Dynamics of Motivation strategies for Knowledgeworker

Siva Subramanian N et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 2) November 2015, pp.10-16
www.ijera.com 10 | P a g e
Dynamics of Motivation strategies for Knowledgeworker
Siva Subramanian N*, Dr. Selvarani A**, Dr Syed Aktharshah U***, Prof.
Sheik Mohamed M****
*Research Scholar (Part Time), Jamal Institute Of Management, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan
University., Tiruchirappalli 620020, India
** Associate Professor, Jamal Institute Of Management, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan University.,
Tiruchirappalli 620020, India
*** Associate Professor, Jamal Institute Of Management, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan University.,
**** Professor, Jamal Institute Of Management, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan University.,
Abstract
The article is a study and analysis paper attempting to evaluate a strategy to motivate knowledge worker as a
part of improving the performance of an organisation as well as Knowledge Management (KM) activities). To
establish a good knowledge management system in a firm, human resources are vital tool. The productivity of
the firm and to remain competitive in the field, human resources are fore most important. The challenge lies
with the conversion of tacit knowledge residing in the human resources has to be brought out in code able form
by means of training, documents, lecture etc.
As a human resource development activities, the knowledge worker has to be picked up based on the
performance as desired by the firm. Subsequently to retain the knowledge level and further growth of the firm,
proper training, sharing of the knowledge, motivating the knowledge workers by different techniques to
felicitate knowledge management activities are essential. Different motivational methods applicable for different
knowledge level workers are brought out. The dynamics of the motivational strategies for knowledge workers
depending upon the organisational culture and human behavioral aspects are brought out.
Key words: explicit and tacit knowledge, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, organisational culture, knowledge
management, transactive memory
I. Introduction
Knowledge workers are a special kind of asset of
an organisation because they increase in value with
time, especially when improvements and
developments are made. Organisational policy and
reward systems must, therefore, reinforce and support
these learning behaviors together with professional
enrichment programs. The future of an organization
is dependent on establishing well defined Human
Resource activities like good recruiting, career
planning and placement policies. In particular, there
is a need for improved management understanding of
the concept of career planning in the field of
professional enrichment and growth of engineers.
For improving the knowledge updating and
motivation of knowledge workers, several strategies
can be pursued. These include continuing education,
retraining, sabbatical leaves, rotation programs, job
transfers, and redesign. It is effective methods for the
motivation and technical enrichment of senior
knowledge workers, as their productivity and
innovativeness tend towards slower due to the
repeated nature of job over a period of time.
Management has to design an organization that
ease and enhance knowledge creation. Muganda-
Ochara et al, (2008) argue that it has to be a top-
down approach, while Ray (2008) points out that,
securing senior management commitment is basic
requirement. The management needs to develop the
KM strategy with focus on achieving the business
strategy. A company needs to create a culture of
knowledge sharing and continuous improvement.
Changes in organizational culture are necessary for
instituting knowledge management (Bhatt, 2001).
Another factor in implementing KM is to develop the
right incentives and rewards to encourage employees
to share and contribute to the knowledge base.
Reward and incentives should be available for
individuals who contribute to and use a shared
knowledge base (Lee and Yang, 2000). The reward
system should clearly state expectations from each
employee and the benefits of knowledge sharing.The
firms have to react increasingly faster to keep their
competitive edge. They are becoming aware of the
fact that competencies often rely on individuals or on
tacit knowledge special to the company. They are
concerned about the loss of skills caused by
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

reengineering and the extreme mobility of their
personnel within the company as well as getting out
of the firm. For all these reasons, companies are
striving to motivate their employees to stay with the
firm. They are guaranteeing employees career growth
with increased pay. The firms are rolling out training
courses and developing professionalism
An organization cannot be viable in the long run
unless its individuals are active in creating, sharing,
and applying their task with relevant knowledge
.Normally the growth of an organization reaches a
peak in a short time because of the ability of
knowledge resource acquisition, sharing, pooling and
better management system, but they don’t sustain
their growth. Later due to lack of knowledge
retention, depletion of knowledge workers and
ineffective conversion of tacit knowledge into a
documentable nature, the organization’s growth start
declining. The different methods of KM techniques
keep the sustainability of the organization and
prosper further.
An attempt is made in this article to study,
analyze motivational strategies followed towards the
growth of an organisation.Different methods to
motivate a category of knowledge workers like
engineer, technologist, scientific development based
worker, service oriented workers are explained. The
study will throw light in the area of human resource
development of knowledge workers and help to
enhance the knowledge management activitiesand
growth of the organisation.
II. Managerial & Super visorypolicies
Knowledge management facilitates developing
competencies required in the innovation process (Du
Plessis, 2007). Knowledge management practices
influence innovation and Kianto (2011) established a
correlation between knowledge management
activities and continuous innovation. Knowledge,
according to Lee and Yang (2000), is a foremost
resource of innovation and creativeness in the
organization. KM is a strategy that modern day
companies need to embrace and adopt because it has
great potential.Knowledge management efforts
typically focus on organisational objectives such as
improved performance, competitive advantage,
innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration
and continuous improvement of the organization
.Knowledge management prevents staff from
constantly reinventing the wheel, provides a baseline
for progressive measurement, reduces the burden on
expert attrition, makes visual thinking tangible, and
manages effectively large volumes of information to
help employees serve better and faster, increasing
company benefits, increasing efficiency, productivity
and work smarter, improving innovation, reducing
loss of know-how by capturing explicit and tacit
knowledge.
Preserving a company’s skills and expertise,
acquiring and disseminating knowledge, improving
knowledge use to improve production – knowledge
management (KM) is the management of the
company’s individual and collective knowledge.
Companies are becoming aware of the fact that
knowledge is a resource requiring explicit
management method. If the knowledge is to be
processed efficiently, storing knowledge,
communicating, forging links and synergy between
each individual’s knowledge, and generating new
collective knowledge are essential.While,
Sandhawalia and Dalcher (2011), argues that
organizations should develop KM capabilities into a
state where its practices are institutionalized and
rooted into its business processes. Institutionalization
of knowledge management means having
organizational practices and technological
infrastructure that make possible continuous
knowledge creation and use to create and sustain
competitive advantage
A major antecedent of disillusionment and
disappointment for engineers is that current
management practices and policies do not incorporate
an adequate understanding of their needs and
expectations as professionals.Engineers are motivated
by more challenging assignments, while scientists are
motivated by greater freedom.Reward systems
emphasizing such factors as status, advancement to
managerial positions, and authority and influence
within the company structure are those most
appropriate for engineers.The employee's status,
satisfaction, and productivity are in turn greatly
influenced by opportunities for participation and
involvement in managerial and technical decision
making.
There is a significant need for management
methods and practices to be designed with better
understanding of the differences in work orientations
and expectations between engineers, as knowledge
workers, and other technical skilled workers.
2.1Knowledge sharing &worker retention
Traditionally, organizations retain only those
people who add value to the organization through
their experience, expertise and knowledge. But, in the
present scenario, it does not suffice if people possess
knowledge, but need to share them with the others in
the organization. This shared knowledge is stored in a
central repository accessible to all. Organization,
only encourage and retain those people who are
willing to share knowledge and work towards the
holistic improvement of the organization and just not
solve problems localized around his personal
expertise. The exit of a key person without proper
documentation and codification of his/her knowledge
would result in a loss for the organization, since this
would require re-inventing the wheel and going

through the process of knowledge creation all over
again. Hence proper documentation in the form of
code is very much essentialknowledge retention as
embedding knowledge into some type of a long-term
repository. Other views on knowledge retention
consider codifying knowledge from organizational
members, or from external sources, that can be
retrieved when called upon (Alavi&Leidner,
2001).Knowledge sharing depends on the habit and
willingness of the knowledge worker to seek out
and/or be receptive to these knowledge sources
For explicit knowledge sharing, seven points
have been identified that KM must consider, these
are: articulation, awareness, access, guidance,
completeness. IT has been identified as a key
component of this type of knowledge sharing,
facilitating and lowering the cost of the storage,
access, retrieval, and variety of explicit knowledge
Tacit knowledge sharing depends on socialization
and practice. KM must offer the means for this to
take place by providing the right forums supporting
networks and communities, and accepting
unstructured work environments. Embedded
knowledge sharing is a process whereby embedded
knowledge is passed on from one product, routine, or
process to another.
One form of knowledge retention in a team
setting is a transactive memory system. In a
transactive memory system, individual knowledge is
shared with other team members, which can be
retained, shared and recalled collectively. Individual
knowledge is embedded into the collective
knowledge of the team through a transactive memory
system, providing a repository of knowledge for team
members. Transactive memory explains the
phenomena where shared experiences lead groups of
people to encode, store, and retrieve information
collectively (Liang et al., 1995). Stasser, Vaughan,
and Stewart (2000) described transactive memory
system as a way to coordinate team members’
information search, storage, and retrieval efforts, in
which an individual team member’s recall is
supported by their experiences with other team
members. By incorporating a transactive memory
system to teams in the workplace, teams who were
trained together recalled more information compared
to being trained individually. By training the team
together it was believed that teams had the time to
develop transactive memory systems, thus improving
their information storage and providing better
knowledge sharing
2.2Human Behavioral factors:
Rousseau’s psychological contract theory is
based on the premise that beyond the formal contract
between employer and employee, there are
psychological contracts. These contracts represent the
beliefs, perceptions and informal obligations that
unite the two parties. They also include a mutual
appreciation of their respective intrinsic motivation.
Formal contracts only generally define the
responsibilities of the firm and its’ participants
(Psychological contracts, Wikipedia). If somehow the
psychological contract between the employer and
employee is broken, the relationship will become
more formal and based on extrinsic motivations
(Osterloh& Frey, 2000).The perception that an
employee is dishonest, inequitable or immoral may
be one reason why psychological contracts are
broken.Rousseau, intrinsic motivation is therefore
closely linked to the psychological contracts existing
in the organization
The following factors were the greatest de
motivating factors in an organisation (1)Missing top
management support,(2) Personal conflicts between
team member3).Inequity in reward system,(4)
Schedule conflict,(5)Inadequate understanding of
workers expectation(6)failure to differentiate
between technical &nontechnical staff and (7)lack of
task intrinsic motivation(8) Inadequate managerial
competence &knowledge in the field.
III. Motivation strategies
Motivation can be viewed as intrinsic or
extrinsic. Work motivation has traditionally been
classified as either intrinsic (or having its source
within the individual) or extrinsic (the source is
external, such as salary or bonuses)In sharp, the
former is a desire to do something because one finds
it interesting, whereas the latter is a desire to do
something because of some anticipated rewards not
related to the activity. Research indicates that an
inclusive leadership or management style is
conducive to intrinsic motivation whereas an
exclusive approach (coercive or authoritarian) relies
on extrinsic motivation.
In the context of KM, an employee may be
motivated by the bonusthat comes with the successful
completion of learning objectives, or by avoiding
coercive measuresassociated with not participating.
Or, on the other hand, an employee may be motivated
by the idea ofhelping colleagues by sharing his or her
experience.Intrinsic motivation at work has
advantages and disadvantages: Curiosity, which often
leads to creativity and learning, is clearly linked to it.
Intrinsically motivated employees are often the ones
which will actively search for information, approach
situations in a novel way, and be able to solve more
complex problems. For the employer, there is also
less effort requiredto discipline or reinforce these
employees (Frey, 1997).
A reward system is the deliberate use of financial
resources in a process designed to encourage people
to put effort in line with organizational objectives. A
recognition system, on the other hand, generally is
intended to emphasize the organization’s appreciation

for employees that have achieved a high level of
accomplishment or competence according to criteria
that may diverge frompredefined objectives.
Nonfinancial prizes, mentioning good actions,
thanking employees, are examples of organizational
recognition. Recognition systems therefore can be
independent of results and celebrate individual
accomplishments, efforts, learning or commitment
(Milne, 2007).
As explained earlier,rewards can either be
extrinsic or intrinsic, material (financial and
nonfinancial) or moral. Extrinsic rewards that are
financial can be directly included into the pay system.
They have the advantage of being variable, easy to
control, and universal (Semar, 2004). However, they
have the downside of being easily forgotten, as they
can be viewed as being part of regular wages and not
necessarily related to certain behaviors. Extrinsic
rewards may also be nonfinancial, such as gift
certificates, a variety of desired objects or trips. For
an equal investment, these rewards have the
advantage of maintaining their motivating effect for
much longer than their financial counterparts.
Extrinsic rewards may also be nonmaterial.
Semar proposes six characteristics for this type of
rewards:They may be related to a career plan, the
organizational culture, personal environment,
leadership, work environment and qualifications
(Semar, 2004). They generally take the form of
opportunities provided by the organization such as
promotions, training, flexible work schedule, etc.
These rewards are often contingent on a particular
situation, the perception of individuals, and are more
difficult to control.
Intrinsic rewards do not systematically induce
intrinsic motivation. Employees may not be
motivated bythe task itself, but be morally satisfied
that the task is done. For instance, if an individual’s
actions areconsidered morally good, then he or she
can expect recognition and admiration from
colleagues. In the context of a KM, an employee that
is about to leave the organization for retirement could
actively share expertise and knowledge with
coworkers, and consequently feel moral satisfaction
that he or she contributed to the firm’s well-being.
Employee participation in the formulation of
project objectives will create the feelings of
involvement and autonomy. Responsibility,
achievement, and contribution are very important
elements of motivational mechanisms for engineers
Team work is a suggested another type of
motivational tool. Based in Rousseau’s psychological
contract theory, personal relationships developed by
team members will stimulate their intrinsic
motivation to achieve common objectives. Team
work helps in sharing the tacit knowledge which
cannot be formally defined and totally shared among
the KM workers. Good communication between
management and employee will stimulate motivation.
Open communications, integrity, and positive
reinforcement of company and professional values
are certainly key elements in effective motivation
The different types of knowledge and the type of
motivation desired cannot be generalized. The
characteristic of different types of motivation for
different knowledge related activities are tabulated
and given in Table 1.
Table 1 Characteristics Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation.
Sl No Type of Organization &Function Perspectives Motivation category
1 Research & Development Exploration, Invention &
Innovation to meet the vision
Intrinsic type-self-
satisfaction, Recognition.
2 Technology Development &
Project linked
Establish Technology to meet
the goal, Task &Skill based,
milestone achievement
Both Intrinsic & Extrinsic
type- Reward & Recognition.
3 Production linked Target achievement with profit
in committed schedule
Extrinsic type- Reward,
Incentives
4 Service support nature Fulfill customer’s satisfaction
& meet demand
Extrinsic type-Reward
Incentives
IV. Impact on the dynamics of Motivation
The link between knowledge sharing and
motivation has already been well established. It will
be important that the KM project manager practice
methods to motivate workers to achieve project
goals. However, this can be a challenge, rewards and
recognition have to be carefully planned out in order
to take into account the dynamics of intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation.Engineering managers should,
therefore, put more emphasis on these elements,
driving their attention toward maximizing the
engineer's contribution. This fact obviously has great
implications for evaluation criteria that should be
more based on judgingengineers strictly on the basis
of compliance, competence and quality of work.
These criteria should include not only performance
goals (cost, product features, and efficiency), but also
personal and subordinates' development efforts. This
would encourage to help subordinates develop their
skills and potential, and eventually satisfaction and
motivation

Morello and Caldwell (2001) offer a model that
may guide managers in defining categories of
workers, the knowledge they need and their
motivation. The model suggested depicts the
variation in the motivation level and the knowledge
level follow a linear growing pattern. Accordingly,
the worker having more innovation and creativity of
new ideas with high tacit knowledge are getting
motivated by intrinsic motivational means like task
fulfillment and accomplishment, job satisfaction and
involvement, whereas, the knowledge worker
involved in service oriented and production type
organisation are motivated by incentives, rewards and
recognisation.To some extent, it can be presumed that
intrinsic motivation has a positive effect on tacit
knowledge creation and sharing of management in an
organization.In practical sense,each type of
knowledge activities are not having defined
boundary, the model adapted by Morello et all may
be considered seamless overlapping with different
category as given in Fig 1.
Figure 1: Adaptation OfMorello and Caldwell’s Model To Motivation Theory
The detailed analysis and study has already been
carried out, explaining their perspectives and
category. A dual ladder system for scientific
organization may be less advantageous. The job
shifting or rotation of knowledge workers in some
cases help motivation, but the expertise gained in
certain area by knowledge worker has to be shared
with incumbents. According to some motivation
theories and career growth of individual knowledge
worker, the progress and sharing of knowledge has to
be dynamic nature.
While many aspects of standard incentives and
reward systems used to motivate technical
professionals in general are also motivating for
technical visionaries, these results indicate that they
are motivated by additional factors (Alberto Petroni,
Pierluigi Colacino-2008, ).The additional factors
mostly based on psychological factors and
institutional culture and environment. By proper
modelling KM and research the preferred goal can be
achieved.
V. Discussions & Scope for further
Research
The major deficiency of economic theories is
that they consider intrinsic motivation as being
constant, and that all other motivational strategies
will increase it or leave it unchanged. However, as
suggested by Deci and Rousseau’s cognitive theories,
intrinsic motivation is influenced, sometimes
negatively, by the external environment. Whereas,
intrinsic motivation is a key success factor in tasks
requiring the use or sharing of tacit knowledge.
Therefore in these situations, using economic values
may hinder non-economic factors such as intrinsic
motivation and psychological contracts (Frey &
Jegen, 2000). Frey states that the eviction of intrinsic
motivation by extrinsic motivation is often observed
Innovation Based

in situations where external interventions are not well
perceived by employees (Frey, 1997). The situation
like the rewards are as fixed by the employer and
based on the work performance. It may be considered
as routine incentives like bonus which shall lower the
intrinsic motivation.Intrinsic motivation may be
stimulated by well perceived external interventions:
When the rewards are determined jointly by
employers and employees and the value of the reward
which cannot be monetarily compared like award,
citation, higher recognition.On the other hand, if a
motivated employee positively perceives external
interventions, they will be over motivated. In this
case, if one source of motivation is sufficient to
perform, then internal motivation may be put aside.
Motivation eviction almost always costs more to the
company.
As the growth or career of an engineer or
technologist in atypical organisation follow dual
ladder system. This type of system to develop
engineers' managerial skills require training and
coaching activities to bridge the gap from
engineering to management. One important principle
engineering managers is that the design of the work
environment has a huge impact on learning, growth
and motivation. Employees can find creative
solutions onlywhen they truly enjoy their work.
Managers can also fit the jobto the employee's
motivational needs by modifying the worksituation or
organization or by changing leadership styles and job
rotation.. A powerful motivational mechanism is,
through job redesign. Work satisfaction is gradually
changing its meaning. The significance of meaningful
work forengineers is changing due to modifications
in cultural and social values Meaningful work is not
only a question of working out a technical challenge,
jobs need to be redesigned in order to include
ingredients of challenge and achievement, and need
to be seen to represent a positive contribution to the
overall company mission.
The type of work performed by KM project
participants will dictate the type of knowledge to
manage and the motivation sources required to share
it. The four possible classification are (a) Tacit
knowledge management with intrinsic motivation (b)
Tacit knowledge management, extrinsic
motivation(c) Explicit knowledge management with
intrinsic motivation (d) Explicit knowledge
management with extrinsic motivation. A detailed
study by (Allen Whittom, MarieChristine Roy, 2009)
suggests that intrinsic rewards are beneficial in most
cases involving a knowledge creating process.
Further detailed study and research is required to
devise a model for motivation for the transient
condition in an organisationon .Further study may be
required on the issues like how to keep the key men
in an organisation motivated and retain such
knowledge worker excelling in their performance
more efficiently.
VI. To Sum up
It has been clearly established that in an
organisation human resource development activities
should consider enriching the knowledge and
creativity and innovation of the employees as the
prime factor. The knowledge sharing must be
considered as one of the KM function of the
organisation. Continuous updating of the knowledge,
periodical skill sharpening and retraining is essential
to retain in the field of competition in the field.
Knowledge worker need to be enthusiastic and
flexible to accept the newer ideas and concepts
avoiding the reinvention of wheel. The strategy to be
adapted for motivating knowledge worker is very
much essential and sensitive. It has to be dealt very
carefully. The human psychological factors like
inertness, personal satisfaction, competition and
comparison among the colleagues shall lower the
motivation thereby the productivity and growth of the
organisation.
In organisation wherein multidiscipline activities
are performed by different category of knowledge
worker, dynamic motivational strategies are
suggested. In some cases, different yard stick for
performance evaluation technique for career
planning. Dual ladder or multiple ladder methods are
recommended for HR development activities of an
organisation. Motivating techniques like career
orientation by job shifting, shuffling of the team,
training in refresher courses shall give positive
impact in KM activities.
VII. Acknowledgements:
Authors are highly thankful to the entire faculty
members, visiting professors, experts and supporting
staff of Jamal Institute of Management of Jamal
Mohamed College, Trichy for providing able support
in collection of the data and guiding in preparation of
the report.
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