Dynamic Shaping Method using SDN And NFV Paradigms

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.2, March 2021
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2021.13201 1
DYNAMIC SHAPING METHOD USING
SDN AND NFV PARADIGMS
Shin-ichi Kuribayashi
Department of Computer and Information Science, Seikei University, Japan
ABSTRACT
Traffic shaping controls communication traffic flow to prevent a specified communication rate from being
exceeded. In conventional networks, the traffic shaping device is implemented at a predetermined location
and only a communication flow passing through the device is targeted. If the traffic can be shaped
dynamically on any selected communication flows at the optimal point only when necessary, it could use
network bandwidths and packet relay processing capacity more efficiently and flexibly.
This paper proposes a dynamic shaping method using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network
Functions Virtualization (NFV) paradigms, which selects the optimal communication flows to be shaped,
and the optimal shaping points dynamically. This paper also presented system configuration and functions
for the proposed dynamic shaping, and the method to simplify the process of collecting the traffic data of
each communication flow by SDN controller.
KEYWORDS
Traffic shaping, SDN, NFV.
1. INTRODUCTION
Traffic shaping (hereafter “shaping”) is a form of bandwidth control. It controls communication
traffic flow to prevent a specified communication rate from being exceeded. Any data that exceed
the specified rate are stored in the communication device concerned and sent when the link
concerned has spare capacity. It smooths a burst packet flow to produce a packet flow that is
within the specified rate. The most common conventional way of shaping is to place-shaping
devices in advance at predetermined points. These devices smooth out traffic according to a
control policy specified for each application type or traffic type [1]-[3]. In most cases, traffic
shaping is implemented in each network and only at points where there is regular traffic
congestion, and only a communication flow passing through the device is targeted. Therefore, it
has been difficult to apply shaping dynamically when and where it is necessary. If traffic can be
shaped dynamically on any selected communication flows at optimal points only when necessary,
it will be possible to use network bandwidths and packet relay processing capacity more
efficiently.
This paper proposes a dynamic shaping method using Software Defined Networking (SDN)
[11][12] and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) [13]-[16] paradigms, which selects the
optimal communication flows to be shaped and the optimal shaping points dynamically. This

2
could make network resources much more economically available than conventional networks.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains related works. Section 3
proposes a dynamic shaping method using SDN and NFV paradigms, which selects the optimal
communication flows to be shaped and the optimal shaping points dynamically. Section 4
presents a system configuration for automating the proposed dynamic shaping. Section 5
confirms the operation of the proposed dynamic shaping with the evaluation system. Section 6
proposes the method to simplify the process of collecting the traffic data of each communication
flow by the SDN controller, which is the key function for the proposed shaping method. Finally,
Section 7 presents the conclusions. This paper is an extension of the study in Reference [19].
2. RELATED WORK
Reference [5] presents a comprehensive survey on the ON/OFF traffic shaping in the current
Internet and summarizes the impacts of ON/OFF traffic on packet drop probability, real-time
applications, and its interaction with TCP's congestion control mechanism. Reference [6]
overviews the features of Asynchronous Traffic Shaping (ATS) discussed in IEEE. Reference [7]
proposes algorithms that allow flattening the utilization profile of network resources by
optimizing network resources. Reference [8] proposes a QoE-aware traffic shaping method that is
based on two QoE maximization metrics. A key benefit of this approach is that it calculates the
optimal shaping rate to help clients to adjust its request for the subsequent segment quality level.
Reference [9] compares the effect of traffic shaping and traffic policing on aggregate traffic
dynamics especially stochastic properties on traffic time series. Reference [10] proposes a
framework of traffic shaping in which the shaping filters are designed to interwork with statistical
multiplexers that use FIFO buffers. Reference [4] explores a software-controlled architecture to
implement a hierarchical control and management framework for QoS provisioning at network
cores and proposes an optimization followed by a two-dimensional queue management policy,
called Hierarchical Two Dimension Queuing (H2DQ).
In most of the above studies, traffic shaping is implemented in each network only at points where
there is regular traffic congestion and the pre-deployed traffic shaper device, and only a
communication flow passing through the device is targeted. Therefore, it has been difficult to
apply shaping dynamically when and where it is necessary. For example, if a receiving link
between network C and the terminal at the receiving side in Figure 1 is congested, the shaping
has been implemented at the receiving side of Network C as Figure 1<1>. The bandwidth and
the packet relay processing capacity of the networks A, B, and C related to the communication
flow will be wasted.

3
3. PROPOSED DYNAMIC TRAFFIC SHAPING METHOD
3.1. Overview of Dynamic Traffic Shaping Method
The proposed dynamic shaping method is implemented with SDN- and NFV-based networks. It
does not need to place-shaping functions at predetermined points in advance, as is the case
conventionally. Instead, it detects the link congestion and dynamically selects communication
flows to be shaped and the shaping points that are both optimal for resolving the congestion. It
also places virtual shaping functions at the selected points and makes the selected communication
flows pass through these points.
In the example of Figure 1, the shaping will be performed at the transmission side as in Figure 1
<2>. This can avoid wasteful use of network bandwidth and packet relay processing capacity,
and consequently, can reduce the network cost.
Conventionally, it has been common to shape traffic not only for each link, but also for each
application type and for each traffic type. If the shaping is to be applied to each application type
in the conventional method, for example, the one that results in the greatest reduction in wasteful
use of network bandwidth and packet relay processing capacity is selected. This paper discusses
cases where traffic is shaped for each link but the same discussion applies to cases where traffic
is shaped for each application type or for each traffic type.
Figure 1. Example of network cost reduction effect by shaping location
<1> Shaping near congested link (at the receiving side)
<2> Shaping at the transmission
side
Terminal at
transmission side
受信側端末
送信側端末受信側端末
回線帯域コ
スト
中継処理コ
スト
pps：
packets/sec
L：
packet length [bits]
Terminal at
receiving side
Network A Network B Network C
Shaping
Function
Congested
Terminal at
transmission side Shaping
Function
Packet relay
Processing
Terminal at
receiving side
Reducing
resource
Network
bandwidth
Packet
relay
processing
capacity
Network A Network B Network C
Congested

4
If the dynamic traffic shaping is to be implemented in a conventional network, it would be
necessary to introduce a system dedicated to measuring the traffic of each communication flow. If
the traffic is shaped at optimal points, it would be necessary to place-shaping functions
economically at all the points where communication flows pass through. However, the
implementation of the above-mentioned functions is not economical. This paper proposes to take
advantage of the features of the SDN and NFV, as shown in Figure 2. Specifically, SDN features
make it possible as a basic function to measure the traffic data of each communication flow.
Since the SDN controller keeps track of the route of each communication flow as a basic function,
it is also possible to specify the route of each communication flow and perform shaping at an
appropriate point. In addition, NFV features make it possible to place a shaping function of any
capacity (even with a small capacity) at any point more economically than before. Additionally,
by automating the dynamic shaping method, shaping can be performed quickly and maintenance
operations can be significantly reduced.
(1) Traffic data can be measured for each communication flow as a
basic function, making it easy to select the communication flow to
be shaped.
(2)The route for each communication flow can be grasped as a
basic function, making it easy to select the optimal shaping location.
Shaping
Function
Terminal
Network
A
Network
B
Network
C
Congested
Server
SDN
Controller
(3) Virtual shaping function
can be deployed anywhere
more economically than
ever (even with small
capacity)
Equipment
management
System
Figure 2. Features of SDN and NFV suitable for the proposed dynamic shaping

5
3.2. Issues in Implementing The Proposed Dynamic Shaping Method
1) Trigger for shaping
It is assumed in this paper that a link is congested and shaping is executed if the link’s average
usage rate exceeds Pmax (e.g., 0.7). This also could apply to cases where shaping is executed for
each application type or for each traffic type, as mentioned in Section 3.1.
2) Selection of shaping points
Shaping at a point near the transmission side can reduce more network bandwidth and packet
relay processing capacity than shaping at the congested point. Therefore, it is proposed to create a
virtual shaping function with NFV features dynamically at a point near the transmission side
when necessary, and the SDN controller changes the route so that the communications flow to be
shaped will pass through that point.
3) Selection of the communication flow to be shaped
It is not efficient to shape all the communication flows that pass through the congested link. It is
proposed to select the communication flow to be shaped as follows:
<Step 1> Among all the communication flows that pass through a link that is congested and
requires traffic shaping, up to N (e.g., 10) fastest communication flows are selected as candidates
for shaping.
<Step 2> As stated in 2), shaping at the transmission side can reduce the network bandwidth by
L*V, where L is the link length between the transmission side and the congested link, and V is
communication speed. As it is not easy to estimate the link length, it is proposed to use the
number of hops (H), instead. The term x1 calculated by (1) is the reduced network bandwidth:
x1 = communication speed (V) × number of hops (H) (1)
Similarly, x2 calculated by (2) is the reduced number of packets to be relayed:
x2 = communication speed (V) ×number of hops (H) / packet length (P) (2)
Here, the packet length P is considered for the following reason. That is, even at the same
communication speed, the shorter the packet length, the larger the number of packets to be
relayed.
Finally, the communication flow with the largest x3 value calculated by (3) is selected to be
shaped:
x3 = x1 * Cb + x2 * Cp (3)
where Cb and Cp are cost-coefficients which are used to calculate the cost of two different units
at the same level.
For example, Flow b in Figure 3 is subject to shaping as it has the largest x3value.

6
4) Determination of shaping rate
It is desirable that the shaping rate that will resolve the congestion is selected. However, to
guarantee a certain degree of quality of service, it is reasonable to limit the shaping rate so that
the communication rate after shaping does not go below half of the original communication rate
of each flow. If the congestion cannot be resolved by shaping the first flow with the largest x3
value, the flow with the next largest x3 value will be subject to shaping. This is continued until
the congestion is resolved.
4. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTIONS FOR THE PROPOSED
DYNAMIC SHAPING
To execute the proposed dynamic shaping automatically, ‘the management orchestration’ is
introduced in addition to the existing SDN controller and the equipment management system,
which tries to minimize further additions to the existing system. The configuration of the system
is illustrated in Figure 4. Terminals a, b and c communicate with the server individually. Their
respective communication flows are called Flows a, b, and c. In this example, the link from the
OpenFlow switch to the server is congested.
The management orchestration manages and executes the control scenario for dynamic shaping.
Specifically, it observes the entire situation and executes the necessary processes. When it detects
a congested link, the management orchestration instructs the SDN controller to collect data on the
communication rate, the number of hops, and packet length for communication flows that pass
through the congested link. The SDN controller gets these items of data from the OpenFlow
Switch. However, if data on a large number of communication flows are to be collected, the
performance of both the OpenFlow Switch and
Figure 3. Example of selection of communication flow to be shaped
Terminal a
Terminal b
Flow a
Flow b
Congested
Server
Hb=2
Vb=4Mbps
Pb=Pa*3
Pa=8000bit
Va=1Mbps
Ha,Hb: number of hops, Pa, Pb: packet length; Va, Vb: communication speed
Cp=3000*Cb

7
Figure 5. Cooperation methodfrom selection of shaping function to route switching
端末aの収容ネットワーク識別子と
収容エリア情報
Management orchestration
γ：shaping rate
SDN controller
Information
identifying flow a
Transfer switch
Information
Route switching
instruction
Transfer information
required to shape
flow a
Network identifier and
accommodation area
information for flow a
Matching rule information
for flow a (IPa, IPx)
Terminal a
Server
(Shaping function)
Setting
completed
Equipment management
system
Select Shap1 with
α and β
Instructs the necessary
preparation for shaping
Switch i,
Port j
Add, change, or delete
a flow entry
δ、ε:Number of
switches which
connects Shap1
Figure 4. Proposed system configuration that automatesdynamic shaping
OpenFlow
Switch
Area 1 Terminal a
Terminal b
Terminal c
Flow c
Flow b
Congested
Server
Equipment
management
system
Management orchestration
SDN controller
Flow a
Shapingfunction
Network I
Network III
Network II
Traffic data
*OpenFlow protocol applied between OpenFlowcontrollerand switchis required to be modified for the proposed system.
Flow b
Flow a
Flow c

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the SDN controller degrades dramatically. To avoid this, the OpenFlow Switch monitors the
traffic counter of each communication flow and notifies the SDN controller, in advance, of the
communication flows whose traffic counters exceed a certain threshold. The SDN controller
requests the OpenFlow Switch to send traffic data of only these communication flows.
Since the SDN controller knows the route in the network of each flow in advance, it sends the
numbers of hops of these communication flows to the management orchestration. Based on the
collected data, the management orchestration instructs the equipment management system to set
the shaping control parameter and to provide information about the positions of shaping functions.
It also instructs the SDN controller to change the route (route switching) so that the
communication flows subject to shaping will pass through the specified shaping functions. The
main functions that the management orchestration should have, as stated above, are summarized
in Table 1.
The cooperation method from the selection of shaping function to route switching is illustrated in
Figure 5, in which the number enclosed in squares indicates the process number.
- Process 1: The management orchestration instructs the equipment management system to select
the optimal shaping points and to set shaping control parameters. It specifies the identifier of the
network to which shaping is applied and information about the area, (α), where the terminal
concerned is located, information about the matching rule [2], (β), of Flow a, which is subject to
shaping, and the shaping rate (γ).
- Process 2: The equipment management system selects the optimal shaping point (Shap1 in this
example) based on α, β, and the usage status of the shaping points.
- Process 3: After setting the shaping control parameters, the shaping function of the shaping
point notifies the equipment management system of the completion of the parameter setting.
- Process 4: The equipment management system transfers the switch number (δ) of the switch to
which the selected shaping point is connected and the switch port number (ε) to the management
orchestration.
- Process 5: The management orchestration notifies the SDN controller of γ, δ, and ε, and
instructs it to change the route so that Flow a will pass through the selected shaping point.
- Process 6: The SDN controller rewrites the flow entry of the OpenFlow switch concerned based
on δ and ε to change the route so that Flow a will pass through the shaping point. When shaping
becomes no longer necessary, an instruction of the reverse operations is issued.

9
5. CONFIRMATION OF THE OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED DYNAMIC
SHAPING
5.1. Design and Construction of an Evaluation System
Since the main aim of the evaluation is to confirm the operation of the management orchestration
function, we implemented the SDN controller, the OpenFlow switch, and the equipment
management system using substitute devices (Software router VyOS [17]). The evaluation tool
(C#-based software program) was designed and constructed to implement the management
orchestration functions proposed in Section 4. An example of the evaluation system is shown in
Figure 6. It consisted of four VyOS nodes, three terminals, one control terminal, and one server.
Terminals a, b, and c individually communicated with the server. It is assumed that the link from
node 4 to the server will be congested. The shaping function was implemented using the VyOS
function, not dedicated functions.
5.2. Results and Evaluation
The operation of the dynamic shaping was confirmed under the following conditions:
- Maximum bandwidth between Node 4 and the server: 20Mbps
- Pmax: 0.7; Va: 2Mbps, Vb: 7Mbps, Vc: 8Mbps
- Pa: 5000 bytes, Pb: 3000 bytes, Pc: 500 bytes; Cp = 3000 * Cb
As the ratio of x3 value of flow a, x3 value of flow b, and x3 value of flow c is 6.5 : 11.8: 9.3,
flow b with the largest x3 value among three flows is selected as the communication flow to be
shaped in this example. In order to eliminate congestion, it is necessary to reduce the total
communication speed from 17 Mbps to 14 Mbps (=20Mbps*Pmax), and therefore the shaping
rate of flow b will be 4Mbps. Figure 7 shows changes in the measured speed from Node 4 to the
server. As had been expected, the speed of Flow b was reduced to 4 Mbps.

10
Terminal, server: Windows 10Pro (64-bit) laptop; Node: VyOS (1.1.4) desktop PC
Va,Vb,Vc: communication speed; Pa, Pb, Pc: packet length
Figure 6. Example of evaluation system
Figure 7. Measured speed from Node 4 to server in Figure 6
Flow c
Flow a
Flow b
Vc:8Mbps
Va:2Mbps
4Mbps
Vb:7M
bps

11
6. METHOD TO SIMPLIFY THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING THE TRAFFIC
DATA OF EACH COMMUNICATION FLOW BY SDN CONTROLLER
6.1. Basic Concept and Overview
The dynamic shaping method proposed in Section 4 requires the SDN controller to continuously
collect traffic data at regular intervals for each communication flow, which is the key function for
the proposed dynamic shaping method. As a result, the load on the SDN controller becomes very
large and the performance of the SDN controller degrades dramatically. To avoid this
performance degradation, the following policies can be considered:
<Policy 1>Reduce the number of communication flows for speed measurement.
For example, one method is to measure the speed continuously only for the communication
flow with a higher speed measured after the start of communication. Another method is that
OpenFlow Switch notifies the SDN controller of the communication flow in which its traffic
counter value is greater than a certain value in advance, and the SDN controller queries the
OpenFlow switch for only the traffic data of the notified communication flows.
<Policy 2>Speed measurement for communication flows after when the congestion is detected
Instead of constantly monitoring the speed of all communication flows, the speed of
communication flows passing through the congestion link is measured after the congestion is
detected.
<Policy 3>Increase the speed measurement interval for each communication flow.
<Policy 4> Stop the traffic data inquiry processing itself at the SDN controller.
The switch side periodically collects traffic data of communication flows to be monitored and
estimates the communication speed (no inquiry from the SDN controller). Then, only when the
speed has increased or decreased significantly compared to the previous cycle, the speed change
is reported to the SDN controller. This is similar to the trap function of Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) [18], and the SDN controller instructs the switch in advance of
the communication flow to be monitored.
In this paper, we propose a method based on the approach of policy 4, in order not to reduce
measurement accuracy.
6.2. Extension of Openflow Specification
To implement the method proposed in Section 6.1, the following extensions to OpenFlow
specification [11] are required:
(1) Add the following new fields to the Meter Modification message.
-Communication flow ID to be monitored
-Communication speed measurement cycle
-Degree of changes in communication speed and the packet length (Z0s, Z0p)
* SDN controller is notified only when these are exceeded.
(2) In order to notify the SDN controller from the switch side, a “Report message” including the
following fields is newly established.
-Communication flow ID
-Communication speed and packet length

12
6.3. Message Sequence of Proposed Method
Figure 8 shows an example of the message sequence of the proposed method based on Sections
6.1 and 6.2. A broken line indicates a message which is used in the conventional method but
becomes unnecessary this time, and a dashed line indicates a message which is added this time.
1) The SDN controller sends the switch a Meter Modification message containing the fields
described in Section 6.1.
2) Unlike the conventional method, periodic exchange of the Flow_Stats multipart Request
message, which is a request for statistical information for each communication flow, and the
Reply message, which is a response to the request, is unnecessary. If the number of monitored
flows is F for N times until the communication speed is notified, F*N messages processing could
be eliminated in the entire SDN controller, and the processing load is greatly reduced.
Modify Flow Entry Message
（
Flow setting）
Meter Modification Message
Flow_Stats Multipart Request Message
Reply Message
Reply Message
Reply Message
Figure 8. Message sequence of the proposed dynamic traffic shaping
OpenFlow
Switch
SDN
Controller
（
Flow statistics request）
（
（
（
Flow statistics）
（
Flow statistics）
（
Flow statistics）
Reading of statistic,
Speed calculation
Meter setting
Flow entry
setting
Speed calculation
Speed calculation
‘Speed change
exceeds
specified value’
1
2
N
Report Message
（
Notification of ‘speed change’）

13
7. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has proposed a dynamic shaping method using SDN and NFV paradigms. This
method can select the optimal communication flows to be shaped and the optimal shaping points
dynamically. This method can also avoid a many number of wasteful uses of network bandwidth
and packet relay processing capacity as compared with the conventional method, and
consequently, can significantly reduce the network cost. It has also presented a system
configuration for automating the proposed dynamic shaping and the method to simplify the
process of collecting the traffic data of each communication flow by SDN controller. The
feasibility of the proposed method has been confirmed by an evaluation system.
It is required to evaluate the proposed dynamic shaping method experimentally in terms of
resource utilization and stability comparing with the existing methods. It is also required to study
how multiple SDN controllers and multiple equipment management systems collaborate.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Mr. Syunsuke SUZUKI for his help with the evaluation.
REFERENCES
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2020.08.13
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shaping in the internet,” 2011 Third International Conference on Communication Systems and
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[4] S. Bhaumik and S. Chakraborty, “Hierarchical Two Dimensional Queuing: A Scalable Approach
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Challenges, and Solutions,” IEEE Networks, Vol.31, Issue 2, pp.48-57, 2017.
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Switched Ethernet Networks,” NetSys2019.
[7] A. M. Aladwani, A. Gawanmeh, and S. Nicolas, “Traffic Shaping and Delay Optimization in
Demand Side Management,” 2013 UKsim 15th
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AUTHOR
Shin-ichi Kuribayashi received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees from Tohoku
University, Japan, in 1978, 1980, and 1988 respectively. He joined NTT Electrical
Communications Labs in 1980. He has been engaged in the design and development of
DDX and ISDN packet switching, ATM, PHS, and IMT 2000, and IP-VPN systems. He
researched distributed communication systems at Stanford University from December
1988 through December 1989. He participated in international standardization on ATM
signaling and IMT2000 signaling protocols at ITU-T SG11 from 1990 through 2000.
Since April 2004, he has been a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Seikei University. His research interests include resource management for NFV
and SDN-based networks, QoS control, traffic control for cloud computing environments, IoT traffic
management and, green network. He is a member of IEEE and IEICE.

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