Drivers of Change in the Context of Forests and Food Security and Macro-Level response options
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The document discusses the complex dynamics between forests, land use, and food security, highlighting the interrelated social, political, economic, and environmental drivers affecting this nexus. It emphasizes how these drivers influence food security differently across various contexts, particularly for vulnerable groups like women and children who rely on forest resources. The document calls for innovative responses and co-regulatory approaches to enhance forest protection and improve food and nutrition security while addressing inequalities and local governance challenges.
Drivers of Change in the Context of Forests and Food Security and Macro-Level response options
- 1. New findings on the dynamics between forests, land use and food security Global Landscapes Forum 2 Westin, Lima, 6-7 December 2014 DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF FORESTS AND FOOD SECURITY AND MACRO-LEVEL RESPONSE OPTIONS Henry Neufeldt World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 7 December 2014
- 2. Reliance on forests and tree-based agricultural systems for food security Small-scale subsistence farmers Isolated hunter-gatherer communities No reliance Full reliance Consumers in urban areas Small-scale farmers growing coffee in AF systems
- 3. Social Economic Policy Environment Land use Forest Management Food Security Indirect drivers Direct drivers Chapter 4: Macro-scale drivers at the forest and food security and nutrition nexus Chapter 6: Macro scale response options to support landscape approaches
- 4. Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Social drivers of the forest and food security nexus Conflicts in and around forests Poverty and Inequality Demographic change: Migration, urbanization and agrarian transformation 4.3 Economic drivers affecting forests and food security system Income per capita Absolute and relative food prices Policies Production system changes 4.4 Political drivers affecting forests and food security systems Changing context of forest governance Territorial governance Networked governance 4.5 Environmental drivers Climate change Deforestation and forest transition Invasive species Water supply 4.6 Conclusions
- 5. Chapter 6 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Social and cultural response options Gender responsive roles Dietary choices, education and behavior change Strengthening technology for improved food security Mobilization for forests, food security and justice Urban demand to improve food security and nutrition from forests 6.3 Market relate initiatives and innovations in the governance of food systems The challenges of inclusiveness and sustainability in food supply Global initiatives to support responsible finance and investment Emerging corporate sustainability initiatives “Hybrid” models for inclusiveness and sustainable supply 6.4 Governance responses to enhance forest-food security linkages Tenure and governance responses Decentralization and accountability responses Market regulation responses Access to information, knowledge and technology Inclusive and equitable resource governance Catalyzing governance reform 6.5 Conclusions
- 6. Key messages on drivers A range of drivers (social, political, economic, environmental) interact with each other and influence the role of forests and tree-based systems for food and nutrition. These impacts are differentiated across different locations, actors and time. While interrelated drivers lead to complexity they also provide an opportunity for innovation in relation to responses. Lack of secure tenure may lead to the loss of access of local people (e.g. from industrialisation and commercialisation of forest resources such as plantations) to forests and tree-based systems, undermining their entitlements to a key source of food and nutrition. Inequalities at different levels (inter-generational, gender, developed/developing, and the intersection of these factors) are critical to the forest-food security nexus. Forests and tree-based diets matter most for vulnerable groups who are often at risk of hunger and malnutrition, especially women and children (who are also, often, responsible for the collection of forest- and tree-based foods).
- 7. Key messages on drivers One of the conclusions of this chapter is that generalization of drivers of the forest and food security system remains difficult as they impact differently across locations, actors and time. Drivers impact food security directly by interconnected changes in nutrition but mainly indirectly by changes in land use and management and changes of incomes and livelihoods. Social, political, economic, environmental drivers interact with each other and influence the role of forests and tree-based systems for food and nutrition. These drivers are differentiated across different locations, actors and time. While interrelated drivers lead to complexity they also provide an opportunity for innovation in relation to responses (multifunctionality).
- 8. Key messages on drivers (continued) Industrialization and commercialization of forest resources (eg plantations) can affect tenure and may lead to the loss of access of local people to forests and tree-based systems, undermining their entitlements to a key source of food and nutrition. Demographic factors (population growth; feminization of agriculture; urbanization; migration) affect consumption and production patterns from forest and agricultural systems, with associated impacts for food and nutrition security. Deforestation and forest degradation, combined with climate change, will impact directly and indirectly on the availability of food from forests and tree-based systems. Inequalities at different levels (inter-generational, gender, developed/developing, and the intersection of these factors) are critical to the forest-food security nexus and affect food security and nutrition of vulnerable groups, especially women and children, most.
- 9. Key messages on response options Co-regulatory approaches (private/public) provide opportunities to improve forest protection and food and nutrition security if they focus on the needs of smallholders, family farmers and vulnerable groups (especially women and children). A combination of regulatory frameworks and effective local governance can create conditions which strengthen equitable rights of local communities over forests and tree-based systems for direct and indirect food and nutritional needs. There are tangible and practical opportunities for improving the livelihoods of communities and food and nutrition security, using strategies that are sensitive to the dynamics of social and cultural factors (eg education; traditions; consumer pressure) that determine the conservation and management of forests and tree-based systems. There is a systematic lack of knowledge at all levels of the interface between forests and tree-based systems and their roles in food and nutrition security.
- 10. Thanks for a future
- 11. Chapter 4: Conclusions Armed conflicts in forest landscapes can lead to exploitation, undermine conservation issues and detach households from forest and food, but can lead as well to (illegal) opportunities for consumption Formalization of tenure rights on the one hand can foster benefit sharing amongst those living in and with the forest; on the other hand it can contribute to increased vulnerability and reduce food security Structural gender imbalances lead to the prioritization of commercial/timber products over food, fodder and fuel wood which can have consequences on food security and nutrition Forest transitions resulting from carbon and market-based reforestation threatens local livelihoods through curtailed access and changes in forest composition and structure Climate change will impact forest foods directly through its effect on plant and animal species distributions, dispersal and abundance, and through synergistic impacts on plant and forest health
- 12. Chapter 4: Conclusions The forest and food security system is determined by developments in the environmental and human system and in particular by the interrelations of these systems. The challenge is to maintain the balance between these systems to secure food security and at the same time ensure the sustainability of forests. This chapter identified a variety of partly interconnected, partly conflicting social, economic, policy and environmental drivers affecting the forest and food security system. These drivers have consequential impacts on forests and food/nutrition. Drivers impact food security directly by interconnected changes in nutrition but mainly indirectly by changes in land use and management and changes of incomes and livelihoods. One of the conclusions of this chapter is that generalization of drivers of the forest and food security system remains difficult as they impact differently across locations, actors and time.
- 13. Chapter 6: Conclusions Co-regulatory approaches between public and private sector actors and voluntary sustainability standards can markedly improve forest protection and food and nutritional security if smallholders and family farmers are actively included in the articulation and development of inclusive value chains. More needs to be done to strengthen equitable rights of local communities over forest and tree resources for direct and indirect food and nutritional benefits through crafting an effective local governance and enabling regulatory frameworks, while also creating conducive policy environments for the generation and application of transformative knowledge that catalyse food security orientated innovations in the management of forest and tree resources.
- 14. Social Economic Policy Environment Land use Forest Management Food Security Indirect drivers Direct drivers Drivers of the forest – food security and nutrition nexus