a motorist’s vision is reduced. To drive safely at night, slow
down and drive within the range of the vehicle’s headlights. A motorist should
always be sure the vehicle can stop within the distance that he/she sees ahead.
A motorist should always consider the following factors when driving at night:
• Speed
• Reaction distance (distance traveled before hitting the brake)
• Braking distance (distance needed to completely stop vehicle)

DRIVING AND STOPPING AT NIGHT
Speed
Reaction
distance
This table shows the distance the average motorist will need to stop while
driving at a designated speed using low beams at night. Numbers are based on
a motorist reaction time of 1.5 seconds. A vehicle travels 88 feet per second at
60 mph. Deceleration is 14 feet per second.
Other safety rules for night driving are:
• Drive with headlights on at dusk, night, dawn, on dark days and whenever
weather conditions reduce visibility to less than 500 feet. State law requires
the headlights to be on when windshield wipers are in use. (N.J.S.A. 39:3-46)
• Drive more slowly than during daylight.
• Watch for road signs, slow-moving or unlit vehicles, bicycles,
pedestrians and animals.
• Allow for more safety margins than you would during daylight.
™™ DRIVING SITUATIONS
A motorist will come across a number of different driving situations that have
their own unique safety concerns or requirements. A motorist must know how to
safely navigate his/her vehicle in each of these situations.
CITY DRIVING
When traveling in a city, heavier traffic and more pedestrians require motorists to
be very alert. In city traffic, a motorist should try to cooperate with other motorists.
Drive more slowly and watch for the movements of others. Motorists must be more
careful about pedestrians and less-visible vehicles, such as bicycles, mopeds,
motorcycles, motorized wheelchairs and mobility-assistance vehicles. Pedestrians
and individuals in wheelchairs or mobility-assistance vehicles always have the right-
Braking
distance
Stopping
distance
20 mph 44 ft 31 ft 75 ft
30 mph 66 ft 69 ft 135 ft
40 mph 88 ft 123 ft 211 ft
50 mph 110 ft 192 ft 302 ft
60 mph 132 ft 277 ft 409 ft
70 mph 154 ft 376 ft 530 ft

of-way in a crosswalk. Motorists must always stop for pedestrians in a crosswalk;
whether marked or unmarked (see p. 130).
A motorist should look at least 12 seconds ahead. This means that he/she
should be able to see an object far enough ahead so that it takes at least 12
seconds to get to it. While driving at 25 mph on a clear road in a city, a motorist
should be able to see about a block ahead. When traffic is heavy, extra time
to react is necessary, which means driving more slowly. By reducing speed, a
motorist gains time.
On city streets, a motorist will pass through intersections very often. Many new
motorists fail to see intersections. A motorist should always consider the follow-ing
safety tips:
• If at the middle of a block, check intersections ahead for traffic controls.
• When approaching or nearing an intersection, reduce speed. Glance left
and then right. Keep foot on the brake.
• When at a crosswalk, a vehicle should be at its lowest speed. A motorist
must decide whether to stop or go across. Take quick glances around. If
clear, proceed to cross.
Watch for uncontrolled intersections where there are no lights or signs. Do not
think that a roadway is protected because it is wide, smooth or busy. If there
are no traffic signals, there is no traffic control. Avoiding collisions is up to the
motorist. Look. Listen. Think.
HIGHWAY DRIVING
Traffic accidents and deaths can happen on highways when the weather is good
and the roads are dry. Exceeding the posted speed limit or driving too fast for road
conditions is one of the most prevalent factors contributing to traffic collisions.
Major highways are usually in good condition. They often have four or more lanes.
Wide-open spaces often give a motorist the feeling that he/she can relax his/her
attention. It is important to stay alert on highways. Some highways may not have
traffic signs or signals at crossroads. This means a motorist must drive defensively
and stay within the speed limit. Always be ready to react to the unexpected.
HILLS, BRIDGES AND OTHER ROAD HAZARDS
A motorist should always be on the lookout for signs that warn of road hazards.
These include hills, dips, narrow bridges, bumps and railroad tracks. Drive slowly
in these areas. If a vehicle is moving too fast, the motorist may not be able to slow
down in time. Speeding and applying the brakes firmly can cause a skid or a spin.

Motorists should be cautious when traveling in farm country or in open land
where livestock or deer may cross the road. If a motorist encounters an animal,
he/she should slow down until the animal has passed. Animals make unexpected
moves, so a motorist must be alert.
CONSTRUCTION ZONES/WORK ZONES (N.J.S.A. 39:4-203.5)
Most motorists will encounter construction on roadways. In New Jersey, traffic
fines are doubled for motor vehicle violations committed in the area of roadway
construction zones. These work zones are identified by an advance warning sign
or flashing lights on a vehicle up to one-half mile before the work area. Flaggers
may control traffic and protect project personnel in the work area. Sometimes
it is necessary to redirect traffic from its normal path around the work zone.
Motorists may encounter a detour onto another roadway to bypass the work area
or a diversion onto a temporary roadway, such as a median crossover or a lane
shift. If traffic is permitted through or adjacent to the work area, it will be guided
with temporary traffic control devices. At the end of the work area, there will be
an End Road Work sign or the last temporary traffic control device, so motorists
can resume normal driving. For illustrations of signs and barricades used in
construction zones, see the Driver Safety Section at the end of this manual.

It is extremely important for motorists to remain alert when traveling through a
work zone. Annually, there are nearly 800 fatal and over 37,000 serious injury
crashes in work zones. In addition, congestion and delays may mount, causing
the frustration level of motorists to rise. Motorists should keep the following
basics in mind:
• Stay alert: Dedicate full attention to the roadway.
• Pay close attention: Signs and work zone flaggers save lives.
• Turn on headlights: Workers and other motorists must be able to
see the vehicle.
• Don’t tailgate: Unexpected stops or slowing may occur.
• Don’t speed: Note the posted speed limits in and around the work zone.
• Minimize distractions: Avoid changing radio stations or talking on
hands-free devices when traveling through a work zone.
• Expect the unexpected: Keep an eye out for workers and their equipment.
• Be patient: Remember that work-zone crew members are working
to improve the ride for all motorists.
™™ REACTING TO DRIVING PROBLEMS
A motorist should always be prepared for any problems that he/she may
encounter while driving. Certain situations require the motorist to react
immediately in order to avoid an accident.
IGNITION SYSTEM
Today’s vehicles are equipped with ignition systems that, when used properly,
will prevent the theft of an automobile and vehicle rollaway. An ignition system
permits key removal only when the vehicle’s transmission is in the Park position.
Motorists in an emergency situation on the highway may attempt to turn off the
vehicle while it is still in motion, believing they will bring the vehicle to a stop. The
basic rule the motorist must follow when operating a vehicle with a steering wheel
ignition system is to never turn the ignition to the lock position while the vehicle
is in motion. The steering will lock as the vehicle turns, and the motorist will lose
control of the vehicle.
SKIDS
Sudden turns, lane changes or hard braking can throw a vehicle into a skid.
This often happens on wet or icy roads. A motorist should handle a skid in both
front-wheel and rear-wheel drive vehicles in the same way. If the rear end of the
vehicle starts to slide, a motorist should take his/her foot off the gas pedal. A
vehicle may spin if the steering wheel is quickly turned away from the direction
of the skid.

To avoid a spin, the motorist should turn in the direction the rear of the vehicle
is skidding, without over steering. When skidding, a motorist should look in the
direction that he/she wants to go. A motorist will be able to feel when the vehicle
is back under control and should then straighten the wheels. During a side skid,
avoid using the brakes.
EMERGENCY STOPS
If an emergency highway stop is necessary, a motorist should always keep several
basic points in mind. On a highway with paved shoulders, signal and turn onto the
shoulder at or near traffic speed. Then begin to slow down. Where the shoulder
is unpaved, signal a turn and slow down to a safe speed before turning off. Once
the vehicle is pulled to the shoulder, turn on the parking lights or emergency
warning lights.
Never block tail lights at night by standing or working behind the vehicle. Day or
night, put a flare or other warning sign just behind the vehicle. Put another warning
device at least 300 feet back (about 120 paces). Raise the hood. Tie a white
handkerchief to the antenna or left door handle as a signal, if help is needed.
RUNNING OFF THE PAVEMENT
If a vehicle’s wheels drift onto the shoulder of the road, do not try to turn back
onto the pavement right away. This might throw the vehicle off balance. Too
often motorists panic and steer abruptly to return to the road, causing the
vehicle to slingshot across the roadway or into traffic. Instead, a motorist should
stay on the shoulder and ease up on the gas pedal. After the vehicle has slowed
down to 25 mph or less, the motorist may turn back onto the road by turning the
steering wheel one-quarter turn toward the roadway. This will allow tires to climb
the pavement edge and get back onto the pavement.
If a vehicle runs off the pavement:
• Slow down.
• Regain control.
• Turn slowly onto the road.
CAR FIRES
Most car fires are caused by short circuits in the electrical system. In case of fire,
do not waste time. Get passengers out and away from the vehicle at once, and
call for help. A motorist should never attempt to put out a fire.

PLUNGING INTO WATER
Water causes more panic than any other emergency. Actual tests have resulted
in a few tips. A vehicle with windows and doors closed will float for about three
to ten minutes. Two major points in escape and self-rescue from a submerged
vehicle are to wear a seat belt, which will increase the chances of surviving the
initial impact of the water, and, while the vehicle is still floating on the surface,
to escape through an open window. It is hard to open a door against water
pressure, but a window can be rolled down easily. Power windows may short out,
so try to open them at once. Glass in the side and rear windows can be broken
but only with a heavy, hard object.
A front-engine vehicle will sink nose first. Some air may be pushed to the rear,
near the roof. When the pressure inside and outside the vehicle is equal, it is
easier to open a door. A motorist should try to escape through a door or window.
Remember that three to five minutes gives plenty of time in an emergency.
Wearing a seat belt is the best insurance against being knocked unconscious.
Once out of the vehicle, a motorist may become disoriented underwater. Always
remember to follow the air bubbles to reach the surface.
STALLING ON RAILROAD TRACKS
If the vehicle has a standard shift, the motorist should try to move it by running
the starter in low or second gear. With an automatic shift, the motorist will have
to push the vehicle off the tracks. If the vehicle cannot be moved off the tracks,
and a train is coming, the motorist should move as far away from the tracks as
possible and call for help.
™™ VEHICLE FAILURE
No matter how well a vehicle is maintained, there is still a chance a motorist will
experience vehicle problems. A motorist should always be prepared for any type
of situation and never panic.
BRAKE FAILURE
If a vehicle’s conventional disc and drum brakes suddenly fail, a motorist should
shift to a lower gear and pump the brake pedal fast and hard several times.
This may build up enough brake pressure to stop the vehicle. If that does not
work, the parking brake should be used while holding the brake release, so the
motorist can let up if the rear wheels lock and the vehicle begins to skid. With
the vehicle in low gear, the motorist should begin looking for a safe place to stop
off the roadway and call for help.

TIRE BLOWOUT
If a motorist experiences a flat tire or blowout, he/she should hold the steering
wheel firmly and keep the vehicle straight while gradually slowing down. The
motorist should remove his/her foot from the gas pedal but not use the brakes.
The vehicle should coast to a stop on its own as the motorist pulls to a safe area
off the roadway.
POWER STEERING FAILURE
When an engine dies, a vehicle’s power steering will fail. The motorist should keep
a firm grip on the wheel because extra hand power will be needed to turn or keep
control. The vehicle should be brought to a stop in a safe area off the roadway.
The motorist may need to push very hard on power brakes that are not working.
HEADLIGHT FAILURE
If headlights suddenly go out, a motorist should safely bring the vehicle to a
stop in a safe area off the roadway. The headlight or dimmer switches may help
the lights go on again. If this does not work, the motorist should put the parking
lights, emergency flashers or turn signals on and call for help.
GAS PEDAL PROBLEMS
If a gas pedal sticks, the motorist should keep his/her eyes on the road while
quickly shifting to neutral. Steer the vehicle to a safe area off the roadway, turn
the engine off and call for help.
HOOD LATCH FAILURE
If the vehicle’s hood suddenly flies up, the motorist should slow down immediately.
He/she should try to look under the hood to see the road or look out of the side
window around the hood. Using the center line or lane markings as a guide, the
motorist should pull the vehicle to a safe area off the roadway as soon as possible.
WINDSHIELD WIPER FAILURE
When windshield wipers stop suddenly during rain or snow, the motorist should
slow down, pull to a safe area off the roadway and turn on emergency flashers.
Call for help if necessary.

™™ COLLISIONS (ACCIDENTS)
AVOIDING COLLISIONS
No matter how careful a motorist is, emergencies do arise. A motorist many not
always be able to avoid a collision. This is why it is important to know how to
safely handle any type of situation that may occur. Proper reaction could save
the life of the motorist and his/her passengers or others involved. Above all, seat
belts should always be worn while driving.
If a motorist sees that his/her vehicle may hit something, one of three things can
be done: stop, turn or speed up.
Stop quickly: If the vehicle has conventional disc and drum brakes, the motorist
should pump the brakes to gain better control in steering. The wheels will lock
and cause skidding if a motorist brakes too hard and holds them down. If the
vehicle has antilock brakes (ABS), they will adjust automatically if a wheel
begins to lock. With this brake system, a motorist can put maximum pressure on
the brakes and retain steering control without pumping the brakes.
Turn quickly: If a motorist cannot stop in time, he/she should turn away and
drive off the road if necessary. If the motorist can keep from using the brakes
while turning, this will lessen the chances of a skid. A motorist should not brake
hard if turning onto a soft shoulder of a road. This could cause skidding or loss
of control.
Speed up: Sometimes it is best or necessary to speed up to avoid a collision.
This may happen when another vehicle is about to hit a motorist’s vehicle from
the side or from behind, and there is room to the front to get out of danger. A
motorist should push the gas pedal to the floor. There may be only seconds to
act, so a motorist must decide quickly. Once the danger has passed, the motorist
should slow the vehicle’s speed.
LAST-MINUTE CHOICES
A motorist should never panic, especially in the few seconds before a possible
collision. There are some last-minute choices that he/she will have to make. A
motorist should always be aware of what to do in an emergency situation. Reacting
properly and quickly can avoid collisions or, at least, minimize damage.

If a collision looks possible, the motorist should turn away from oncoming traffic,
even if it means leaving the road. Driving off the road, rather than skidding, gives the
motorist more control over the vehicle. The motorist should choose to hit something
that will give way (such as brush or shrubs) rather than something hard.
Choose to hit something moving in the same direction, rather than something
that is not moving. Choose to hit something not moving, rather than something
coming straight on. If hitting something is unavoidable, try to make it a glancing
blow. A sideswipe, for example, will help slow the vehicle. Try to never hit anything
head-on. For every inch that a motorist steers away from a collision between the
center of the vehicle’s front end and the center of the oncoming object, the
energy of the collision will dissipate and reduce injury and damage.
REAR COLLISION
If the vehicle is about to be hit from the rear, the motorist must be ready to apply
the brakes to avoid being pushed into a vehicle ahead. The motorist should
brace his/her body between the steering wheel and the seat back, pressing the
back of his/her head firmly against the head rest (if vehicle has one).
SIDE COLLISION
If the vehicle is about to be hit from the side, the motorist should keep a tight
grip on the steering wheel. This may keep him/her from being thrown against
the side of the vehicle. The motorist should be ready to turn fast, so that if the
vehicle spins around, he/she can try to control the vehicle.
HEAD-ON COLLISION
If the vehicle is about to be hit from the front, the motorist should use his/her
arms and hands to protect his/her face if wearing a shoulder strap and the
vehicle is equipped with air bags. If the vehicle is not equipped with a shoulder
strap or air bags, the motorist should throw himself/herself across the seat to
keep from hitting the steering wheel or windshield. Air bags will typically deploy
in vehicles that have them.
PARKED VEHICLE COLLISION
If a motorist hits a parked vehicle, the police must be notified. The driver should
also try to find the owner of the vehicle.

™™ WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF A COLLISION
If a motorist witnesses a collision or is involved in one, he/she should follow
these tips in order to help protect everyone involved:
• Stop the vehicle.
• Remain calm.
• Assume the worst and get help (notify the police; call an ambulance).
• Wait at the scene, but try not to block traffic.
• Ask for assistance from passing motorists, bikers or joggers, if needed.
• Depending on the location of the accident – local road, highway or in a
busy city intersection–warn oncoming traffic.
REPORTING ACCIDENTS (N.J.S.A. 39:4-129, 39:4-130, 39:4-131)
New Jersey law requires motorists to notify the police of accidents where there
is injury, death, or vehicle or property damage. If someone has been killed,
do not move the body or permit anyone to move the body until the police or
ambulance arrives.
If the motorist is involved in the accident, he/she can help the police by
answering as many questions as possible and by giving them as many facts
about the accident as possible. When damage to property is more than $500 or
there is personal injury, a motorist must:
• Send a written report to the MVC within 10 days if no police report is filed.
A written report is not required if a report is filed by police. A motorist can
get a copy of the report form from the police.
• Notify his/her insurance company at once, giving complete information
about the accident.
• If the motorist is shaken up, he/she should see a doctor as soon
as possible.

DRINKING, DRUGS HEALTH
102 Effects of Alcohol
102 How Much is Too Much?
104 Drinking and Driving
104 Good Hosts and the Drinking Driver
101
Drinking, Drugs
Health
104 Designated Drivers
105 Drugs and Driving
106 Healthy Driving

™™ EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a drug that affects overall driving ability. Alcohol may make a motorist
overconfident and unable to think clearly. Motorists who drink may make more
mistakes. Even if a motorist thinks he/she is below the level of legal intoxication,
alcohol will affect driving. Drinking even a small amount of alcohol increases a
motorist’s chances of having an accident. Never drink and drive.
Driving under the influence of intoxicating beverages means that a driver’s
senses and judgment are impaired by alcohol. After two, three or four drinks,
alcohol begins to impair reaction time, coordination and balance. Vision and the
ability to judge distance is affected, making it more difficult to react and to drive
safely. The only thing that can make a person sober is time. Alcohol is removed
slowly by the body. The majority (90 percent) of the alcohol detoxified is oxidized
(burned up) by the liver. The other 10 percent is eliminated in breath, urine and
sweat. This fact is the prime reason why sober-up-quick methods do not work.
In addition, studies have proven conclusively that a combination of alcohol and
anger is responsible for much of the reckless, aggressive driving that can cause
fatal highway accidents. While most alcohol-related collisions involve only one
vehicle, they frequently result in the death or serious injury of numerous people,
including passengers, pedestrians and other motorists.
™™ HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?
The only scientific way to check is through blood alcohol concentration, or BAC. A
simple breath test will show a motorist’s BAC. BAC is determined by four factors:
• Quantity of alcohol consumed
• Body weight
• How quickly drinks were consumed
• Food eaten
The best way to reduce the risk of a crash caused by drinking and driving is not
to drive at all after drinking.
In New Jersey, it is illegal for an individual who is 21 years of age or older to
drive with a BAC of .08 percent or higher (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50). For individuals
younger than 21, it is illegal to drive with a BAC of .01 percent or higher.
Violators face severe penalties in addition to other penalties assessed for
DUI/DWI (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.14).

Alcohol
EVERY DRINK CONTAINS ABOUT 1/2 OUNCE OF
ALCOHOL. IT’S NOT WHAT YOU DRINK, BUT HOW
MANY DRINKS YOU HAVE.
1.5 OUNCES OF
86 PROOF LIQUOR
12 OUNCE BOTTLE
OR CAN OF BEER
5 OUNCE GLASS
OF WINE (12%)
ONE DRINK
EQUALS...
103
If a motorist has reached a BAC of slightly above .05 percent after drinking, the
risk for causing a motor vehicle accident doubles. The risk is six times as great
when driving with a BAC of .10 percent. The risk is 25 times as great when
driving with a BAC of .15 percent.
Note: Under state law, refusal to take a breath test is equal to driving with a BAC
of .10 percent for a first offense. The current penalty for both is the loss of driving
privileges for seven months to one year, to run concurrently or consecutively,
based upon a judge’s order (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4a). Motorists who refuse to take
a breath test in New Jersey are also subject to a violation surcharge of $1,000
per year for three years (N.J.S.A. 17:29A-35). Failure to pay this surcharge will
result in an indefinite suspension of driving privileges until the fee is paid.
It is important to remember that it does not matter what alcoholic beverage is
consumed. There is just as much alcohol in the average beer as there is in the
average drink of whiskey or wine. For example, 1 ½ ounces of 80-proof whiskey,
12 ounces of beer or 5 ounces of table wine all contain the same amount of
alcohol: about ½ ounce of alcohol per drink. Studies show that most people
arrested for drinking and driving had been drinking beer.

Although food does slow the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, eating
will not prevent a high BAC when steadily drinking large amounts. Heavy drinking
will always produce a high BAC. Eating does not make a motorist sober. The
best way to avoid drinking and driving is to arrange for a designated motorist,
use public transportation or call a cab.
™™ DRINKING AND DRIVING
Drinking affects a motorist’s thinking and slows reaction time. Alcohol may also
give a motorist a false feeling that he/she can do anything. Law enforcement is
trained to notice certain telltale signs that a motorist has been drinking:
• Speeding: An intoxicated driver often thinks high speed driving is safe
• Weaving: Even though an intoxicated driver may stay in the correct lane,
driving straight may be a problem
• Slow driving: An intoxicated driver may be overly cautious and drive slower
than the normal traffic flow
• Jerking motion: An intoxicated driver often may have short mental lapses
and not keep a steady speed on a clear road
• Quick stops: An intoxicated driver may make sudden stops at a traffic
sign or light, rather than easing up to it
™™ GOOD HOSTS AND THE DRINKING DRIVER
Always be a good host. If serving alcohol at a party, always provide alcohol-free
drinks and serve nutritious foods or snacks. Never insist that a guest should
drink an alcoholic beverage or insist on refills.
Stop serving alcohol well before the party ends. If someone drinks too much,
do not let them drive. If no other transportation is available, suggest a nap or
invite the guest to spend the night. As a last resort, notify the police. Hosts
may become involved in a lawsuit if a guest is involved in a drinking and driving
collision after leaving the party.
™™ DESIGNATED DRIVERS
As the first state in the country to officially launch the Hero Campaign for
Designated Drivers, New Jersey encourages all state residents to participate
in designated driver programs wherever they travel, whether as a motorist or a
passenger. Being a designated driver is a great responsibility. The designated
driver is responsible for the safe transportation of friends or family members who

105
have been drinking alcoholic beverages. Designated drivers not only ensure the
safety of the people they are escorting home but also the safety of other motorists.
A motorist who chooses to have a designated driver when attending functions
where alcohol will be served shows maturity and consideration for other
motorists who share the road. More information about designated drivers and
the Hero Campaign can be found at www.herocampaign.org.
™™ DRUGS AND DRIVING (N.J.S.A. 39:4-49.1, 39:4-50)
It is illegal to operate a motor vehicle on New Jersey roadways under the
influence of any illegal drugs. The labels on bottles of prescription drugs will
describe common side effects. Drugs that “may cause drowsiness or dizziness”
should not be taken before driving. Ask a professional about how over-the-counter
drugs may affect driving. Drugs that may affect basic driving skills
include cold pills, tranquilizers and some prescription medications.
Never mix drugs without asking a medical professional about possible side
effects or how the drug may affect driving. Alcohol should never be mixed with
any drugs or medications.
If asked, motorists using prescription drugs must show proof of the prescription
to law enforcement. If a motorist does not have a prescription for the drug,
and a prescription is necessary in order to obtain the drug, the drug will be
considered illegal.
After alcohol, marijuana is the drug most often found with drivers involved in
collisions. Marijuana use may affect a motorist in the following ways:
• Loss of tracking ability: This is the ability to maintain a vehicle in a
given line.
• Distance judgment: Following too closely can cause problems.
• Vigilance: Not remaining attentive to the driving task can cause a
motorist to follow too closely, drift into another lane, etc.
• Divided attention: Driving is a task that requires constant attention
to traffic, roadway and weather conditions, passengers, gauges, etc.

™™ HEALTHY DRIVING
HEALTH
Any health problem can affect an individual’s driving. Even little problems like a
stiff neck, a cough or a sore leg can give an individual trouble while driving. If a
motorist is not feeling well, he/she should let someone else drive.
VISION
Vision is important to safe driving. Most of what a motorist does behind the
wheel is based on what he/she sees. State law permits the MVC to retest 10
percent of the driving population each year. A motorist should have his/her eyes
tested every year or two. If over age 40, a motorist should have his/her eyes
checked every year for special problems.
Good side vision (peripheral vision) is also essential for safe driving. Side
vision helps a motorist see out of the corners of his/her eyes while looking
straight ahead.
Distance judgment is also an important component to driving. A motorist should
know his/her distance from any object while driving. Bad distance judgment
often causes accidents.
HEARING
Hearing is more important to driving than many people think. It can warn a motorist
of danger. The sound of horns, sirens or screeching tires warns a motorist to be
careful. A motorist may be able to hear a car that cannot be seen.
Even people with good hearing cannot hear well if the radio is blaring or he/she
is wearing earphones. A motorist should always keep the radio turned down and
never wear earphones.

107

DRIVER PRIVILEGES PENALTIES
110 The Driving Privilege
110 Driving under the influence (dui)
115 Breath Test (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4a)
115 Ignition Interlock Device (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.17)
116 Intoxicated Driver Resource Center
116 Motor Vehicle Violations
120 Driver Programs
109
Driver Privileges
Penalties
122 Violation Surcharges and Point Violations
123 Point System
124 Moving Violation Point Chart
125 Moving Violation Point Chart
127 Interstate Compacts

™™ THE DRIVING PRIVILEGE
Driving is a privilege, not a right. State law allows or requires an individual’s driving
privilege to be suspended for certain motor vehicle violations, which means the
driver license will be taken away and the motorist may not drive for a stated period
of time. In addition to license suspension, fines and imprisonment may also be
imposed for moving violations. The length of suspension time depends on the law
that is broken and how many convictions a motorist receives. Likewise, license
restoration depends on the types of offenses and the number of convictions. A
habitual offender is a motorist whose driver license has been suspended three
times in three years. To avoid any problems, it is important to know and obey New
Jersey’s traffic laws, which are in place to protect every motorist.
Some suspensions are decided on a case-by-case basis. If the sentence is
not mandatory, the Chief Administrator of the MVC or the courts may suspend
driving privileges. Reasons for loss of driving privileges may include, but is not
limited to the following reasons:
• Failure to appear in court or to pay fines
• Failure to pay violation surcharges
• Driving while suspended
• Failure to provide proof of insurance
• Physical or mental disqualification
• Drug or alcohol use
• Traffic law violations
• At fault in a fatal accident
• Failure to respond to an MVC notice
The MVC Chief Administrator may also require a re-examination of any person
considered to be a problem driver. This re-examination will help to determine
whether driving privileges should be suspended.
™™ DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE (DUI)
Drivers under age 21 (the legal age to purchase/consume an alcoholic beverage)
found with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at .01 percent or more while
operating a motor vehicle will be penalized (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.14). The current
BAC for drivers age 21 and older is .08 percent (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50).

111
In New Jersey, a person must be 21 to purchase, possess or consume alcoholic
beverages. Underage drinking is illegal and can have severe consequences for
young people who drink and for adults who provide alcoholic beverages to those
under age 21.
If a driver under age 21 buys or drinks alcohol in a place with an alcoholic
beverage license, he/she may be fined $500 and lose his/her license for six
months. If a person under age 21 does not have a driver license, the suspension
starts when he/she is first eligible to receive a license. Also, the person may be
required to participate in an alcohol education or treatment program.
MANDATORY PENALTIES
First offense/BAC .08% or more but less than .10% (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50)
• Three-month suspension of driving privilege
• $250 to $400 fine
• 12- to 48-hour participation in an Intoxicated Driver Resource
Center (IDRC)
• $230 per day IDRC fee
• Up to 30 days imprisonment
• $100 Drunk Driving Enforcement Fund fee (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.8)
• $100 Alcohol Education, Rehabilitation and Enforcement Fund (AERF) fee
• $1,000 annual surcharge for three years
• $75 Safe Neighborhood Services Fund fee (N.J.S.A. 2C:43-3.2)
• Possible interlock device requirement for six months to one year
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.17)

First offense/BAC .10% or more (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50)
• Seven-month to one-year suspension of driving privilege
• $300 to $500 fine
• 12- to 48-hour participation in an Intoxicated Driver Resource
Center (IDRC)
• $230 per day IDRC fee
• Up to 30 days imprisonment
• $100 Drunk Driving Enforcement Fund fee (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.8)
• $100 Alcohol Education, Rehabilitation and Enforcement Fund fee
• $1,000 annual surcharge for three years
• $75 Safe Neighborhood Services Fund fee (N.J.S.A. 2C:43-3.2)
• Possible interlock device requirement for six months to one year
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.17)
Underage first offense/BAC .01% or more but less than .08%(N.J.S.A.
39:4-50.14)
• 30- to 90-day suspension of driving privilege (on the day motorist becomes
eligible to obtain a license or on the day of conviction, whichever is later)
• 15 to 30 days community service
• Participation in an Intoxicated Driver Resource Center (IDRC) or alcohol
education and highway safety program, as prescribed by the MVC
Chief Administrator.

113
DRIVING
OFFENSE
CONVICTION
LOSS OF
LICENSE 1
FINES, FEES,
SURCHARGES
IMPRISONMENT
COMMUNITY
SERVICE (CS),
IDRC2 OR
DETAINMENT
Alcohol- or drug-related
(DUI)3
first offense
3 months to
1 year
$250-$500 fine;
$1,000 a yr for
3 yrs surcharge;
$230 per day
IDRC fee; $100
drunk driving fund;
$75 Safe Neigh-borhood
Services
Fund $100 AERF
Up to 30 days 12-48 hrs IDRC
(DUI)3
second offense
that occurs
within 10 yrs of
first offense
2 years $500-$1,000 fine
$1,000 a yr for
3 yrs surcharge;
$280 per day
IDRC fee; $100
drunk driving fund;
$75 Safe
Neighborhood
Services Fund
$100 AERF
48 hrs-90 days 12-48 hrs IDRC
30 days CS
(DUI)3
third offense that
occurs within 10
yrs of second
offense
10 years $1,000 fine
$1,500 a yr for
3 yrs surcharge;
$280 per day
IDRC fee; $100
drunk driving fund;
$75 Safe Neigh-borhood
Services
Fund $100 AERF
180 days 12-48 hrs IDRC
Up to 90 days
CS, which can
reduce a period
of imprisonment
Drinking alco-holic
beverages
while driving or
riding
N/A $200 fine, first
offense
$250 fine, second
offense
N/A N/A

DRIVING
OFFENSE
CONVICTION
LOSS OF
LICENSE1
FINES, FEES,
SURCHARGES
IMPRISONMENT
COMMUNITY
SERVICE (CS),
IDRC2 OR
DETAINMENT
Drinking alco-holic
beverages
while driving or
riding (second
offense)
N/A $250 fine N/A 10 days CS
Driving on DUI
suspension
Additional
1-2 yrs4
$500 fine;
$250 per yr for
3 yrs surcharge
10-90 days N/A
Driving with no
insurance (first
offense)
1 year $300-$1,000
fine; $250 per
yr for 3 yrs
surcharge
N/A CS determined
by court
Driving with no
insurance (sec-ond
offense)
2 years Up to $5,000
fine; $250 per
year for 3 yrs
surcharge
14 days 30 days CS
Driving with pos-sessing
drugs
2 years Min. $50 fine N/A N/A
1Underage drinking may cause a six-month delay to get a license.
2Intoxicated Driver Resource Center.
3Driving under the influence (DUI). Alcohol- and drug-related offenses require
completion of an alcohol screening and evaluation program.
4Also suspends registrations for the same period.
The courts may require DUI offenders to use ignition interlock devices on their
motor vehicles. An interlock device (see page 115) is attached to a motor vehicle
to prevent it from being started when the alcohol level of the motorist’s breath
exceeds a predetermined amount. The interlock requirement is in addition to any
other penalty required under the state’s drunk driving statute. Installation is for six
months to three years, beginning when the motorist’s driver license has been restored
following suspension.

115
™™ BREATH TEST (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4A)
New Jersey has an implied consent law. This means that motorists on New
Jersey roadways have agreed, simply by using New Jersey roadways, to submit
to a breath test given by law enforcement or hospital staff following an arrest for
a drinking-and-driving offense. Motorists who refuse to take a breath test will be
detained and brought to a hospital, where hospital staff may draw blood.
Motorists who refuse to take a breath test in New Jersey are subject to a
violation surcharge of $1,000 per year for three years. Failure to pay this
surcharge will result in an indefinite suspension of driving privileges until the fee
is paid. Motorists who refuse to take a breath test will be detained and brought
to a hospital, where hospital staff may draw blood.
Under state law, refusal to take a breath test is equal to driving with a BAC
of .10 percent for a first offense. The current penalty for refusal is the loss of
driving privileges for between seven months and one year, to run concurrently or
consecutively, based upon a judge’s order.
™™ IGNITION INTERLOCK DEVICE (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.17)
A motorist who is convicted of a DUI offense must install an ignition interlock
device in any motor vehicle they own, lease or operate during and after the entire
period for which their driving privilege is suspended. This device is attached to
the vehicle with a built-in Breathalyzer and prevents the vehicle from starting if
the motorist’s BAC exceeds .05 percent. The interlock requirement is in addition
to any other penalty required under the state’s drunk driving statute.
• First DUI offense with BAC of less than 0.15%: Installation of ignition
interlock device for six months to one year from the date of driving privilege
restoration (judge’s discretion)
• First DUI offense with BAC of 0.15% or higher OR Refusal to Submit to
Breath Test offense: Installation of ignition interlock device during suspension
and for six months to one year from the date of driving privilege restoration
• Second or Subsequent DUI OR Refusal to Breath Test Offense:
Installation of ignition interlock device during suspension and for one to three
years from the date of driving privilege restoration
If the court sentences a motorist to install an interlock device, he/she will receive
an MVC notice explaining how to obtain the device, as well as an additional
MVC notice confirming the suspension. An approved list of interlock device
manufacturers can be found on the MVC’s Web site at www.njmvc.gov.

™™ INTOXICATED DRIVER RESOURCE CENTER
State law requires that any motorist charged with an alcohol-related traffic
offense must be detained at an IDRC. Each of New Jersey’s 21 counties has an
IDRC where first- and third-time offenders are detained. Second-time offenders
are detained at one of three regional IDRCs. The N.J. Department of Health
and Senior Services, Division of Addiction Services, and the Intoxicated Driving
Program coordinates all IDRCs.
During detention, all offenders attend an alcohol and highway safety education
program. The center evaluates each offender for an alcohol or drug problem
and determines the need for treatment. Those deemed in need of treatment are
referred to an appropriate provider for at least a 16-week treatment program.
Satisfactory participation in a state-assigned program is a condition for
re-licensing. Failure to comply will result in further loss of driving privileges and the
possibility of imprisonment.
™™ MOTOR VEHICLE VIOLATIONS
• Unsafe driving: A conviction of unsafe driving that endangers a person
or property requires payment of a fine of not less than $50 or more than
$150 for a first offense; not less than $100 or more than $250 for a second
offense; and not less than $200 or more than $500 for a third offense.
Motorist may be assessed motor vehicle penalty points if the offense occurs
within five years of the prior offense. There is also a $250 court surcharge
for each offense (N.J.S.A. 39:4-97.2).
• Reckless driving: Driving recklessly in a manner that willfully endangers the
rights, property or safety of others is punishable by imprisonment of up to 60
days, or by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $200, or both for a first
offense (N.J.S.A. 39:4-96). Points are assessed.
• Abandoning a vehicle: Motorists who abandon their motor vehicles on or
along limited-access highways for four hours or more without permission are
subject to a fine of not less than $100 or more than $500 and possible loss
of driving privileges for up to two years. For subsequent violations the fine is
not less than $500 or more than $1,000, and the suspension is up to five
years. The same penalties apply when owners abandon their vehicles on any
highway or public property without consent for 48 hours or more and when
owners abandon their vehicles for any period without current license plates
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-56.5).

117
• Carrying alcoholic beverages: Motorists who carry open or unsealed
alcoholic beverage containers in passenger areas of motor vehicles
are subject to a fine of $200 for a first offense and $250 or 10 days of
community service for all subsequent offenses (N.J.S.A. 39:4-51a).
• Ice and snow: Motorists of private vehicles face fines of $200 to $1,000
for each time ice flies from their vehicles and causes death, injury or property
damage. Fines for commercial owners and operators range from $500 to
$1,500 (N.J.S.A. 39:4-77.1).
• Highway construction zones: Speeding or other moving violations in areas
undergoing highway construction mean doubled fines. Some offenses include
reckless driving, careless driving, speeding, improper passing, tailgating,
improper turns, failure to observe traffic lanes, failure to observe a traffic signal
or sign and failure to obey directions of an officer (N.J.S.A. 39:4-203.5).
• 65 mph zone: Speeding 10 mph or more above the posted speed limit or
other certain moving violations in a 65-mph speed zone means doubled fines.
Some offenses include racing on a public highway, refusal to comply with an
officer’s request, or failure to obey traffic signs or signals, failure to comply
with rules for passing another vehicle, failure to obey road markings, failure to
observe distance between vehicles and careless driving (N.J.S.A. 39:4-98.6).
• Failure to comply: Motorists face a $50 fine if they fail to comply with a
police officer’s request to illuminate the driver’s compartment of the vehicle
when stopped (N.J.S.A. 39:4-57.1).
• Insurance fraud: Motorists convicted of fraud on insurance applications and
claims forms may receive fines of up to $5,000, or imprisonment for up to three
years, or both. In the event the motorist fraudulently receives $500 or less, he/
she may be fined up to $500 and/or imprisoned for not more than six months as
a disorderly person. In addition, a person convicted of an automobile insurance
crime will lose his/her driver license for one year (N.J.S.A. 39:6A-15).
• Drug offense: A New Jersey motorist’s driving privileges will be suspended
after he/she is convicted of drug offenses in any federal or state court.
• Hit-and-run: A hit-and-run involving bodily injury or death results in a fine of
$2,500 to $5,000 and/or 180 days in jail for the motorist. In addition, for a
first offense, the motorist loses his/her license for one year. For subsequent
offense, the motorist permanently loses his/her license (N.J.S.A. 39:4-129).
• Lying on application: Lying when applying for a license or registration
will result in a fine of not less than $200 or more than $500 and/or up
to six months imprisonment. A motorist will also lose his/her driver license
privileges for six months to two years (N.J.S. A. 39:3-37).

• Forgery and fraud: Altering, forging and/or possession with intent to
distribute a facsimile of a N.J. driver license is illegal and will result in up to a
$150,000 fine, up to 10 years in prison and a driver license suspension
(N.J.S.A. 2C:21-2.1).
• Driving while suspended: Driving while a driver license and/or registration
is suspended can result in the following penalties:
– First offense: Fine of $500 and up to six months additional
license and or registration suspension (N.J.S.A. 39:3-40)
– Second offense: Fine of $750, jail sentence for not more than
five days and up to six months additional license and/or
registration suspension (N.J.S.A. 39:3-40)
– Third offense: Fine of $1,000, a 10-day jail sentence and up
to six months additional license and/or registration suspension
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
Additional penalties for driving while suspended:
• Driving while a license and/or registration is suspended for failure to properly
insure a vehicle will result in a fine of $500, an additional driver license
suspension of one to two years and possible court ordered imprisonment for
up to 90 days (N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
• Driving while a license and/or registration is suspended and having a collision
that causes injury to another person will result in a fine, continued suspension
and the potential for a minimum 45-day jail sentence (N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
• Driving while a license and/or registration is suspended for a drug or alcohol
offense, refusal to take a breath test or if the motorist is a habitual offender,
will result in a fine of $500 and an additional license suspension of one to
two years and/or possible court-ordered imprisonment for 10 to 90 days
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
• Driving while a driving privilege is suspended due to driving while under
the influence, refusal to submit to a chemical test or for a habitual offender
offense, and driving on school property or within 1,000 feet of school property
or through a school crossing zone will result in one to two years additional
suspension time, a $500 fine and between 60 to 90 days imprisonment for a
first offense. For second and third offenses, the suspension and fines remain
the same, but the imprisonment term is increased to 120 to 150 days and
180 days, respectively (N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
• Driving after failing to install an interlock device, as ordered by the court, results
in a one-year suspension, in addition to any other suspensions already imposed,
and may include penalties as a disorderly person (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.19).

119
Other violations:
• A motorist who refuses to submit to a chemical test and driving on any school
property or within 1,000 feet of school property or through a school crossing
zone. Motorist will receive for a first offense a $600 to $1,000 fine and a one-to
two-year driving privilege suspension; for second offenses the fine is $1,000
to $2,000 and the driving privilege will be suspended for four years. For a third
offense, the fine is $2,000 and the driving privilege is suspended for 20 years
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.4a).
• A vehicle owner who knowingly allows another motorist, who is currently
suspended for driving while intoxicated or suspended for refusal to
submit to a chemical test, to operate his or her vehicle. The result
is a fine of no more than $1,000, imprisonment for no more than 15
days or both. A vehicle owner who violates this law on three or more
occasions would also be subject to a 90-day driver’s license suspension.
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-40).
• A motorist who loans a license to another motorist. He/she may be fined $200
to $500, face jail time and face a suspension of license.
• A motorist who has another person take the driving test. Motorist may be fined
$200 to $500 and/or imprisonment from 30 to 90 days. The driver license may
also be revoked (N.J.S.A. 39:3-37).
• Failure to appear at any scheduled court proceeding when charged with a non-indictable
criminal offense, an ordinance violation or a motor vehicle offense. It
will result in a court-ordered driver license suspension until the pending matter is
settled (2B:12-31).
• Failure to meet the conditions of a sentence imposed (such as to pay a fine, make
restitution or perform community service). It will result in a court-ordered driver
license suspension (2B:12-31).
• Failure to pay a total of six months’ court-ordered child support or provide
health insurance. If a child support-related warrant exists in the motorists name,
the courts can order basic and commercial driver licenses and professional
occupational licenses to be suspended until payments are made (2A:17-56.44)
• A boater convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) on New Jersey’s
waterways will be suspended from both boating and all driver license privileges
and be fined $250 to $400 for the first offense, $500 to $1,000 for the second
offense and $1,000 for the third offense. Violators under 17 years of age will
have their vehicle and moped license privileges delayed for three months,
six months and two years for first, second and third offenses, respectively
(N.J.S.A. 12:7-46).

Driving under the influence (DUI) convictions:
• A motorist caught with a passenger under 18 years of age at the time of
the violation will face a disorderly persons offense, will receive suspension
of driving privileges for not more than six months and will perform up to five
days of community service (N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.15).
If an individual:
• Is at least 13 years old but under 18 years of age, he/she may have
driving privileges suspended or postponed for a graffiti conviction
(N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-43.3).
• Sets false alarms and is under 21 years of age, moped or other motor vehicle
privileges will be suspended or postponed for six months. If under 17 years of
age at the time of conviction, driving privileges will be suspended immediately
and until six months after the day the person reaches 17 years of age.
Additionally, the courts may apply civil penalties (N.J.S.A. 2C:33-3.1).
™™ DRIVER PROGRAMS
DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
Motorists who accumulate between 12 and 14 points in a 24-month period will
receive a Notice of Scheduled Suspension by mail from the MVC.
Upon receiving the notice, a motorist can do one of the following:
• Attend a New Jersey Driver Improvement Program
• Request a hearing
• Surrender his/her driver license for the suspension period
The MVC Chief Administrator or an administrative law judge will determine if
driving privileges should be suspended for a motorist who is granted a hearing.
A motorist who successfully completes a Driver Improvement Program will have
three points removed from his/her record (N.J.S.A. 39:5-30.9).
Drivers may schedule their training with a licensed Statewide Safety Organization
or a NJ Licensed Driving School that is licensed to conduct the NJ Driver
Improvement Program. Please visit the MVC website, www.njmvc.gov, for a list
of licensed providers. A $75 administration fee, payable to the MVC, is required
prior to scheduling a class with a private provider. Plus, an additional program
fee, payable to the program provider, is required prior to attending the class.

121
After completion of a Driver Improvement Program or after restoration of
a motorist’s driving privilege, he/she will be in a probationary period for one
year. Any violations that occur during this probationary period will result in a
scheduled suspension of the motorist’s driving privileges.
DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSES
Most road collisions are caused by motorist error. To reduce the likelihood of being
involved in a collision, a motorist needs to understand the concept of defensive
driving. These voluntary courses provide a motorist with standard collision-preventing
techniques. Upon completion of the defensive driving course:
• Two points will be removed from the accumulated points currently on
a driver license (N.J.S.A. 39:5-30.9).
• The motorist may qualify for an insurance rate reduction. Contact an
insurance agent for more information.
• The MVC will only recognize a defensive driving course once every
five years for point reduction (N.J.S.A. 39:5-30.9).
In addition to classroom-based courses, motorists also have the option of taking
an online Defensive Driving Course. The MVC provides a list of approved online
providers. For a list of state-approved defensive driving courses, check the MVC
Web site, www.state.nj.us/mvc/Licenses/Defensive.htm.
PROBATIONARY DRIVER PROGRAM
A motorist begins a two-year probationary driver period after receiving a special
learner or examination permit. During this probationary period, a motorist
convicted of two or more moving violations totaling four or more points must
enroll in the Probationary Driver Program, which is administered by a licensed
Statewide Safety Organization or NJ licensed Driving School that is licensed
to conduct the Probationary Driver Program. (N.J.A.C. 13:19-10.3(d). Please
visit the MVC website, www.njmvc.gov, for a list of licensed providers. A $75
administration fee, payable to the MVC is required prior to scheduling a class
with a private provider. Plus, an additional program fee, payable to the program
provider, is required prior to attending the class.
Completion of this program will result in a three-point reduction on an individual motorist’s
history record. Failure to complete the program or conviction of one or more subsequent
moving violations during the test period will result in a suspension of driving privileges.
MATURE DRIVER PROGRAM
A mature driver should constantly re-evaluate his/her driving skills. Driver

improvement courses are available to mature drivers at various driving schools
or through specific organizations.
For example, the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) offers 55
Alive, a motorist improvement course that is specially designed for motorists
age 50 and older. The eight-hour course helps motorists refine existing skills
and develop safe defensive driving techniques. An added bonus is that in New
Jersey, the course may qualify motorists who successfully complete the course
to a minimum five percent vehicle insurance discount.
To find out more about this course, call AARP toll-free at (888) 227-7669. Check
with insurance companies about how completing the course will affect a premium.
™™ VIOLATION SURCHARGES AND
POINT VIOLATIONS
Motorists who accumulate six or more points within three years are subject to a
surcharge of $150 for six points and $25 for each additional point. Surcharges
are levied in addition to any court-imposed fines and penalties. Surcharges
will remain operational if a motorist has six or more points on his/her motorist
record resulting from violations posted in the preceding three years. Point totals
are based on the date the violations are posted to a motorist’s record, not when
the violations occurred (N.J.S.A. 17:29A-35).
Point system reductions in the Driver Improvement Program, the Point
System and Defensive Driving Program sections do not apply to the
violation surcharge system. Convicted or administratively suspended
motorists must pay a prescribed dollar amount each year for three years.
VIOLATION SURCHARGE
Unlicensed driver (N.J.A.C. 13:19-13.1) $100
No insurance – moped (N.J.A.C. 13:19-13.1) $100
Driving while suspended (Court or MVC reported) (N.J.A.C.
$250
13:19-13.2)
No liability insurance on motor vehicle (N.J.A.C. 13:19-13.2) $250
DUI/Refusal (N.J.S.A. 17:29A-35) $1,000
DUI/Refusal (third and subsequent convictions) (N.J.S.A.
17.29A-35)
$1,500

123
Ways to pay a violation surcharge bill:
• Mail payment to NJ-MVVS, P.O. Box 4850, Trenton, NJ 08650-4850.
• Pay online at www.NJSurcharge.com (online services).
• Use charge-by-phone: call toll free (888) 651-9999 (using American
Express, MasterCard, Visa or Discover).
• Visit an MVC Regional Service Center or select agencies in person.
Restoration fees may also be paid when making a violation surcharge payment
using the charge-by-phone. Failure to pay any violation surcharges will result in
the indefinite suspension of all driving privileges. The MVC may file a judgment
action in the state Superior Court for unpaid surcharges, secure a lien against
any real property that a motorist owns, file for a garnishment of wages or
take other similar actions (N.J.S.A.17:29A-35). Motor vehicle convictions
may increase automobile insurance premiums assessed by a motorist’s
insurance company.
™™ POINT SYSTEM
The MVC keeps track of a motorist’s driving record by adding points to the
record when the motorist is convicted of a moving violation. The more serious
the violation, the more points the motorist is given. See the following point chart
for various violations. For an expanded or updated list of point violations, visit
www.njcourtsonline.com.
All point violations after March 1, 1974, will stay on a motorist’s driving record.
Two points will be added to a driving record for traffic violations committed in
other states.
Up to three points will be subtracted from a motorist’s point total for every year
that the motorist goes without a violation or suspension, but the point total will
never be reduced below zero (N.J.S.A. 39:5-30.9).
Traffic laws are enforceable on highways, roadways, parking areas, driveways
and grounds owned and maintained by government entities. Also, motorists
convicted of reckless or careless driving in any area open to vehicular traffic or
usage will be subject to the charges applicable to that moving violation.

™™ MOVING VIOLATION POINT CHART
STATUTES VIOLATION
POINT
VALUE
N.J.S.A. 27:23-29 Moving against traffic: New Jersey Turnpike, Gar-den
State Parkway, and Atlantic City Expressway
2
N.J.S.A. 27:23-29 Improper passing: New Jersey Turnpike, Garden
State Parkway, and Atlantic City Expressway
4
N.J.S.A. 27:23-29 Unlawful use of median strip: New Jersey Turnpike,
Garden State Parkway, and Atlantic City Express-way
2
N.J.S.A. 39:3-20 Operating a constructor vehicle in excess of 45
mph
3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-14.3 Operating a motorized bicycle on a restricted high-way
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-14.3d More than one person on a motorized bicycle 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-35 Failure to yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-36 Failure to stop for pedestrian in crosswalk;
passing a vehicle yielding to a pedestrian in a
crosswalk
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-41 Driving through a safety zone 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-52 and
Racing on highway
5
39:5C-1
N.J.S.A. 39:4-55 Improper action or omission on grades and curves 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-57 Failure to observe a direction of an officer 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-66 Failure to stop a vehicle before crossing a sidewalk 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-66.1 Failure to yield to pedestrians or vehicles while
entering or leaving a highway
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-66.2 Operating a motor vehicle on public or private prop-erty
to avoid a traffic control signal or sign
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-71 Operating a motor vehicle on a sidewalk 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-80 Failure to obey a direction of an officer 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-81 Failure to observe traffic signals 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-82 Failure to keep right 2

125
STATUTES VIOLATION
POINT
VALUE
N.J.S.A. 39:4-82.1 Improper operating of a vehicle on a divided high-way
or divider
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-83 Failure to keep right at an intersection 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-84 Failure to pass right of vehicle proceeding in
opposite direction
5
N.J.S.A. 39:4-85 Improper passing on right or off roadway 4
N.J.S.A. 39:4-85.1 Wrong way on a one-way street 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-86 Improper passing in a no passing zone 4
N.J.S.A. 39:4-87 Failure to yield to an overtaking vehicle 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-88 Failure to observe traffic lanes 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-89 Tailgating 5
N.J.S.A. 39:4-90 Failure to yield at an intersection 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-90.1 Failure to use proper entrances to limited access
highways
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-91 and
39:4-92
Failure to yield to emergency vehicles
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-96 Reckless driving 5
N.J.S.A. 39:4-97 Careless driving 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-97a Destruction of agricultural or recreational property 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-97.1 Slow speed blocking traffic 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-97.2 Driving in an unsafe manner (points assessed for a
third or subsequent violation(s) occurring within five
years of the most recent previous offense)
4
N.J.S.A. 39:4-98
and 39:4-99
Exceeding maximum speed 1-14 mph over the limit 2
Exceeding maximum speed 15-29 mph over the
4
limit
Exceeding maximum speed 30 mph or more over
the limit
5

STATUTES VIOLATION
POINT
VALUE
N.J.S.A. 39:4-105 Failure to stop for a traffic light 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-115 Improper turn at a traffic light 3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-119 Failure to stop at a flashing red signal 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-122 Failure to stop for a police whistle 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-123 Improper right or left turn 3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-124 Improper turn from an approved turning course 3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-125 Improper U-turn 3
N.J.S.A. 39:4-126 Failure to give proper signal 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-127 Improper backing or turning in street 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-127.1 Improper crossing of a railroad grade crossing 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-127.2 Improper crossing of a bridge 2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-128 Improper crossing of a railroad grade crossing by
certain vehicles
2
N.J.S.A. 39:4-128.1 Improper passing of a school bus 5
N.J.S.A. 39:4-128.4 Improper passing of a frozen dessert truck 4
N.J.S.A. 39:4-129 Leaving the scene of an accident
No personal injury 2
Personal injury 8
N.J.S.A. 39:4-144 Failure to observe Stop or Yield signs 2
N.J.S.A. 39:5D-4 Moving violation out of state 2

127
™™ INTERSTATE COMPACTS
New Jersey belongs to two interstate compacts. Member states exchange
information to ensure motorist compliance with the law and that they receive
penalties for violations.
The Non-resident Violator Compact assures that non-resident motorists in
member states will receive the same treatment as resident motorists. When
motorists receive traffic citations in member states, they must fulfill the terms of
that citation or face the possibility of license suspension in their home state until
they meet those terms. Non-resident motorists have due process protection
and cannot be detained out of state. Currently, 44 states and the District of
Columbia are members of the compact. Alaska, California, Michigan, Montana,
Oregon and Wisconsin are non-members. The compact does not apply to
parking or standing violations, highway weight limit violations and violations of
hazmat transportation laws (N.J.S.A. 39:5F-1 through 39:5F-30).
The Driver License Compact exchanges violation information with other states
and the District of Columbia. Out-of-state violations become part of a motorist’s
New Jersey driving record. Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Tennessee and
Wisconsin are non-member states (N.J.S.A. 39:5D-1 through 39:5D-14).

SHARING THE ROAD WITH OTHERS
129
Sharing the Road
with Others
130 People
132 Vehicles
139 Animals

It is important for a motorist to remember that he/she is not the only one using
the roadways. From people to animals to other types of vehicles, it is a motorist’s
responsibility to know how to safely share the road with others.
™™ PEOPLE
PEDESTRIANS
In 2011, 143 pedestrians were killed in traffic-related crashes on New Jersey
roadways. Pedestrian lives lost in 2010 numbered 141. Although reduced from
the 157 pedestrian deaths in 2009, these fatalities need to be brought down
further, preferably to zero.
Many of the measures designed to make roads safer for motorists, such as large
medians and wide shoulders, make the roads more treacherous for pedestrians.
Vehicle-pedestrian collisions have a five percent fatality rate if the car is going 20
mph, but the rate jumps to 85 percent at 40 mph.
Pedestrian activity is at its greatest in densely developed areas, such as cities
and town centers, but it also is significant in neighborhoods and along and
across suburban roadways. Motorists should take special precautions to watch
for pedestrians.
In most cases, pedestrians have the right of way at all intersections. There is a
crosswalk at every intersection; even it is not painted as such. This is known as
an “unmarked crosswalk.” Pedestrians must obey pedestrian signals and use
crosswalks at signalized intersections. Both carry a $54.00 fine for failure to
observe the law. (39:4-32 and 33). The penalty for pedestrians under 17 who
violate the pedestrian laws is a $22 fine. (39:4-203.3).
Motorists are prohibited from blocking the crosswalk when stopped at a red light
or stop sign. A motorist must not stop with a portion of his/her vehicle in the
crosswalk area. When a motorist blocks a crosswalk, it forces pedestrians to go
around a vehicle, putting them in danger.
A motorist must stop and stay stopped for a pedestrian crossing the roadway
within a marked crosswalk or within any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection,
except at crosswalks when the movement of traffic is being regulated by police
officers or traffic control signals, or where otherwise prohibited by municipal,
county, or State regulation, and except where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead
pedestrian crossing has been provided. No pedestrian shall suddenly leave a
curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is

131
so close that it is impossible for the driver to yield. A motorist in violation of this
law may face a fine up to $200. The court may also impose a term of community
service not to exceed 15 days. (39:4-36)
If a pedestrian suffers serious bodily injury as a result of a motorist’s violation of
N.J.S.A. 39:4-36, the motorist is subject to a $100-$500 fine, up to 25 days in
jail and/or a driving privilege suspension of up to 6 months.
Never pass a vehicle stopped at a crosswalk (N.J.S.A. 39:4-36). This frequently
causes severe injury or death to pedestrians, especially if the passing vehicle is
traveling at a high speed. When stopping for a crosswalk on a multi-lane road, a
motorist should stop about 30 feet before a crosswalk to avoid blocking visibility
of a motorist in the second lane.
Motorists should watch for signs that mark special hazard areas, such as school
zones, bus stops, playgrounds, parks and schools, where children are most likely
to play or cross the streets. Children chasing a ball, for instance, give no thought
to traffic. Small children are hard to see. Always watch for movement around
parked vehicles.
Motorists should drive cautiously along roadways with on-street parking, as
pedestrians may appear from between parked vehicles. Motorists traveling at
lower speeds will have a greater ability to stop the vehicle and avoid potential
conflicts with pedestrians.
Pedestrians and joggers should always face oncoming traffic and use sidewalks
when available. They should cross at crosswalks only on the proper signal, look all
ways before crossing, avoid crossing between parked vehicles, and at night, wear
light-colored or reflective clothes and carry a white handkerchief or a light. It is not
a good practice to wear headphones while walking or jogging near the roadway.
At night, motorists should watch for anyone walking along a highway and exercise
due caution. None of the above absolves motorists from their duty to be extra
vigilant in watching for pedestrians on the roadway.
Always watch for pedestrians. Be extra careful at intersections, particularly when
making an allowed right turn on red. Motorists are required to stop for pedestrians
who have the right-of-way within a crosswalk and to those who are crossing at
an intersection. Be alert for pedestrians when making turns and entering and
exiting driveways, parking lots and alleys.

VISUALLY CHALLENGED PERSONS
The law is very specific that vehicles must give the right-of-way when any of
the following crosses any highway or intersection: blind persons who use a
predominantly white or metallic cane, blind persons accompanied by a guide
dog, or a guide dog instructor engaged in instructing a guide dog. A motorist
must stop when he/she sees a person with a white or metallic “colored” cane or
with a guide dog. All motorists must comply with this law (N.J.S.A. 39:4-37.1).
™™ VEHICLES
MOTORCYCLES
Be Alert! The laws governing four-wheel vehicles such as cars and trucks also
govern motorcycles. However, a rider may react differently to situations when
compared to other motorists. Always keep in mind several key items when
sharing the road with motorcycles:
• Be aware of slippery, sloped or uneven surfaces or grooves and gratings in
the roadway. These present potential hazards for motorcycle riders.
• Check blind spots twice before changing lanes or making turns.
• Watch for motorcycles at intersections and when making a left turn.
• Always signal intentions
• Anticipate a rider’s maneuver to avoid obstructions that may be minimal to a
car or truck, but dangerous to a motorcycle.
• Always leave plenty of room between an automobile and a motorcycle.
• Never follow a motorcycle too closely because motorcycles have the ability
to brake within shorter distances than other types of vehicles.
When passed by a motorcycle, a motorist should maintain his/her speed and
position. Allow plenty of room for the motorcycle to complete the pass and
resume proper lane position.
A motorist’s failure to detect and recognize motorcycles in traffic is the most
common cause of motorcycle collisions.
For more information on motorcycle safety, visit www.njridesafe.org.
TRUCKS, TRACTOR-TRAILERS AND BUSES
A motorist should always use caution when driving alongside trucks. Sharing the
road with larger vehicles can be safe if a motorist knows the limitations of these
vehicles regarding visibility, required stopping distance and maneuverability. When
passing a large truck or bus, it is important to remember that there are several no-

113333 SHARING THE ROAD WITH OTHERS
zones (blind spots) in which the motorist cannot see other vehicles. In addition,
during bad weather, a truck can take as much as 25 percent longer to stop.

No Zone Principle
The no-zone principle
Avoid the area around trucks where vehicles disappear into blind spots. Do
not move so close to a truck that the truck driver’s ability to stop or maneuver
effectively is restricted. The potential for a collision is increased when a motorist
is riding in the no-zone. If the motorist of a large truck or bus cannot see another
motorist’s vehicle in the rearview or side-view mirrors, the vehicle is in a no-zone,
or blind spot.
NO-ZONE
10-20 FEET
NO-ZONE
NO-ZONE
NO-ZONE
200 FEET
THE BLACK AREAS ARE “NO-ZONES.”
IF YOU ARE IN ONE OF THESE AREAS,
THE DRIVER OF THE TRUCK CAN’T SEE YOU.

Rear no-zone
• Stay far behind a truck that is preparing to back up or is backing up. Never
pass close behind a truck that is preparing to back up or is in the process
of backing up. Because of their width, the trailers completely hide objects
that suddenly come between them and a loading area. The area behind
the truck is a no-zone (blind spot), not only for the truck driver but for other
motorists as well.
• A motorist should increase following distance behind a truck or other large
vehicle so its driver can spot a motorist’s vehicle in the rearview mirrors. Never
tailgate or remain sandwiched between trucks. A motorist should maintain a
sizable space cushion between his/her vehicle and larger vehicles.
• Leave space when stopping at a light or sign behind a truck or bus,
especially when facing uphill. The larger vehicle may roll backward slightly
when starting.
• Give more road space to a truck driver who is making a wide turn. Because
trucks are larger than other vehicles, their drivers may have to slow, back up
or swing wide to negotiate a turn. They cannot see smaller vehicles directly
behind or beside them. For example, a truck driver may have to swing wide
to the left to make a right turn.
135
Semi-Truck Turn
USE CAUTION WHEN PASSING TRUCKS.
THEY MAKE WIDE TURNS.

Front no-zone
• Maintain a consistent speed when passing. Do not pull in front of a truck
when passing until the whole front of the truck can be seen in the rearview
mirror. Always signal before changing lanes. Never pass a truck on the right.
Side no-zone
• Drive away from the long blind spots on the sides of trucks. If the motorist
must quickly change lanes or make an emergency maneuver, a vehicle in
this area will be in the way. Do not linger alongside a truck when passing.
Head-on no-zone
• A motorist should bear right when a large vehicle is traveling toward his/her
vehicle from the opposite direction. This reduces wind turbulence between
the motorist and the larger vehicle, and possibly prevents a sideswipe.
YIELDING TO SCHOOL AND COMMERCIAL BUSES
State law requires all non-emergency vehicles to yield the right-of-way to buses
re-entering traffic after dropping off or picking up bus passengers. However,
once the bus is back in the normal flow of traffic, motorists are not required to
yield the right-of-way to buses changing lanes. Bus operators are required to
drive in a safe and responsible manner. The yield law was enacted to improve
safety on the state’s roadways. Violations of this law carry a fine of not less than
$50 or more than $200, up to 15 days in jail or both a fine and a jail term (N.J.S.A.
39:4-87.1).
MOPEDS
Motorized bicycles, or mopeds, are low-speed, two-wheeled vehicles with
pedals, intended for limited use on public roadways. Moped drivers may not
exceed 25 mph, must follow all traffic signs and signals and drive on the right
side of the road with the flow of traffic.
A motorist should always be alert for mopeds, which are smaller than motorcycles
and harder to see. Moped drivers have the same rights and responsibilities as
those driving other motor vehicles. A copy of the New Jersey Moped Manual
may be viewed online at www.njmvc.gov.
BICYCLES, SKATEBOARDS AND INLINE SKATES
A motorist should always leave plenty of room when following or passing a
bicyclist, skateboarder or inline skater. Under New Jersey law, each of these
individuals has the same rights and responsibilities as a moving motor vehicle.

137
While bicycles ridden after dark must have front and rear lights and a rear
reflector, these illumination devices may be hard for a motorist to see. A motorist
should always remain alert to the presence of smaller vehicles.
When turning right, motorists should be aware of bicyclists, skateboarders or
inline skaters. Before turning, the motorist should wait until the intersection
clears. Under New Jersey law, motorists signaling a right turn must yield to
bicyclists, skateboarders or inline skaters moving through an intersection.
To turn left, a bicyclist, skateboarder or inline skater may choose to use traffic
lanes to turn as a vehicle would. A motorist should be aware that a bicyclist,
skateboarder or inline skater may ride on the right edge of the turn lane.
MOTORIZED SCOOTERS (N.J.S.A. 39:4-14.12 through 39:4-14.15;
N.J.S.A. 39:1-1)
A motorized scooter is a miniature motor vehicle. Although it is illegal for these
vehicles to be driven on any public road or sidewalk, except on designated
municipal or county property, motorists must be very alert if these types of
vehicles are present. Motorized scooters are extremely hard to see.
Motorized scooters must be registered in the municipality or county where
the owner resides and must be insured. No one under the age of 12 (the
age determined by a municipality or county) is permitted to operate a
motorized scooter.
Examples of a motorized scooter include but are not limited to:
• Pocket bikes
• Super pocket bikes
• Scooters
• Mini-scooters
• Sport scooters
• Mini-choppers
• Mini-motorcycles
• Motorized skateboards
• Other vehicles with motors not manufactured in compliance with Federal
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and which have no permanent Federal Safety
Certification stickers affixed to the vehicle by the original manufacturer

The following are not motorized scooters:
• Electric personal mobility-assisting devices
• Motorized bicycles or low-speed vehicles
• Motorized wheelchairs
• Mobility scooters or similar mobility-assisting devices used by persons with
physical disabilities or persons whose ambulatory mobility has been impaired by
age or illness
INDIVIDUALS WITH A MOBILITY-RELATED DISABILITY
State law allows individuals with a mobility-assisted disability to operate certain
motorized scooters on public streets, with a posted speed limit in excess of 25 mph
but not more than 35 mph, if local government determines that the scooter does not
pose a danger to safety and the flow of traffic. The motorized scooter may only have
a maximum speed capability of no more than 15 mph (N.J.S.A. 39:4-14.12 through
39:4-14.15).
LOW-SPEED VEHICLES (N.J.S.A. 39:4-31.1 through 39:4-31.5)
A low-speed vehicle (LSV) is a four-wheeled vehicle with an attainable speed of more
than 20 mph, but no more than 25 mph on a paved surface. It cannot be powered by
gas or diesel fuel and must comply with federal safety standards. Motorists should
be alert when these types of vehicles are present, as they may be difficult to see.
TRAINS
Railroad crossings can present a dangerous situation for motorists. It is important
to always remain alert to these crossings and never drive around lowered gates.
Remember these important tips:
•• When you see the yellow, circular RR sign, slow down, there’s a railroad
crossing ahead.
•• Never race a train to a crossing.
•• Don’t get your vehicle trapped on the tracks. Only proceed through a railroad
grade crossing if you are sure you can completely clear the crossing without
stopping. Remember, the train is three feet wider than the tracks on both sides.
•• If your vehicle ever stalls on a track while a train is coming, get out immediately
and move quickly away from the tracks in the direction from which the train
is coming.
•• Understand that trains cannot stop quickly. A freight train moving 55 miles per
hour can take a mile or more to stop.
•• Do not be fooled – trains can present an optical illusion. The train you see is
closer and faster moving than you think.

139
•• When you need to cross train tracks, go to a designated crossing, look both
ways, and cross the tracks quickly, without stopping.
•• Cross tracks only at designated pedestrian or roadway crossings.
SNOWMOBILES, ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES (ATVs) AND DIRT BIKES
(N.J.S.A. 39:3C-1 through 39:3C-31)
Motorists must be aware of the presence of legally registered snowmobiles,
ATVs and dirt bikes that may attempt to cross certain roadways. While it is
illegal for these types of vehicles to ride on public roadways with other vehicles,
they are permitted to cross certain roadways when safety permits. Operators
of snowmobiles, ATVs and dirt bikes must maintain a proof of insurance and
display the vehicle’s registration at all times.
™™ ANIMALS
Animals often dart onto roads or streets. Trying to avoid them often causes
collisions. By swerving, the vehicle may hit something else or be hit by another
vehicle from behind. The best defense against such accidents is to watch
for animals on both sides of the road ahead and be prepared for unexpected
movement.
HORSEBACK RIDERS
Horse-drawn vehicles and horseback riders have the same rights and respon-sibilities
as do motor vehicles when using public roadways (N.J.S.A. 39:4-25.1).
Motorists should approach or pass a horse or horse-drawn vehicle with care at
a maximum speed of 25 mph and observe the request, either by hand signal or
otherwise, of a person riding a horse or driving a horse-drawn vehicle in the op-posite
direction for the motorist to stop his/her motor vehicle and remain sta-tionary
for as long as it takes the horse to pass (N.J.S.A. 39:4-72).
Horse-drawn vehicles and horseback riders may not use certain limited-access
highways and must ride with traffic, keeping as far to the right as possible. Other
rules apply. Speeding and illumination rules apply. A light must be displayed on
the back of the horse-drawn vehicle:
• 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise
• If visibility is 500 feet or less
• When encountering fog, mist, smoke or other factors that reduce visibility
(N.J.S.A. 39:4-25)

141 VEHICLE INFORMATION
Vehicle
Information
142 Vehicle Title and Registration
143 License Plates
144 Vehicle Inspection
144 Insurance

In addition to safely navigating the roadways, a motorist must also understand
the requirements for vehicles that he/she drives.
™™ VEHICLE TITLE AND REGISTRATION
New Jersey residents who buy a new or used vehicle must title, register, and
insure it before driving it on public roads (N.J.S.A. 39:3-4, 39:10-11, 39:6B-1,
39:6B-2). New Jersey law states a vehicle classified under the Lemon Law must
have that classification on the title (N.J.S.A. 39:10-9.3). For information about
the Lemon Law, contact the Lemon Law Unit of the Division of Consumer Affairs
at (973) 504-6200. If a motorist moves into this state, the law requires his/her
vehicle to be titled and registered within 60 days; sooner, if the out-of-state
registration expires before then (N.J.S.A. 39:3-17.1). The titled owner (person
whose name appears on the title as the owner) or a person with authority to act
on the vehicle owner’s behalf1 is required to visit an MVC agency to process the
transaction. An initial registration for a brand-new vehicle will be valid for four
years. All other registrations are typically valid for one year2 (N.J.S.A. 39:3-4).
1 Visit www.njmvc.gov for specific information on who is authorized to act on
the owner’s behalf.
2 Visit www.njmvc.gov for exceptions.
HOW TO COMPLETE AN INITIAL REGISTRATION
• Complete a New Jersey Vehicle Registration application (BA-49) at any
MVC agency. Provide the name of the vehicle’s current insurance company
name and the policy number on the application.
• Show proof of vehicle ownership. For a new vehicle, a manufacturer’s
certificate of origin and a dealer’s certificate of sale are proof. For a
previously owned vehicle, a title signed by the previous owner is proof. For a
leased vehicle, get a power of attorney from the leasing company. For out-of-
state vehicles that are leased or financed, secure the original title from
the lien holder or leasing company. Visit www.njmvc.gov or call (888) 486-
3339 (toll-free in New Jersey) or (609) 292-6500 (out of state) for more
information.
• Show proof that the required sales tax has been paid, or pay the tax at
the agency.
Note: In New Jersey, a motorist must be at least 17 years old to register a vehicle
(N.J.S.A. 39:10-11.1).

™™ LICENSE PLATES (N.J.S.A. 39:3-33)
Motorists will receive two matching license plates upon registering a vehicle. One
plate is provided when registering a trailer, moped or motorcycle. For passenger
vehicles, one plate should be attached to the front of the vehicle and the other to
the rear at least 12 inches but less than 48 inches above the ground. Both plates
must be clean and visible. The rear plate must be lighted so it is visible from 50
feet at night, even with reflectorized plates (N.J.S.A. 39:3-48b). Using license
plate covers or holders that obscure or conceal any lettering on the license plate
is a violation, with a fine of up to $100.
LICENSE PLATE FACTS
• Report lost or stolen plates to
local police. Retain a copy of the
complaint.
• Replace lost or damaged plates
Garden State
within 24 hours at any MVC agency,
and turn in the old plates at any MVC
agency or mail them to the MVC, P.O. Box 403, Trenton, NJ 08666-0403.
• Transfer the plates to your new vehicle. Most plates are transferable. Visit
www.njmvc.gov or call (888) 486-3339 (toll-free in New Jersey) or (609)
292-6500 (out of state) for details.
• If a motorist sells his/her vehicle and does not transfer the plates to another
vehicle, he/she should turn in the old plates at any MVC agency or mail
them to the MVC, P.O. Box 403, Trenton, NJ 08666-0403. A receipt will be
provided. It should be kept in a safe place.
• Obtain information about personalized or specialty plates from any MVC
agency at www.njmvc.gov or call (888) 486-3339 (toll-free in New Jersey) or
(609) 292-6500 (out of state).
• A motorist may place only valid plates on his/her vehicle. Forged or counterfeit
license plates on any motor vehicle may result in a fine of up to $500, up to
60 days imprisonment or a license suspension of up to six months, or both
(N.J.S.A. 39:3-33, 39:3-38).
• If a motorist terminates vehicle insurance, the plates must be returned to the
MVC (N.J.A.C. 13:21-5.10b).

™™ VEHICLE INSPECTION
All gasoline-fueled vehicles, more than 5 model years old, registered in New
Jersey must pass state emissions inspections every two years at a state
inspection facility or a state-licensed private inspection facility (N.J.S.A. 39:8-
2c, N.J.A.C. 13:20-7.2).
New gasoline-fueled vehicles must pass their first MVC inspection five years
after they are initially registered (N.J.S.A. 39:8-2c and N.J.A.C. 13:20-28.6,
13:20. High-rise and reconstructed vehicles must be taken to specially equipped
inspection stations in Winslow, Asbury Park and
Westfield. Call (888)656-6867 for more information.
To be eligible for inspection, all motorists must bring a
valid driver license and valid New Jersey registration and
insurance documents for the vehicle to be inspected
at either a state inspection station or a state-licensed
private inspection facility (PIF). When moving to New
Jersey from another state, a motorist must have his/
her vehicle inspected within 14 days after registering
it (N.J.A.C. 13:20-7.4). For motor vehicle inspection
information, please call 1-888-NJMOTOR (1-888-656-6867) or visit www.
njinspections.com.
™™ INSURANCE
Motor vehicle liability insurance is mandatory in the State of New Jersey. Every vehicle
registered in New Jersey must have liability insurance (N.J.S.A. 39:6B-1, 39:6B-2).
The type and cost of insurance coverage can vary. Check the Department of
Banking and Insurance (DOBI) Web site at www.njdobi.org to review the many
insurance coverage choices, or contact an insurance company.
A New Jersey Insurance Identification Card will be provided for each vehicle
insured under a policy. This card must remain in the vehicle with the driver. It
must be shown prior to inspection, when involved in an accident and when
stopped by law enforcement for a traffic violation or roadside spot check.
Driving with an uninsured vehicle can result in fines, community service, license
and registration suspension and violation surcharges.

INSURANCE FRAUD
The Office of Insurance Fraud Prosecutor (OIFP) in the Division of Criminal
Justice aggressively investigates and prosecutes individuals who engage
in insurance fraud. If a person commits insurance fraud by providing false
information to an insurance company while making a claim or submitting an
insurance application, the OIFP can file criminal charges that can result in
incarceration. It may also impose civil fines up to $15,000 for each violation
(N.J.S.A. 17:33A-5). In addition, a person convicted of insurance fraud could
lose his/her driver license.
Because fraud increases the cost of insurance for all New Jerseyans, motorists
can help the OIFP by reporting fraud. Visit www.njinsurancefraud.org and
click on Report Fraud, or call (877) 55-FRAUD (877-553-7283). All tips are
kept strictly anonymous and confidential.

148 New Jersey’s Definition of a Motorcycle
148 Getting a Motorcycle License or Endorsement
152 How to Get a Motorcycle Permit
152 How to Get a Motorcycle License
152 How to Register a Motorcycle
153 Practice Riding and Road Test
154 Prepare to Ride
157 Motorcycle Check
158 Get Familiar With the Motorcycle
159 Control for Safety
161 See, Be Seen and Be Heard
Motorcycle
Manual
164 Use the SIPDE System
166 Check Blind Spots
167 Keep the Proper Distance
170 Handling Dangerous Surfaces
173 Ride Cautiously at Night
174 Know Hazards
177 Carrying Passengers and Cargo
178 Learning Group Riding
180 Ride Sober and Awake
181 Checking the Motorcycle
183 Accessories and Modifications
147 MOTORCYCLE RIDERS INFORMATION

™™ NEW JERSEY’S DEFINITION OF A
MOTORCYCLE
According to New Jersey law, a motorcycle can be a motor bike, a bicycle with a
motor attached or any motor-operated vehicle of the bicycle or tricycle type, except
for a motorized bicycle.
The motor power can be part of the vehicle or attached. The vehicle must have a
saddle or seat for the driver to sit astride or upon, or a platform on which to stand.
™™ GETTING A MOTORCYCLE LICENSE OR
ENDORSEMENT
Every New Jersey resident who operates a motorcycle or trike must have a New
Jersey motorcycle driver license or a motorcycle endorsement on an existing
New Jersey basic or commercial license. Two exceptions exist:
1. The operator of a three-wheeled motor vehicle, equipped with a single
cab that has a glazing around the occupant, seats similar to those of a
passenger vehicle or truck, seat belts or automotive steering, is not required
to have a motorcycle endorsement added to their basic automobile driver
license, and is not required to wear a helmet.
2. The operator of a low-speed motorcycle (see page 153).
Applicants who already have a valid NJ digital basic or commercial driver license
may qualify for test of knowledge and motorcycle road test waivers by taking an
approved NJ Motorcycle Safety Education Program (MSEP) Basic Rider Course
(BRC). For details please visit www.njridesafe.org.
Some applicants may not qualify for waivers, including those in the Graduated
Driver License (GDL) Program. Contact the MVC for details, (609) 292-6500.
Note: Anyone under the age of 18 is required to take the Motorcycle Safety
Education Program Basic Rider Course before receiving a motorcycle endorsement.
HOW TO ADD A MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT TO YOUR
DRIVER LICENSE
Choose either enrollment in a basic rider course, a 3-wheel basic rider course
for trikes, or begin by purchasing a permit at a local motor vehicle agency.

ENROLL IN BASIC RIDER COURSE
No Motorcycle Permit Required To Take Rider Course
Step 1 TAKE BASIC RIDER COURSE
•• Register with an approved motorcycle training provider
•• Take motorcycle training course
Step 2 GET COURSE COMPLETION DOCUMENTS
•• 100% participation required
•• Must successfully complete course
•• Will receive a stamped waiver form and completion card
Note: You must add a motorcycle endorsement to your license before you begin
riding after completing the course
Step 3 GET MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT
•• Must bring course completion documents to a driver testing center and prove
your identity by passing 6 Point ID Verification
•• Must apply for a motorcycle permit
•• Must be at least 17 years old; parent/guardian consent required under age 18
•• Must pass vision test
•• Must pay required fee
APPLY WITHOUT BASIC RIDER COURSE
Motorcycle Permit Required First. Must be at least age 18 to take the MVC road test
Step 1 GET A MOTORCYCLE EXAMINATION PERMIT
•• Apply for a motorcycle permit at a local motor vehicle agency
•• Must pass MVC’s knowledge and vision tests
•• Make road test appointment date
Step 2 PRACTICE RIDE
•• Must practice ride for at least 20 days
•• Must observe motorcycle permit riding restrictions
Step 3 TAKE MOTORCYCLE ROAD TEST AT MVC TEST SITE
•• Must bring your own motorcycle (registered and insured), helmet and eye
protection
•• Must pass road test (Must be at least age 18)
Step 4 GET MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT

HOW TO GET A MOTORCYCLE LICENSE WITHOUT A
DRIVER LICENSE
Always begin by purchasing a permit at a local motor vehicle agency.
ENROLL IN BASIC RIDER COURSE
Motorcycle Permit Required First. Anyone under the age of 18 is required to
take the Motorcycle Safety Education Basic Rider Course.
•• Must practice ride for at least 6 months if under the age of 21 or 3 months if
over age 21 without any suspensions or postponements
Step 3 TAKE BASIC RIDER COURSE WITH AN APPROVED MOTORCYCLE
TRAINING PROVIDER
•• Register with a motorcycle training provider
•• Take motorcycle training course
(Steps 2 and 3 can be interchanged. You must have your practice riding time in
before getting your motorcycle license.)
Step 4 GET COURSE COMPLETION DOCUMENTS
•• 100% participation required
•• Must successfully complete course
•• Will receive a course completion card only (not a road test waiver)
protection
Step 6 GET PROBATIONARY MOTORCYCLE LICENSE (CLASS E)
•• Must pass MVC’s road test
Step 7 PROBATIONARY RIDING PRIVILEGES
•• Must ride for at least one year
•• Must follow probationary driver license restrictions

Step 8 GET UNRESTRICTED MOTORCYCLE LICENSE
•• Must be at least 18 years old
•• Must have completed one year riding
APPLY WITHOUT BASIC RIDER COURSE
Motorcycle Permit Required First. Must be at least age 18 to take the MVC
roadtest.
•• Must practice ride for at least 6 months if under the age of 21 or 3 months if
over age 21 without any suspensions or postponements
protection
Step 4 GET PROBATIONARY MOTORCYCLE LICENSE (CLASS E)
•• Must pass road test (Must be at least age 18)
Step 5 PROBATIONARY RIDING PRIVILEGES
•• Must ride for at least one year
•• Must follow probationary driver license restrictions
Step 6 GET UNRESTRICTED MOTORCYCLE LICENSE
•• Must be at least 18 years old
•• Must have completed one year riding

™™ HOW TO GET A MOTORCYCLE PERMIT
•• You must be at least 17 years old; parent/guardian consent required under
age 18
•• Complete a motorcycle permit application from an MVC Agency
•• Pass the 6 Point ID Verification
•• Pay $5* permit fee
•• Pass the knowledge and vision tests to validate your permit
•• Study by reading the Driver Manual and Motorcycle Manual
MOTORCYCLE PERMIT RIDING RESTRICTIONS
The holder of a motorcycle examination permit is prohibited from:
•• Operating a motorcycle from one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour
before sunrise
•• Carrying passengers
•• Riding on any state toll road or limited-access highway
PRACTICING WITH YOUR PERMIT
You must practice with a permit for at least 20 days before being eligible to take
the road test. A motorcycle examination permit holder is no longer required to have
an accompanying rider.
™™ HOW TO GET A MOTORCYCLE LICENSE
If you need to take the road test at an MVC test site (see Appendices –
MVC Locations)
•• You must make an appointment to take the test
•• You must have identification, a validated permit and a properly registered and
insured motorcycle
If you have passed the road test, bring the following to any MVC agency
•• 6 Pts of ID (see Chapter 1)
•• Validated permit
•• $24 for a four-year “motorcycle-only” digital license, Class E
OR
•• $18* to add the motorcycle endorsement on a valid basic or commercial NJ
driver license
™™ HOW TO REGISTER A MOTORCYCLE
New Jersey’s annual motorcycle registration fee is $65. To register a motorcycle,
bring a valid insurance card and title to a motor vehicle agency. One license plate
must be displayed on the rear of the motorcycle at all times.
Qualified motorcyclists can obtain a Person with a Disability license plate that allows
them to park in specially marked parking spaces. To obtain an application online go to

www.njmvc.gov or request one by calling (609) 292-6500. Mail completed application to:
MVC Special Plate Unit
P.O. Box 015
Trenton, NJ 08666-0015
Riders should keep in mind that it is their responsibility to make sure their motorcycles
are free from mechanical defects and are operating properly. Although motorcycles
are no longer required to submit for an inspection in New Jersey, law enforcement
may still cite a cyclist for equipment of compliance or failure to make repairs.
LOW-SPEED MOTORCYCLES
Basic auto license holders can operate a low-speed motorcycle without any
endorsement or separate motorcycle license. Low-speed motorcycles are less
than 50cc or have a 1.5 brake horsepower motor or less with a maximum speed
no more than 35 miles per hour on a flat surface. Low-speed motorcycles may
not be driven on any state toll road, limited-access highway or any public road
with a posted speed limit greater than 35 miles per hour.
™™ PRACTICE RIDING AND ROAD TEST
Note: The following section does not refer to those testing on a trike. The trike test
is similar to the basic auto road test.
The MVC recommends that all applicants practice all riding skills. However,
emphasis is placed on the following skills:
1. Turning Stopping: Tests an applicant’s ability to control the motorcycle while
turning and stopping. The examiner will evaluate an applicant’s ability to stay within
the path of the turn without putting a foot down, and stopping safely in a painted
stop box without putting a foot down or skidding the vehicle.
Stop with front tire in box
Start
Sharp left turn
2. Cone Weave (U-Turn): Tests an applicant’s ability to control the motorcycle
at low speed while weaving through cones and making a U-Turn in a designated
area. The examiner will evaluate an applicant’s ability to stay within the path of

travel without touching lines or cones and without putting a foot down. Cones are
12 feet apart with a two-foot offset.
Right U-turn
Start
Over 500cc
500cc and under
3. Braking: Tests an applicant’s ability to safely brake quickly. An applicant will be
evaluated on stopping distance in relation to speed of travel.
Obstacle turn
Start
4. Obstacle Swerve: Tests an applicant’s ability to swerve the motorcycle quickly
to avoid an obstacle. An applicant will be evaluated on the ability to stay within the
path of travel and turn quickly without touching a boundary line.
Note: An applicant who stalls the motorcycle during the skills test will fail.
™™ PREPARE TO RIDE
As a rider, properly preparing for a trip is critical to safety. Before riding a
motorcycle, check all gear and the motorcycle itself. If the motorcycle is borrowed,
determine if any operational differences exist.
GEAR CHECK
A good rider wears:
• An approved U.S. Department of Transportation helmet.
• Approved eye and face protection.
• Protective clothing.

Tires
Condition, Tread Depth, Inflation
Clean, adjust mirrors
Check gas and oil levels
Adjusted and lubricated drive chain
Try the horn and controls before you start
Headlights
The helmet is the single most important piece of equipment riders must wear. One
of every five reported motorcycle crashes involves head or neck injuries. A helmet
improves survival in crashes. Make sure the approved helmet is fastened securely.
A properly fitting, approved helmet can increase rider comfort and reduce fatigue.
HELMET USE
Helmets are required by law in New Jersey. Riders who do not wear them can be fined.
Consider these additional facts:
• An approved helmet ensures adequate peripheral vision for riders. A study of more
than 900 motorcycle crashes, in which 40 percent of the riders wore helmets,
found no cases where a helmet impaired a rider’s vision or masked danger.
• Most crashes happen on short trips – less than five miles long – shortly after
starting.
• Even low-speed crashes can be fatal. In fact, most occur at speeds slower
than 30 mph. At these speeds, helmets can cut the number and severity of
head injuries by half.
Regardless of speed, riders without helmets are three times more likely to die from
head injuries than riders wearing helmets at the time of a crash.
HELMET SELECTION
Approved helmets come in three types: one-half, three-quarter and full face. Each must:
• Meet U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Federal Motor Vehicle
Standard (FMVSS) 218. Look for the DOT symbol on the outside back of the
helmet. Then, look for a label inside the helmet with the manufacturer’s name,
month and year of manufacture, construction materials, model, size and other
important information.

FULL FACE ONE-HALF THREE-QUARTER
• Be equipped with a chinstrap and have at least four square inches of red,
amber or white reflectorized tape on each side.
• Lack obvious defects, such as cracks, loose padding or frayed straps.
Note: Not all helmet damage is obvious. To ensure safety, do not buy a used helmet.
When riding, keep the helmet securely fastened at all times. A loosened helmet is
likely to fall off during a crash.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
A full-face helmet offers riders the most protection. But it is not the only choice.
A plastic face shield does protect a rider’s face from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects
and debris. Regardless, attention should be on the road - not on these potential
problems. Choose equipment that is not distracting, so complete attention is on
the road. Goggles can protect riders’ eyes from all these things, but do not protect
the rest of a rider’s face – but a face shield does. Most windshields will not protect
eyes from wind. Neither will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses will not keep eyes
from watering and might blow off while riding. The face shield and/or goggles
must meet U.S. Department of Transportation and New Jersey standards, and
should have the ANSI label. Because they are plastic, face shields and goggles
will develop scratches and become brittle with age. For maximum protection and
comfort, replace equipment regularly.
Effective eye or face protection must:
• Be scratch-free.
• Be made of shatterproof material.
• Give a clear view to either side.
• Fasten securely.
• Allow air to pass through, so it will not fog.
• Allow enough room for eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed.
• Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other time when little
light is available.

CLOTHING
Clothing helps protect riders in crashes and in other situations. Jackets and pants
should cover arms and legs completely, while still providing comfort. Both should
fit snugly enough that there is no flapping in the wind and loosely enough to let the
rider move freely.
Bright, reflective helmets and clothing help others see a motorcyclist.
Leather offers the most protection, but sturdy, synthetic material also provides
additional protection. Wear a jacket even in warm weather. Many motorcycle
jackets are designed to protect without over-heating, even on warm days.
Boots and shoes should be high enough to cover ankles and sturdy enough to
provide support. Soles should be made of a hard, durable material. Heels should
be short enough not to catch on rough surfaces. Boot straps and shoelaces should
be tucked in.
Full-finger leather or other motorcycle gloves are also important as they provide a
good grip on controls, while helping to protect hands during a crash.
In cold or wet weather, clothes should keep riders warm and dry, as well as
protect riders from injury. Safely controlling a motorcycle with numb arms is nearly
impossible. Riding for long periods in cold weather can cause severe chill, fatigue
and hypothermia. A winter jacket should be wind resistant and fit snugly at the
neck, wrists and waist. Rain suits should be sized so they are easily removed
and put on, as well as designed for riding. Otherwise, these suits can tear apart
or balloon up at high speeds. Some gloves are made to keep wind or rain from
traveling up sleeves.
™™ MOTORCYCLE CHECK
If something is wrong with the motorcycle, it is important to find out before entering
traffic. Check these things before every ride:
Tires. Keep tires in good condition. Check the tire pressure using a gauge. A tire
may be underinflated without a noticeable change in appearance. Motorcycles do
not handle properly if the air pressure is too low or too high. Check the owner’s
manual for the right amount of air.
Tire Tread. Worn or uneven tread can make the motorcycle hard to handle,
particularly on wet pavement.
Rims/Spokes. Check for bent, loose or damaged rims and spokes.
Damage. Check for cuts or objects stuck to the tread. Also, check the sidewalls
for cracks. A blowout on a motorcycle can be extremely dangerous.

Controls. Make sure the controls work smoothly. The throttle should snap back
when released.
Cables. Check for kinks or broken strands. If a cable breaks while riding, the
motorcycle could become difficult to control and a crash could result.
Lights. Make sure all lights work. Keep them clean.
Turn Signal. Check all four turn signal lights. Make sure they flash when on and
are bright (easily seen).
Headlight. Check the headlight. In daytime, pass a hand in front of the beam
to make sure it works. At night, try the dimmer to make sure both high and low
beams work.
Tail and Brake Light. Try each of the brake controls and make sure that each one
flashes the brake light.
Horn. Ensure the horn works.
Chain. Make sure the drive chain is properly adjusted and lubricated. Check the
motorcycle owner’s manual for information regarding chain adjustment.
Mirrors. Clean and adjust both mirrors before riding. It is difficult and dangerous to
adjust a mirror while riding. Swing both mirrors far enough outward to show about
half the lane behind and as much as possible of the lane to the side.
Gas and Oil. Check gas and oil levels before riding. Running out of gas is
inconvenient. It can also be dangerous as it makes leaving the road difficult. Lack
of oil can seize an engine, causing the rear wheel to lock and loss of control.
™™ GET FAMILIAR WITH THE MOTORCYCLE
Be completely familiar with the motorcycle before riding it. If the cycle is borrowed:
• Check everything.
• Learn where all controls are, particularly turn signals, horn, headlight switch,
fuel control valve and motor cut-off switch. Be able to find and operate them
without having to look.
• Check controls. Learn the gear pattern. Work the throttle, clutch and brakes
a few times before riding.
• Ride very cautiously until learning how the motorcycle handles. For instance,
take turns slowly and allow for extra stopping distance.

Engine cut-off switch
Throttle
Light switch (high/low)
Turn-signal switch
Speedometer Odometer Tachometer (if equipped)
Clutch lever Front brake lever
Ignition key
(varies)
Rear brake pedal
Gear-change pedal
Kick starter
(if equipped)
Electric start button
Horn button
™™ CONTROL FOR SAFETY
To learn how to control direction, speed and balance, all riders should practice.
This manual suggests ways to keep control of the motorcycle and avoid crashes.
BODY POSITION
To control a motorcycle well, riders must be in the proper position.
Posture. Keep back straight and head and eyes up. Arms should be relaxed and
slightly bent.
Hands. Hold the handlegrips firmly. This helps riders keep a solid grip if the
motorcycle bounces. A rider’s right wrist should be down. This helps keep a rider
from using too much throttle.
Knees. Keep knees against the gas tank to keep balance as the motorcycle turns.
Feet. Keep feet firmly on the footpegs. Firm footing helps keep balance. Do not
drag feet along the ground. Feet catching something on the ground can cause loss
of control. Keep feet near the controls to get to them quickly, if necessary. Also,
keep toes pointed up to keep them from getting caught in between the road and
the footpeg.

TURNING
New riders often try to take curves or turns too fast and cannot hold it, causing
panic and bringing the motorcycle into another lane of traffic or off the road.
Braking too hard, which may cause a skid or loss of control, can also occur. Riders
must learn to judge how fast a curve may safely be taken. Approach all turns with
caution. When turning, use the following steps for better control:
Slow Down. Reduce speed before a turn. Keep speed down until completing the turn.
Look. Use head turns for directional control and to look through the turn.
Lean. To turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the motorcycle, push on the
handgrip in the direction of the turn. Maintain steady speed or accelerate gradually.
Avoid decelerating in the turn. Higher speeds and/or tighter turns require more
lean. In normal turns, the rider and motorcycle should lean together. In slow, tight
turns, lean the motorcycle only and keep your body straight.
BRAKING/STOPPING
Motorcycles have two brakes. Both are needed to stop effectively and safely. The
front brake provides about three-quarters of the stopping power. Front wheel locks
release the lever until the tire regains traction. If the rear wheel locks, do not
release it. Keep it locked until the motorcycle comes to a stop.
When braking, remember:
• Practice using the front brake correctly. Braking is an activity that requires
continuous practice for maximum proficiency.
• When slowing down or stopping, always use both brakes. This ensures riders
have enough skill to use the front brake properly when needed.
• Apply both brakes at the same time. Do not apply the rear brake first.
SHIFTING
There is more to shifting than getting the motorcycle to accelerate smoothly.
Instability can occur if the gears are used incorrectly when downshifting, turning or
starting from a standstill on a hill. Change gears to match the engine speed with
the road speed.
DOWNSHIFTING
It is important to shift down through gears for the appropriate slow down or stop.
This ensures riders always have enough power to accelerate quickly if needed.
Travel at the proper speed to shift into a lower gear. Motorcycles may lurch, and
the rear wheel may lock up, if downshifting is performed at too fast a speed or the
clutch is released abruptly. Remember:

Riding downhill. Motorcycles tend to pick up speed on a downgrade.
Shifting into first gear. On many motorcycles, the speed range for first gear is very
low. Under these conditions, use the brakes to slow down enough to shift safely.
GOING UPHILL
It is more difficult to get the motorcycle moving on an upgrade than it is on flat ground.
There is always a danger of rolling backward and into another vehicle. Remember:
• Use the front brake to hold the motorcycle while starting the engine and
shifting into first gear.
• Change to the foot brake to hold the cycle while operating the throttle with
the right hand.
• For more power, open the throttle a little bit.
• Release the clutch gradually. The front wheel may come off the ground or the
engine may stop, or both, if it released too quickly.
• Release the foot brake when the engine begins to slow down and the
motorcycle begins to move forward.
™™ SEE, BE SEEN AND BE HEARD
In crashes with motorcyclists, other motorists often say that they never saw the
motorcycle. From ahead or from behind, a motorcycle’s outline is small. With this
being the case, it is easier for others to misjudge distance and speed. However,
there are ways to make riders and motorcycles more noticeable.
CLOTHING
Bright, reflective helmets and clothing help others see the motorcycle. Upper body
clothing should be brightly colored orange, yellow, red or green. Fluorescent colors
are sufficient in bright daylight. At night, reflective or retro-reflective1 clothing is best.
HEADLIGHT
The best way to help others see you is to keep headlights on at all times. During
the day, a motorcycle with lights off is twice as likely to go unnoticed. The headlight
in many later-model motorcycles comes on automatically.
1 Reflective materials are passive and do not change their brightness. Retro-reflective materials
change brightness with surrounding light sources. They greatly increase the visibility of objects at
night or during inclement weather.

SIGNALS
Signals communicate intentions to other road users.
Turn Signals1
Use turn signals to:
• Clearly indicate lane changes and other riding maneuvers.
• Become easier to see. Other motorists can easily see turn signals. It is a good
idea to use signals for every lane change and turn.
Note: Turn off turn signals after the turn or lane change is made. If not, other
motorists might be confused about a rider’s intentions.
BRAKE LIGHT
Help others see the motorcycle by tapping the foot brake lightly before slowing
down. This action will flash the brake light. It is very important to signal others by
flashing the brake light when:
• Slowing down more quickly than might be expected. (For example, before
making a turn from a high-speed highway.)
• Slowing down where others may not expect it. (For example, before slowing
down to turn in the middle of a block.)
• When being followed closely, flash the brake light before slowing down. (This
cannot be done, however, in an emergency situation.)
HORN
Use the horn to get the attention of other motorists, but do not rely solely on it. Use
the horn when someone is in the driver’s seat of a vehicle parked on the street,
riding a bicycle or walking in the street and may pull into traffic. In an emergency,
use the horn and be ready to slow down or turn away from danger.
The two biggest dangers are:
• An oncoming vehicle turning left.
• Vehicles on side streets pulling into traffic. Never count on “eye contact” as
a sign that a motorist is aware and will yield the right-of-way. All too often, a
motorist looks right at a motorcycle and still does not see it.
ROAD POSITION
Motorists have very little choice about positioning in travel lanes. However, each
marked lane provides three possible travel paths to motorcyclists. To be seen
most clearly, ride in the portion of the lane where it is most likely a motorist can
see a motorcycle. When behind a vehicle, ride where the motorist can see the
1 NJSA 39:4-126: The required signal may be given “by means of the hand and arm… or by an
approved mechanical or electrical device.... A signal of intention to turn right or left when required
shall be given continuously during less than the 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning.”

motorcycle in the rearview mirror. See the rearview mirror of the vehicle? If so, it is
more likely the driver can see the motorcycle.
BLIND SPOTS
When alongside a vehicle, speed up and get by quickly or drop back.
Visible area
BLIND AREA
BLIND AREA
CENTER POSITION
It is not true that riding in the center of a lane is dangerous because of the grease
strip residue left by other vehicles. Still, it is best to ride slightly to the left or the
right of center. Unless the road is wet with rain, traction on most grease strips is
the same as the rest of the pavement. However, big grease buildups found at busy
intersections or toll booths should be avoided.
INTERSECTIONS
Enter the intersection with a space cushion on either side that allows evasive action
if necessary. Approach an intersection with the best view of oncoming traffic.
When approaching a blind intersection, move to the portion of the lane in other

motorists’ field of sight. Remember, the key is to see as much as possible.
™™ USE THE SIPDE SYSTEM
Nothing can guarantee that other motorists will see a motorcycle. A good rider is
always looking to stay out of trouble.
Experienced riders use a system known as SIPDE, an acronym for a process used
to make judgments and take action in traffic. It stands for:
Here is a closer look at each of these steps.
SCAN
Search aggressively for potential hazards. Scanning provides information to make
decisions in enough time to take action.
IDENTIFY
Locate hazards and potential conflicts. Hazards can be divided into three groups
based on how critical their effect may be.
Cars, trucks and other vehicles. They share the road with motorcycles. They
move quickly. Reactions to them must be quick and accurate.
Pedestrians and animals. They are characterized by unpredictability and quick
movement.
Stationary objects. Potholes, guardrails, bridges, roadway signs, hedges or rows
of trees will only create or complicate riding strategy.
The greatest potential for conflict between riders and other traffic is at
intersections. An intersection can be in the middle of an urban area or at a driveway

on a residential street. Most motorcycle/automobile crashes occur at intersections.
Oncoming vehicles turning left into the path of the motorcycle causes many
crashes. Therefore, using SIPDE at intersections is critical.
Before entering an intersection, search for:
• Oncoming traffic that may turn left.
• Traffic from the left.
• Traffic from the right.
• Traffic approaching from behind.
Be alert at intersections with limited visibility. Be visually aware of busy surroundings
that might camouflage a motorcycle.
PREDICT
Anticipate the effect of hazards. The direction a potential hazard moves is
important. Clearly, a vehicle moving away is not as critical as a vehicle moving into
a rider’s path.
Determine the effect of the hazard and where a collision might occur. How critical
is the hazard? How probable is a collision? This is the “What if…?” phase of SIPDE
that depends on knowledge and experience. Now, estimate the consequences of
the hazard. How might the hazard - or effort to avoid it - affect others?
DECIDE
Determine how to reduce the hazard by:
• Communicating presence and intentions.
• Adjusting speed.
• Adjusting position.
Communication is the most passive action because it depends on the response
of someone else. Use lights and honk the horn but do not rely on the actions
of others. Speed adjustment can be acceleration, slowing or stopping. Position
adjustment can be changing lane position or completely changing direction.
In both cases, the degree of adjustment depends on how critical the hazard is and how
much time and space is available: The more time and space, the less amount of risk.
In high potential risk areas, such as intersections, reduce reaction time by
increasing space and readying possible escape routes.
EXECUTE
This is when riding skills come into play, which must become second nature. The
best decision will be meaningless without the skills to carry it out. Riders must ride
within their own ability.

™™ CHECK BLIND SPOTS
USING HEAD CHECKS
Motorcycles have blind spots just like other vehicles do. When changing lanes, turn
and look at the traffic behind. That is the only way to see a vehicle behind and in
Area seen in mirrors
Rider’s blind spot
the next lane. It is particularly important before a rapid lane change. Many riders
make rapid lane changes out of necessity and habit. There is very little chance a
motorist in the next lane can react quickly enough to avoid a rapid lane change.
Check first, then change.
On a roadway with several lanes, check the far lanes, too. Another motorist could
be headed for the same space.
USING MIRRORS
Traffic situations change quickly. Check mirrors every few seconds to see what
traffic is approaching from behind. That way, passing cars and other vehicles will
not be a surprise. There are particular times when it is very important to use mirrors:
• When slowing down or stopping suddenly. If there is a vehicle close
behind, it may be better to keep moving.
• When stopped at an intersection. Watch vehicles approaching from
behind. Evasive action may be necessary if an approaching motorist is not
paying attention.
• When changing lanes. Make sure no one is about to pass.
• When turning. Watch vehicles behind, especially when making what could be
an unexpected turn, such as into alleys, driveways and side streets.
Many motorcycles have round, convex mirrors, which provide a bigger view of the
road behind than flat mirrors. However, these mirrors make vehicles seem farther
away then they really are. To get used to convex mirrors: While stopped, pick out
a parked vehicle in the mirror and form a mental image of how far away it is. Then,
turn around and look to see how close it really is. Practice helps riders judge
distance well. Even then, allow extra distance before changing lanes. Regardless,
always make a final head check before changing lanes.

POSITIONING
Motorcycle riders can see things other motorists cannot see by riding in the portion
of the lane where they are most likely to be seen.
CORRECT FOR INSIDE CURVES CORRECT FOR OUTSIDE CURVES
Riding through curves. Move to one side of the lane or the other to get a better
view of the curve.
Watching at intersections. Riders can peek easily around buildings, parked
vehicles or bushes to see if anything is coming. Other motorists cannot.
Stopping at blind intersections. Blind intersections can make it hard to see
danger coming from the side. At a stop sign, stop there first. Then, edge forward
and stop again, just short of where the cross-traffic lane meets the lane you are
in. From that position, lean forward and look around buildings, parked vehicles or
bushes. Keep the front wheel out of the cross lane of travel while doing this.
Seeing at the roadside. Angle the motorcycle across the road to see both
directions without straining, which is particularly important before making a U-turn.
™™ KEEP THE PROPER DISTANCE
The best protection is distance between a motorcycle and other motorists. If
another motorist makes a mistake, distance provides time to react and time to
move away.
FRONT
Under ordinary conditions, stay at least two seconds behind the vehicle ahead.

This provides plenty of time to react if the motorist ahead stops suddenly. It also
provides a better view of things in the road, such as potholes, slippery spots, tire
treads, cans and other debris.
Stay well behind the vehicle ahead, even when stopped. This will make it easier to
get out of the way if someone bears down from behind.
SIDE
For oncoming or passing vehicles, move to the center of the lane.
A rider can move from one side of the lane to another to increase their distance
from other vehicles. An experienced rider changes position from one side of the
lane to another as traffic conditions change.
These road conditions require lane position changes:
Passing vehicles. When another vehicle passes from behind, move toward the
center of the lane. A slight mistake by either motorist could cause a sideswipe.
Moving toward the center of the lane also helps avoid extended mirrors or things
thrown from vehicle windows. Do the same for oncoming vehicles. Give way to
large trucks. They can create gusts that affect control. There is more room for
error in the middle of a lane.
Riding and intersections. Most crashes between vehicles and motorcycles
happen at intersections. Motorists often have a hard time seeing a motorcycle
coming directly at them. A vehicle may make a left turn across the motorcycle’s
path or a vehicle may enter from a side street into the motorcycle’s path. These are
two leading causes of motorcycle crashes at intersections.
In the event a vehicle enters a rider’s path:
• Move as far away from the vehicle as possible. If the vehicle is on the right,
move to the left. For a vehicle on the left or an oncoming vehicle with a left
turn signal on, move to the right.
• Change lanes. Otherwise, move to the far side of the current lane.

MOTORCYCLE RIDERS INFORMATION 169 • Approach slowly. If a motorist does pull out suddenly, chances of making a
quick stop or a quick turn are better.
At intersections, move as far away from oncoming vehicles as safely as possible.
Passing parked vehicles. When passing parked vehicles, the motorcycle rider
has an advantage over other motorists. Stay in the left portion of the lane to avoid
problems caused by doors opening, motorists getting out of their vehicles or
people stepping into traffic from between vehicles. A bigger problem is vehicles
pulling out. Motorists can fail to see a motorcycle during a quick look behind for
traffic. Motorists making U-Turns are also a danger. The motorcyclist sees them
pull out and slows down or changes lanes to let them enter. Then suddenly, the
vehicle turns across the road and blocks the lane. This leaves the motorcyclist with
no place to go. Approach vehicles pulling out or making a U-Turn very cautiously.
Stay to the left of the lane to pass parked vehicles.
Sharing lanes. Vehicles and motorcycles each need a full lane to operate safely.
Do not share lanes.
To prevent lane sharing:

• Do not ride between rows of stopped vehicles.
• Do not try to squeeze past a stopped vehicle in the same lane. Anything could
happen—a hand could come out of a window, a door could open or a vehicle
could turn suddenly.
• Discourage lane sharing by others. The best way to do this is to keep a
center lane position in situations where other motorists might be tempted
to squeeze by.
Moving to the far side of a lane in these situations invites lane sharing. Lane
placement depends on different circumstances. Ride in the portion of the lane
where it is easiest to be seen.
Merging vehicles. Vehicles entering a highway from an entrance ramp may have
trouble seeing a motorcycle. One reason is that motorcycle headlights are difficult
to see at an angle. Change lanes or make space to let the motorist in. Do not
assume that motorists always see motorcycles.
Vehicles alongside. Do not ride alongside vehicles whenever possible. A vehicle
in the next lane could change lanes without warning. Vehicles in the next lane also
block an escape route. Speed up or drop back until it is clear on both sides.
BACK
Many riders complain about tailgaters, which are motorists that follow too closely.
When another vehicle is following too closely:
• Open up additional following distance. This provides the tailgater more time to
react in an emergency.
• Slow down so the tailgater can pass when clear.
™™ HANDLING DANGEROUS SURFACES
A motorcycle is delicately balanced on two wheels. To stay upright, the two wheels
must have good traction. Any surface that affects the motorcycle’s traction will
affect its balance. Any slippery surface increases the chance of a rider falling.
Dangerous surfaces include:
• Slippery surfaces.
• Uneven surfaces.
• Grooves and gratings.
• Sloping surfaces.
Some slippery surfaces are:
• Liquids.
• Sand/Gravel.
• Leaves.

• Wet pavement, particularly just after rain and before surface oil washes to the
side of the road.
• Gravel roads or places where sand and gravel have collected on paved roads.
• Mud, snow and ice.
• Wet lane markings and steel surfaces (manhole covers).
• Metal construction plates.
There are a number of precautions to take to operate safely on slippery surfaces.
Reduce speed. It takes longer to stop on slippery surfaces. Make up for this by
traveling at a slower speed. It is particularly important to reduce speed on curves.
Remember, speed limits posted on curves apply to good surface conditions.
Use both brakes. The front brake is still more effective than the back brake -
even on extremely slippery surfaces. On ice, riders should not brake at all.
Avoid sudden moves. Any sudden change in speed or direction can cause a skid
on slippery surfaces. Therefore, turn, brake, accelerate and change gears as little
and as gradually as possible. On a very slippery surface, such as on a patch of ice,
do not make changes until after passing it.
Avoid slippery areas. It is important to find the best pavement. Riders should
be aware that:
• Oil from vehicles tends to build up in the center of the lane, particularly near the
intersections where vehicles slow down or stop. On wet pavement, therefore,
it is better to operate in the grooves created by the wheels of moving vehicles.
Some people suggest using the left wheel track all the time. However, it is not
always a good idea. Instead, ride in the portion of the lane where it is easiest
to be seen.
• Oil spots when stopping or parking can cause riders to fall.
• Dirt and gravel tend to collect along the sides of the road. It is very important to
stay away from the edge of the road when making sharp turns at intersections
or entering and leaving freeways at high speed.
• Certain sections of the road dry faster after rain or melt faster after snow. Try
at all times to stay in the best part of the lane.
It is almost impossible to maintain balance on ice, hard packed snow or wet slippery
surfaces. Avoid them if possible. If it is impossible to avoid, proceed across them
in a straight line, but DO NOT adjust speed. Keep a center lane position and avoid
the slippery area by riding slightly to the left or right of the center. Pull in the clutch
and coast across. In some slippery areas, such as toll booths, ride slightly to the
left or right of the center to avoid problem areas.

UNEVEN SURFACES
Watch for uneven surfaces, such as bumps, broken pavement, potholes or railroad
tracks, while riding. If the condition is bad enough, it could affect control of the
motorcycle. Follow these guidelines to handle uneven surfaces:
• Slow down to reduce impact.
• Straighten out so that the motorcycle is upright.
• Rise slightly on the footpegs to absorb the shock.
Crossing railroad tracks
Cross railroad tracks at an angle. When turning to cross the tracks head on, it may
be more dangerous than crossing at a slight angle. Turn slightly to cross something
running parallel, such as trolley tracks, ruts in the middle of the road or a pavement
seam. To cross something running next to the motorcycle, move away far enough
to be able to cross it at an angle. Then, just make a quick sharp turn. Do not try to
edge across it. It could catch the tires and upset balance.
Grooves and Gratings
This Not This
When riding over rain grooves or a metal bridge grating, the motorcycle will tend
to wander back and forth. While this may be uneasy, it is not generally dangerous.
Therefore, the best thing to do is ride relaxed and avoid abrupt maneuvers.
Sloping Surfaces
A road surface that slopes from one side to the other is not difficult to handle when
riding straight ahead. However, in a curve, a slope can make the turn harder if it
goes the wrong way.

High crowned curve
Here is a picture of a rider turning left on a high crowned curve, a road that is
higher in the middle than at the sides.
A turn to the left on a high crowned road is like a turn on a curve that is banked the
wrong way. The crown makes the turn harder by:
• Cutting down on the clearance between the left footpeg and the surface.
• Adding the force of the down slope to the outward force of the turn, increasing
the chance of a skid.
• Making it necessary to turn uphill.
The only way to handle the wrong-way banking is to slow down. This will straighten
the motorcycle and reduce the outward force.
™™ RIDE CAUTIOUSLY AT NIGHT
At night, the ability to see and be seen is limited. With one headlight, it is hard to
see the condition of the road or something on the road. At night, other motorists
also have a hard time distinguishing a motorcycle headlight and taillight from the
stronger lights of other vehicles.
Here are some things that will help for riding at night:
Use the high beam. Use the high beam whenever not following or meeting a
vehicle. Be able to stop within the lit distance.
Reduce speed. If there is something lying in the road ahead, it will be difficult
to see unless within close proximity. When traveling too fast, it will be difficult to
avoid. It is important to reduce speed at night, particularly on unfamiliar roads.
Use the vehicle ahead. If there is a vehicle ahead, take advantage of it. Its lights
can provide a better view of the road ahead than the motorcycle light. Vehicle taillights
bouncing up and down may mean bumps or rough pavement ahead, for instance.

Increase distance. Distance is difficult to judge well at night. Make up for this by
allowing extra distance from vehicles ahead. Leave more room on either side when
riding alongside vehicles. Ensure there is enough distance to pass another vehicle.
™™ KNOW HAZARDS
No matter how carefully a motorcyclist rides, there will always be “tight spots.” The
chance of escaping safely depends on how quickly riders react. Here is how to
handle a few scenarios:
QUICK STOPS
Since the front brake supplies about three-quarters of braking power, use it to
stop quickly. Squeeze the brake lever steadily and firmly. Do not grab at it. Apply it
without locking the front wheel.
The rear brake should be applied at the same time. Try not to lock the rear wheel.
TIRE FAILURE
If the cycle starts handling differently, pull off and check the tires. Riders will more
often feel a flat tire than hear it happen.
If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel “heavy.” If the rear tire goes flat, the
back of the motorcycle will tend to jerk from side to side. If a tire suddenly loses air,
react quickly to keep balance by:
• Concentrating on steering a straight course.
• Gradually closing the throttle and coasting.
• Edging toward the side of the road and stopping.
STUCK THROTTLE
Sometimes, when trying to close the throttle, it will not turn. If this happens when
slowing down for traffic ahead or making a turn, react quickly to prevent a crash by:
• Immediately flip the engine cutoff switch and pull the clutch. This disconnects
the engine from the rear wheel and keeps riders from speeding up. After
pulling the clutch, keep it in until stopped or the throttle is freed.
• When unable to close the throttle, use the motor cut-off switch or the key to
turn off the engine. For motorcycles without a cut-off switch or if the key is on
the side of the cycle - Stop, and then turn off the engine.
After stopping, check the throttle cable carefully to find the source of the trouble.
Make certain the throttle is working freely before continuing.

WOBBLE
At various speeds, the front wheel can sometimes begin to wobble (shake from
side to side). To ride out a wobble:
• Firmly grip the handlebars. Do not fight the wobble.
• Gradually close the throttle. Let the motorcycle slow down. (Do not apply the
brakes; it could worsen the wobble.)
Pull off the road as soon as possible. If carrying a heavy load, distribute it more
evenly. When at a gas station or using a tire gauge, check tire inflation. Other
things that can cause a wobble are:
• Bent or out-of-alignment wheel.
• Poorly adjusted steering.
• Improperly mounted or designed windshield.
• Loose wheel bearings or loose spokes.
OFF THE ROAD
Do these two important things when leaving the roadway to check the motorcycle
or to rest:
Check the roadside. Make sure the surface of the roadside is firm enough to ride
on. If it is soft grass, loose sand or unclear, slow nearly all the way before leaving
the roadway. Since motorists behind might not expect this, make sure to check
mirrors and signal clearly and early.
Pull well off the road. Get as far off the road as possible. A motorcycle by the
side of the road is difficult to spot. Another vehicle may also leave the roadway, so
it is important to be seen.
ROAD HAZARDS
Even a quick stop may not be enough to avoid hitting something. A piece of debris
or a pothole might appear suddenly when the vehicle ahead passes over it. Or the
vehicle ahead might stop suddenly. The only way to avoid a collision is a quick turn
or swerve.
To make a quick turn, lean the motorcycle quickly in the necessary direction: The
sharper the turn, the more severe the lean.
To get the motorcycle to lean quickly, press on the inside of the handgrip in the
same necessary direction. To turn to the right, press on the inside of the right
handgrip. This causes the front wheel to move slightly to the left and the motorcycle
to continue straight ahead. The result is a lean to the right.

Self-demonstration: While riding in a straight line, press the inside of the right
handlebar. Notice the motorcycle turns to the right. Practice making quick turns,
so in an emergency, it is second nature.
Using this technique makes the motorcycle lean in normal turns, too. Most riders
do not notice it except on very sharp turns.
In an emergency, do not switch lanes and risk being hit by a vehicle. It is possible
to squeeze by most obstacles without switching lanes. This is one scenario when
the size of the motorcycle is favorable. Even if the obstacle is a vehicle, there is
generally time to make sure there are no vehicles in the other lane.
RIDING OVER OBJECTS
Sometimes there is no option but to ride over an object. Handling objects is a lot
like riding over uneven surfaces. Here is what to do:
• Hold onto the handlegrips tightly.
• Keep a straight course. This keeps the motorcycle upright and reduces the
chance of falling on impact.
• Rise slightly on the footpegs. This allows legs and arms to absorb the shock
and helps the rider from being bounced off when the rear wheel hits.
There are other ways of handling these obstacles. However, they require a lot of
skill. The three steps above are a safe way to avoid obstacles found on highways.
After riding over an object, always check tires for damage.
FLYING OBJECTS
Insects, cigarette butts thrown from vehicle windows or rocks kicked up by tires of
the vehicle ahead; any of these objects might strike riders. Without face protection,
riders can be struck in the eye, the face or the mouth. Face protection still might
become smeared or cracked, making it difficult to see. Whatever happens, do not
let it affect motorcycle control. Watch the road and keep hands on the handlebars.
As soon as it is safe, pull off the road and repair any damage.
ANIMALS
Naturally, do everything possible to avoid hitting a small animal. However, in traffic,
do not swerve from the lane to avoid hitting an animal. There is a better chance of
surviving impact with an animal than impact with a vehicle.
Motorcycles tend to attract dogs. Do not kick a chasing animal. It is too easy to
lose control of the motorcycle. Instead, shift down and approach the animal slowly.
After reaching the animal, speed up suddenly, leaving it behind quickly and helping
the dog lose interest.

™™ CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO
Before carrying a passenger or large loads, know how both could affect
motorcycle operation. Extra weight changes the way the motorcycle handles - the
way it balances, the way it turns, the way it speeds up and the way it slows down.
Passengers that weigh less than the operator impact operation much less than
those who are heavier.
PASSENGERS
Guidelines to follow in carrying a passenger or cargo:
• Check the motorcycle for adequate passenger-carrying equipment.
• Instruct passengers before starting.
• Adjust tires and shocks to account for the passenger’s weight.
To carry a passenger, the motorcycle must have:
A proper seat. The seat must be large enough to hold the operator and passenger
without crowding. Operators should not have to move any closer to the front of the
motorcycle than normal. A passenger should not hang over the end of the seat.
Footpegs. The passenger must have a set of footpegs. Without firm footing, an
operator and passenger can both fall off.
Protective equipment. A passenger must have the same type of protective
equipment as the operator.
INSTRUCTING PASSENGERS
Never assume any passenger knows what to do. Provide complete instructions
before starting.
A passenger should be told to:
• Get on the motorcycle after the engine has started.
• Sit as far forward as possible without crowding the operator.
• Hold the operator’s waist, hips or belt tightly.
• Keep both feet on the pegs at all times, even when the motorcycle is stopped.
• Look over the rider’s shoulder in the direction of turns and curves.
• Stay directly behind the operator, leaning when the operator leans (in the
same direction).
• Avoid any unnecessary motion.
RIDING WITH A PASSENGER
When carrying a passenger, the motorcycle responds more slowly. It takes longer

to speed up, slow down and turn. Heavier passengers and lighter motorcycles take
longer to maneuver at these times. To adjust for added passenger weight:
• Operate at a somewhat slower speed, particularly on corners, curves or
bumps.
• Begin to slow down earlier than usual when approaching a stop.
• Allow a greater following distance and keep more distance from vehicles on
either side.
• Look for larger gaps whenever crossing, entering or merging with traffic.
If possible, warn passengers when starting, stopping quickly, turning sharply or
riding over a bump. Otherwise, talk as little as possible when in motion.
LOAD AND CARGO
A motorcycle is not primarily designed to carry cargo. However, small loads can
be carried safely when properly positioned and fastened. Check the motorcycle
owner’s manual for information about carrying cargo.
Keep the load low. Place the load next to the seat or place it in saddlebags. Do
not pile loads against a sissy bar or other back-seat frame. This will change the
center of gravity, disturbing the balance of the motorcycle.
Keep the load forward. Place the load over or forward of the rear axle. Anything
mounted behind the rear wheel can affect how the motorcycle turns and brakes.
It can also cause wobbling.
Distribute the load evenly. When using saddlebags, make certain each are
equally loaded. An uneven load can cause the motorcycle to pull to one side.
Secure the load. Fasten the load securely with elastic cords or ropes. A loose
load can catch in the wheel or chain. If this happens, the rear wheel may lock up
and cause the motorcycle to skid.
Check the load. Check the load every so often when stopped. Make sure it has
not loosened or moved.
™™ LEARNING GROUP RIDING
The highway is not a place to socialize. Motorcyclists riding in groups do not have
any special rights. When riding with others, do not interfere with the flow of traffic.
SIZE
A large group interferes with traffic. It makes vehicles pass a long line of
motorcyclists one at a time. Also, a large group tends to be separated easily by
traffic or red lights. Those left behind often ride unsafely to catch up. Groups with
more than four or five riders should divide into two or more smaller groups.

Planning ahead. When leading, look ahead for changes. Give hand signals early,
so the word spreads among the riders in plenty of time. Start lane changes early
enough to allow all riders to complete the change.
Putting beginners up front. Place inexperienced riders behind the leader, where
they can be watched by more experienced riders.
Following those behind. Let the last in line set the pace. Use mirrors to keep an
eye on the person behind. Slow down to let others catch up. If everyone does this,
the group will stay with the rider on the tail end.
Knowing the route. Make sure everybody knows the route. Obey any special
rules on a particular route.
DISTANCE
2 Seconds
It is important to keep close ranks and a safe distance. A close group takes up less
space on the highway, making the group easier to see. A close group is also less
likely to be separated by traffic lights. However, it must be done properly.
Do not pair up. Never operate directly alongside another motorcycle. There will
be no place to escape or avoid another vehicle. Talk to another rider only when
stopped.
Staggered formation. Keep close ranks, yet maintain adequate distance through
a “staggered” formation. The leader rides to the left side of the lane, while the
second

rider stays a little behind and rides to the right side of the lane. A third rider would
take the left position, a normal two-second distance behind the second rider. This
formation allows the group to ride in close ranks without reducing following distance
and without having riders drive along side one another. Staggered formation can
be safely used on an open highway. However, a single file should be resumed on
curves, during turns, while entering or leaving a highway, when returning to the
narrow roadway or when topping the crest of a hill. When riders in a staggered
formation want to pass, they should do it one at a time. When it is safe to do so, the
lead rider should pull out and pass. When the leader returns to the lane, he or she
should take the left lane position and open a gap for the next rider. As soon as the
first rider is safely by, the second rider should move to the left position and watch
for a safe chance to pass. After passing, this rider should return to the right lane
position and open up a gap for the next rider.
™™ RIDE SOBER AND AWAKE
Riding a motorcycle is more demanding than driving other motor vehicles. Riders
must be in good physical and mental shape to ride safely. Three things that often
keep riders from being in shape to ride safely are alcohol, drugs and fatigue.
ALCOHOL
Drinking and riding is extremely dangerous. Nearly half of all motorcycle highway
deaths involve alcohol use. Riding a motorcycle requires a high degree of skill and
judgment. It also requires a good sense of balance. Alcohol limits these skills.
It is dangerous to ride after drinking. Alcohol affects vision. Seeing clearly and
judging distance becomes difficult. It is hard enough to ride a motorcycle safely
with normal vision.
The drinking problem is just as extensive among motorcyclists as it is among
automobile drivers. However, motorcyclists are far more likely to be killed or
severely injured in a crash. About 2,500 motorcycles are involved in crashes each
year on New Jersey roadways. These crashes result in 60 or more fatalities and
nearly 2,000 injuries each in the Garden State.
No one is immune to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol makes everyone less able to

think clearly and to perform physical tasks skillfully. Alcohol has extremely harmful
effects on motorcycle operating skills. The effects of alcohol begin long before a
rider is legally intoxicated.
RIDE SAFE - RIDE SOBER
Drugs
Almost any drug can affect the skills needed to ride a motorcycle safely. This
includes prescription drugs, as well as illegal drugs. It even includes such everyday
drugs as cold tablets or allergy pills. Such drugs can cause weakness, dizziness or
drowsiness. Understand the effects of drugs before riding.
Do not take illegal drugs.
Stop and wait if dizziness or weakness from prescription or over-the-counter drugs
occurs. Do not ride until regaining a normal feeling. Slow down and keep more
than the normal distance between other vehicles if it is necessary to continue.
Fatigue
Riding a motorcycle is much more tiring than operating another vehicle. For road
trips, tiredness sets in more quickly when riding a motorcycle. The effects of
fatigue on vehicle control can also be much worse:
• Protection from the elements. Wind, cold and rain can make riders tire quickly.
Dress warmly. A windshield is worth its cost, especially for riders that travel
frequently.
• Limit distance traveled. Do not cover more than about 300 miles a day.
• Take frequent rests. Stop and get off the cycle. It is also a good idea to drink
water during rest stops.
™™ CHECKING THE MOTORCYCLE
Plenty of things on the highway can cause trouble for riders. A motorcycle should not
be one of them. Three ways to be sure a motorcycle will not let its rider down are:
1. Have the right equipment.
2. Keep the bike in safe riding condition.
3. Avoid add-on accessories or modifications that make it harder to handle.
MODEL
The right motorcycle is incredibly important. Beginners might want to consider a
smaller motorcycle that is no more than 250cc until becoming more experienced
or until after driving several hundred miles. Make sure the motorcycle fits. A rider’s
feet should be able to reach the ground while sitting.

There are a few items of equipment that are necessary for safe operation. New Jersey
requires that all these items are in good working order:
• Headlight and taillight.
• Front and rear brakes.
• Turn signals.
• Horn.
• At least one rearview mirror.
These are just minimum requirements. To survive in traffic, have a mirror on each side of the
handlebars. It is also a good idea to have reflectors on the side of the motorcycle.
SERVICE
Motorcycles may need more frequent attention than other vehicles. When something goes
wrong with the motorcycle, it may cause a crash.
There is only one way to spot problems before trouble starts: Inspect the motorcycle carefully
and fix things right away. The first chapter of this manual described checks that should be
made before every ride. Check these things at least once a week:
Tires. Check the tread for wear. If the wear is uneven, have the wheels balanced and the
alignment checked. Many blowouts are due to low air pressure. Also, check for cuts and
scrapes that could cause a blowout.
Wheels. Check both wheels for missing or loose spokes. Check the rims for cracks or dents.
Lift the wheel off the ground and spin it. Watch its motion and listen for noise. Also, move it
from side to side to check for looseness.
Controls. Check the controls for smooth operation. Check the cables for kinks or broken
strands. Lubricate the control mechanisms at each end of the cable.
Chains and sprockets. Oil the chain. Check the sprockets for worn teeth.
Shock absorbers. Does the motorcycle “bounce” several times after crossing a bump?
Hear a clunk? Check shock absorbers, which may need to be adjusted or replaced. Check
the shocks for oil/leaks.
Fasteners. Check for loose or missing nuts, bolts or cotter pins. Keeping the motorcycle
clean makes it easier to spot missing parts.
Brakes. Adjust the brakes so that they lock the wheel when fully applied. If the wheel will not
lock, or if there is a scraping sound when stopping, have the linings checked.

™™ ACCESSORIES AND MODIFICATIONS
A safe motorcycle can be quickly turned into a menace by adding the wrong
accessories or making changes in the motorcycle that can make it much harder to
handle. Here are a few things to avoid:
• Highway pegs mounted on the front of the motorcycle to allow the
rider to lean back. These pegs delay the operator’s ability to reach the foot
brake in an emergency.
• Sissy Bars, a high bar or frame mounted on the back of the seat, can
change the motorcycle’s center of gravity and affect its balance when
loaded, while preventing the operator and passenger from getting off
the motorcycle in a hurry. Extended handlebars, which extend above the
operator’s shoulders, are illegal in New Jersey.

185 DRIVER SAFETY
Driver Safety

™™ TRAFFIC SIGNS, SIGNALS AND ROAD
MARKINGS
Traffic signs, signals and road markings are set up to control the flow of traffic,
making streets and highways safer for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians.
A safe driver always watches for and obeys all traffic signals, signs and road
markings. During heavy traffic or in an emergency, a police officer may direct
traffic. A police officer can overrule traffic signals. Law enforcement orders or
directions must always be obeyed.
Court penalties will be imposed for stealing or damaging airport, traffic or
railroad-crossing signs or equipment.
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
When traffic signals are hung vertically, the red light is always on top.
The yellow is in the center. The green light is third in line. If there is
a green arrow, it is always on the bottom. When the lights are
horizontal, red is always on the left.
RED LIGHT
A motorist must stop before the intersection or crosswalk and
remain stopped until the light changes to green.
YELLOW LIGHT
A motorist should stop before entering the intersection or crosswalk,
unless his/her vehicle is so close to the intersection that it cannot be stopped
safely. A yellow arrow means the signal is changing from green to red and gives
the motorist a chance to stop safely.
GREEN LIGHT
A motorist should proceed through the intersection. Yield to pedestrians and
vehicles still in the intersection and when turning left or right. Before making a
left turn, yield to approaching vehicles.
GREEN ARROW
When shown alone or in combination with the red signal, proceed only as shown
by the arrow. Be cautious and yield to pedestrians.
FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT
Slow down and proceed with care.

187 DRIVER SAFETY
FLASHING RED LIGHT
Stop. Yield to traffic and pedestrians. Go only when safe.
UNLIT SIGNAL
Stop if a signal does not have any of its bulbs working and no one is directing
traffic. It is considered a four-way stop sign. Look left and right. Yield to traffic
coming from the right or left. Be careful and go only when safe.
ORANGE, STEADY RAISED-PALM SYMBOL
Pedestrians must not leave the sidewalk or enter the roadway when facing the
light. Those already in the roadway should quickly go to a safe spot. Pedestrians
already within the crosswalk will have time to cross the intersection before the
signal changes. Those who have not yet left the sidewalk or curb should not
enter the roadway.
WHITE, STEADY PEDESTRIAN SILHOUETTE/COUNTDOWN
PEDESTRIAN SIGN WITH STEADY PEDESTRIAN SILHOUETTE
Pedestrians facing the signal may cross the roadway in the direction of the
signal. New Jersey law requires turning motorists to yield to pedestrians
crossing on this signal and to pedestrians in the crosswalk.
Pedestrian push-buttons are located at certain traffic signals. A short time
after the button is pushed, the flow of traffic at the intersection changes to a
longer green for the side street.
Traffic engineers use color, such as an optional yellow-green or a standard
yellow, for the pedestrian crossing and bicycle warning signs which are of
utmost importance. These signs alert New Jersey motorists that they must
share the road with pedestrians and bicyclists and yield to them.
™™ TRAFFIC SIGNS
Signs are divided into three basic categories:
• Warning: Warn motorists of hazards ahead that are difficult to see.
• Guidance: Guide motorists to a destination by clearly identifying the route.
• Regulatory: Regulate traffic speed and movement.
The signs are manufactured in different shapes and colors to convey a
particular message. Examples of the various sign types, shapes and colors
are found in the diagram on the next page.

COLOR SHAPE # OF SIDES MESSAGE
White Vertical rectangle 4
Regulation
(such as speed signs)1
Blue Rectangle, square 4
Motorists services and
information
Brown Rectangle 4
Public recreation and
scenic guidance
Green Rectangle 4 Direction guidance
Orange Diamond 4
Construction and
maintenance warning
Red Octagon 8 STOP signs only
Red Triangle 3 YIELD signs
Yellow Pennant 3 No-passing warning signs
Yellow Pentagon 5 School signs
Yellow Round Railroad warning signs
Yellow Diamond 4 Roadway hazard signs
1 When the maximum safe speed around a curve or turn is lower than the posted
speed limit, an advisory speed sign is used with the proper warning sign.
WARNING SIGNS
Warning signs are for road conditions that need caution and for specific hazards
that may be encountered during certain road operations. Some of the warning
signs alert motorists to road conditions, school crossings or curved roadways. The
signs are yellow and diamond-shaped with a black symbol or word message.
ROAD WORK SIGNS
Road work signs alert motorists to a variety of temporary roadway conditions.
It is important to look for:
• Orange, diamond-shaped signs that warn the motorist of lane closings,
lane shifts, flaggers, uneven pavement and detours. Road work may
temporarily close lanes or divert them, changing traffic patterns
• Reduced speed limit signs that are posted alongside orange work zone
signs. In New Jersey, all traffic fines are doubled in work zones.

189 DRIVER SAFETY
A Motorist should react to road work signs by:
• Controlling the distance between his/her vehicle and the one in front, as
well as his/her reaction time. Always read the signs, follow directions and
prepare to slow down or stop
• Staying alert to the moving construction machinery in the work zone. With
patience, a motorist will contribute to the overall safety of motorists and
workers in the work zone
• Watching for workers on the road, who risk injury, possibly death. Flaggers
may stop and release traffic through the work zone. Note that flaggers
have the same authority as a regulatory sign, so a motorist may be cited
if he/she disobeys their directions.
GUIDANCE SIGNS
Guidance signs identify destinations and routes for motorists
Motorist Service Signs
Motorist service signs have white letters or symbols on a blue background and
provide information about motorist services.
REGULATORY SIGNS
Regulatory signs are generally rectangular, with the longer vertical dimension,
and have black wording and borders on a white background. Some important
regulatory signs to know are:
• STOP: Octagonal sign with white wording and border on red background
• YIELD: White inverted triangle with red wording and border with a white
border band
• DO NOT ENTER: White square with a red circle that has a white band
horizontally across the center of the circle and the words “DO NOT ENTER”
in white letters on the upper and lower parts of the circle
Two national signs that indicate where certain interstate trucks can or cannot
travel are now being used in New Jersey:
• Green: Marks the routes and ramps where trucks are permitted; also marks
the travel route to services and terminals
• Red: Marks the routes and ramps where trucks are prohibited; also marks
the end of designated routes

ROAD MARKINGS
Road markings have the same force of law as signs or traffic signals.
• Yellow center lines: Separate traffic flow going in opposite directions
• White lines: Separate traffic going the same way when there is more
than one lane; show edges of roads
• Dashed lines: On a motorist’s side of the center line of the road mean
that passing is permitted when safe
• Solid line: On a motorist’s side of the center line means do not pass
• Road arrows: When used with other signs, show the correct direction a
motorist must make in that particular lane
• White dashed lines: Separate traffic lanes on multi-lane highways
• Double yellow and white solid lines: Prohibit passing. Do not cross the
solid yellow line to pass. Stay in the lane. Keep to the right when driving slowly
• Yellow solid and dashed lines: Control passing. If the solid yellow
line is on the motorist’s side of the road, do not pass. Pass only if the dashed
line is on the motorist’s side of the road. A pass must be completed before
the yellow dashed lines become solid
• Edge lines: Separate the shoulder from the travel lane and show the
edges of highways; Yellow edge lines separate the shoulder from the
travel lane and show the edge of the highway
• White crosswalks: Indicate pedestrian crossing areas. Pedestrians
should use these areas when crossing the road. At intersections where
stop lines are missing stop before the crosswalk when required to stop by
traffic signs or signals or for pedestrians
• White stop lines: Show where to stop at stop signs or traffic signals
• White special markings: Show special conditions, such as STOP
AHEAD, SCHOOL and R X R, as a motorist alert. At some railroad
crossings, there may be a crossbuck, flashing lights and/or gate lowered
across the road as a train approaches. The pavement markings, signs and
crossbucks are passive warnings; the flashing lights and lowered gates are
active warnings. A motorist must always yield to trains
• White diamonds: Indicate high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes reserved
for a particular vehicle type or vehicles carrying multiple riders, as identified
by posted regulatory signs. Such signs will also indicate hours that HOV
lanes are in operation. HOV lanes may also be marked with white diamonds
painted on the pavement of the lane

191 DRIVER SAFETY
SPECIAL WARNING SIGNS
These signs alert motorists to slow-moving vehicles. A fluorescent and
reflective orange triangular sign indicates slow-moving vehicles, such as farm
and construction equipment operating on public highways. The operators must
obey all traffic rules and place a slow-moving vehicle sign on the back of their
vehicles to warn approaching motorists.
RUMBLE STRIPS
Transverse and longitudinal rumble strips are small indentations or narrow,
raised strips on the highway or shoulder that are put there to alert the motorist
there is a decision point ahead (such as a four-way intersection after miles of
uninterrupted travel). As the strips vibrate the steering wheel and make a noise,
they will wake the motorist who may have dozed off or caution the motorist
about the danger ahead. Rumble strips will not damage a vehicle. They are
meant to get a motorist to drive slowly. They are almost always used with a
cautionary sign.
SPEED HUMPS/SPEED BUMPS
Other types of speed control devices include speed humps and speed bumps. A
speed hump is a low ridge that runs across a street and that is designed to slow
down cars. A speed hump is a longer, flatter version of a speed bump, which is
more raised.
ROUNDABOUTS
A roundabout is a one-way, circular intersection in which traffic flows around a
center island. Roundabouts are designed to meet the needs of all road users –
drivers, pedestrians, pedestrians with disabilities, and bicyclists. A roundabout
eliminates some of the conflicting traffic, such as left turns, which cause crashes
at traditional intersections. Because roundabout traffic enters or exits only
through right turns, the occurrence of severe crashes is substantially reduced.

Sharp Turn Ahead
Divided Highway Cattle Crossing
Winding Road Merge Hill Lane Reduction Ahead
Cross Road Railroad School Slippery When Wet
Hospital Person with a Disability Yield Ahead Signal Ahead
Workers Flagman Ahead Detour Road Closed

193 DRIVER SAFETY
Workers Flagman Ahead Detour Road Closed
Stop Left Turn Only No Trucks Multiple Turning Lanes
Do Not Enter No U-Turns No Parking Any Time Do Not Pass
Advisory Ramp Speed Side Road No Passing Zone Stop Sign Ahead
Two-Lane Traffic Road Narrows Road Closed Reserved Parking
U.S. Route Marker State Route Marker Rest Area Stop Here on Red
County Route Marker Exit Marker Mile Marker No Standing Any
Time

U.S. Route Marker State Route Marker Rest Area Stop Here on Red
County Route Marker Exit Marker Mile Marker No Standing Any
Time
No Pedestrians No Turns Left Turn Only Interstate
Left or Straight
Only
Bus/Car Pool Lane One Way Keep Right
Wrong Way Yield No Right Turn Stop for Pedestrians
in Crosswalk

195 DRIVER SAFETY

197 MVC INFORMATIONS HOURS
™™ MVC FACILITIES
With at least one location in each of New Jersey’s 21 counties, the MVC
provides numerous customer services. Driver testing and licensing, vehicle
titling and registration, driver conferences, restoration of driving privileges
and surcharge fee payments are offered at varied sites throughout the state.
Please refer to the following pages and/or www.njmvc.gov for specific
site information.
™™ INSPECTION FACILITIES
There are several types of inspection facilities available to New Jersey motorists.
Central inspection facilities provide services in various locations. These
facilities inspect all types of standard vehicles. Some central inspection
facilities require an appointment. See www.njinspections.com for more
information.
Private inspection facilities are in more than 1,100 locations statewide,
including at gas stations and body repair shops. These facilities will perform
standard vehicle inspections for a fee. For a complete list of MVC-approved
Private inspection facilities, visit www.njinspections.com.

CDL ROAD TESTS
TITLES, LICENSES, REGISTRATIONS,
ABSTRACTS [CERTIFIED, 5-YEAR]
WRITTEN TESTS/VISION TESTS
VEHICLE INSPECTION
BASIC ROAD TEST
SUSPENSION/RESTORATION ASSISTANCE
MOTORCYCLE/MOPED ROAD TESTS
 Specialty Site
 Appointment-only site
 Salvage Titles offered
 Mon-Fri Only. 8 am – 4:30 pm
ATLANTIC COUNTY
Cardiff X X 6725 Black Horse Pike, Harbor Square,
Egg Harbor Twp, NJ 08234
Mays Landing X X X X 1477 19th St, Hamilton Industrial Park,
Mays Landing, NJ 08033
BERGEN COUNTY
Lodi X X X X X X 8 Mill St (off Garibaldi Ave) Lodi, NJ 07644
Oakland X 350 Ramapo Valley Rd, Suite 24, Oakland,
NJ 07436
Paramus X 20 West Century Rd, Paramus, NJ 07652
Wallington X 450 Main Ave, Wallington, NJ 07057

BURLINGTON COUNTY
Medford X 175 Rte 70, Suite 25, Sharp’s Run Plaza,
Medford, NJ 08055
Mount Holly X X 500-555 High Street, Fairgrounds Plaza,
Mount Holly, NJ 08060
Southampton X 1875 Rte 38, Southampton, NJ 08088
CAMDEN COUNTY
Camden X X 2600 Mount Ephraim Ave, Camden, NJ 08104
Cherry Hill X X Executive Campus at Cherry Hill, Bldg #1,
Rte 70, Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
Cherry Hill X X X X 617 Hampton Rd, Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
Runnemede  X 835 East Clements Bridge Rd, Runnemede
Plaza, Runnemede, NJ 08078
Winslow  X 250 Spring Garden Rd, Ancora, NJ 08037
CAPE MAY COUNTY
Cape May Court House  X 6 West Shellbay Ave, Cape May, NJ 08210
Rio Grande X X 1500 Rte 47 South, ShopRite Plaza,
Rio Grande, NJ 08242
Please check www.njmvc.gov for the most up-to-date facilities information.

VEHICLE INSPECTION
BASIC ROAD TEST
CUMBERLAND COUNTY
Millville X 1406 Wheaton Ave, Millville, NJ 08332
Vineland X X 80 Landis Ave, Vineland, NJ 08360
ESSEX COUNTY
East Orange X 183 South 18th Street, Suite B,
East Orange, NJ 07018
Newark X X X X  228 Frelinghuysen Ave, Newark, NJ 07114
GLOUCESTER COUNTY
Deptford X 725 Tanyard Rd, Deptford, NJ 08096
West Deptford X X  215 Crown Point Road (I-195 exit 20),
Thorofare, NJ 08086
Turnersville X 5200 Rte 42 North, Ganttown Plaza,
Turnersville, NJ 08012
CDL ROAD TESTS
 Specialty Site

HUDSON COUNTY
Bayonne X X  Route 440 and 1347 Kennedy Blvd,
Family DollarPlaza, Bayonne, NJ 07002
Jersey City X 438 Summit Ave, Jersey City, NJ 07307
North Bergen  X X 8901 Park Plaza, 90th and Bergenline Ave,
North Bergen, NJ 07407
Secaucus X County Ave and Secaucus Rd, Secaucus,
NJ 07094
HUNTERDON COUNTY
Flemington  X X 181-B Routes 31 202
Ringoes, NJ 08551
MERCER COUNTY
Bakers Basin X X X X X X 3200 Brunswick Pike, Rte 1, Lawrenceville,
NJ 08648
Trenton X  120 South Stockton Street, Trenton,
NJ 08666

VEHICLE INSPECTION
BASIC ROAD TEST
MIDDLESEX COUNTY
Edison X X 45 Kilmer Rd, Edison, NJ 08817
Kilmer X X 33 Kilmer Rd, Edison, NJ 08817
South Brunswick X X 2236 Rte 130 North, Dayton, NJ 08810
South Plainfield X X 698 Oak Tree Ave, South Plainfield, NJ 07080
MONMOUTH COUNTY
Asbury Park  X 1010 Comstock St, Asbury Park, NJ 07712
Eatontown X X X X X X  109 Rte 36, Eatontown, NJ 07724
Freehold X X X 811 Okerson Rd, Freehold, NJ 07728
Hazlet X 1374 Hwy 36, Airport Plaza, Hazlet, NJ
07730
CDL ROAD TESTS
 Specialty Site

MORRIS COUNTY
Randolph X X X X X X 160 Canfield Avenue, Randolph, NJ 07869
OCEAN COUNTY
Lakewood X 1195 Rte 70, Leisure Center, Store 9,
Lakewood, NJ 08701
Lakewood X 1145 Rte 70, Lakewood, NJ 08701
Manahawkin  X 712 East Bay Ave, Manahawkin Plaza,
Manahawkin, NJ 08050
Manahawkin X 220 Recovery Rd, Ocean County Resource
Ctr, Manahawkin, NJ 08050
Miller Air Park X X X Rte 530 and Mule Rd, Berkeley Township,
NJ 08757
Toms River X X 1861 Hooper Ave, Village Square,
Toms River, NJ 08753
PASSAIC COUNTY
Paterson X X  125 Broadway, Suite 201, Paterson, NJ
07505
Wayne X X X X X X 481 Rte 46 West, Wayne, NJ 07470

VEHICLE INSPECTION
BASIC ROAD TEST
CDL ROAD TESTS
 Specialty Site
SALEM COUNTY
Salem  X X The Finlaw Bldg, 199 E Broadway, 1st Floor,
Salem, NJ 08079
Salem  X X X X 185 Woodstown Rd, Salem, NJ 08079
SOMERSET COUNTY
Somerville  X 10 Roosevelt Place, Somerville, NJ 08876
SUSSEX COUNTY
Newton X X 51 Sparta Ave, Newton, NJ 07860
Newton X 90 Moran St, Newton, NJ 07860

UNION COUNTY
Plainfield X 1600 South Second St, Plainfield, NJ 07063
Rahway X X X X X X 1140 Woodbridge Rd and East Hazelwood
Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065
Springfield X 34 Center St, Springfield, NJ 07081
Westfield  X 410 South Ave East, Westfield, NJ 07090
WARREN COUNTY
Washington  X X 404 E Washington Ave, Washington, NJ
07882
Washington  X Rte 31 North, Washington, NJ 07882

™™ MVC CONTACT INFORMATION
BY PHONE:
General customer information
(888) 486-3339 toll-free in New Jersey
(609) 292-6500 out of state
(609) 292-5120 TTY
Customer service representatives are available Monday through
Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. and Saturday, 7:00 a.m. to 12:00
p.m. Detailed recorded information is available after-hours, seven
days a week, including holidays.
License suspensions and restorations
(609) 292-7500
Vehicle inspection information
(888) NJMOTOR (888-656-6867) toll-free in New Jersey
(609) 895-6886 out of state
www.njinspections.com
Customer service representatives are available Monday through
Thursday, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., Friday 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., and
Saturday 8 a.m. to noon.
BY MAIL:
To return passenger registration
renewal applications:
Motor Vehicle Commission
P.O. Box 009
To return commercial registration
renewal applications:
P.O. Box 008

To report changes or corrections to registrations and titles:
Database Correction Unit
P.O. Box 141
To pay a surcharge bill:
NJ-SVS
P.O. Box 4850
To return license plates:
P.O. Box 403
For questions relating to suspensions,
violations and restorations:
P.O. Box 134
For all other MVC inquiries:
P.O. Box 403
ONLINE:
www.njmvc.gov
To register a complaint about a driving school’s performance:
NJ Motor Vehicle Commission
Business License Services Bureau
P.O. Box 170
blsmvc@dot.state.nj.us

No conversation
is worth a ticket
or your life.
Talking on a hand-held phone or texting
while driving is against the law.

www.njmvc.gov
Governor Chris Christie
Lt. Governor Kim Guadagno
Chairman and Chief Administrator Raymond P. Martinez
Chair and Chief Administrator Raymond P. Martinez
R0714
R0613

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