E0953336

IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 9, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 33-36
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Need for Financial Inclusion and challenges ahead - an Indian
Perspective
Sachindra G R
Department of Post Graduate Studies in commerce,
Rani Channamma University P G Centre Bijapur. India
Abstract: Financial inclusion is delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of
disadvantaged and low income group. Unrestrained access to public goods and services is the sine qua non of
an open and efficient society. As banking services are in the nature of public good, it is essential that
availability of banking and payment services to the entire population without discrimination is the prime
objective of the public policy. But in the Existing Banking System segment of the population, especially the
underprivileged sections of the society still out of banks’ fold. Percentage of adult population having bank
account is only 59 %, means 41% of population is unbanked unfortunately this percentage is higher in rural
areas. Extent of exclusion from credit markets much more. Number of Loan accounts only 14 % of Adult
population and its coverage is only 9.5 % in rural areas. 51.4% Farm Households have no access to formal or
informal sources of credit, 73 % had no access to the formal sources of credit. Considerably, marginal farmers,
landless laborers, oral lessees, self employed and unorganized sector enterprises, urban slum dwellers,
migrants or ethnic minorities and socially excluded groups, senior citizens and women are out of the purview of
financial inclusion. Hence an attempt has been made to analyze the extent of financial inclusion, prevailing
lacunas and challenges therein in Indian perspective.
I. Introduction
The process of economic growth, especially when it is on high growth trajectory, must strive to
encompass participation from all sections of society. Lack of access to finance for small/ marginal farmers and
weaker sections of the society has been recognized as a serious threat to economic progress especially in
developing countries. Moreover, prolonged and persistent deprivation of banking services to a large segment of
the population leads to a decline in investment and has the potential to fuel social tensions causing social
exclusion.
Financial inclusion means extending basic banking services at affordable prices to the low income and
disadvantaged groups. The Purpose of Financial Inclusion is to connect the excluded with the formal banking
system in order to help them obtain an understanding of the financial services available and equipping them with
the confidence to make informed financial decisions. Rangarajan's committee on financial inclusion defines it as
"Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and
adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an
affordable cost."
The financial services include the entire range - savings, loans, insurance, credit, payments etc. The
financial system has to provide its function of transferring resources from surplus to deficit units but both deficit
and surplus units are those with low incomes, poor background etc. By providing these services, the aim is to
help them come out of poverty. So far, the focus has only been on delivering credit. It is called as microfinance
but is microcredit and has been quite successful. Similar success has to be seen in other aspects of finance as
well.
Finance has come a long way since the time when it was not recognized as a factor for growth and
development. It is now attributed as the brain of an economic system and most economies strive to make their
financial systems more efficient. It also keeps the policymakers on their hand as any problem in this sector could
freeze the entire economy and even lead to a infectivity. The earlier research focused on how finance helps an
economy. Now, research identifies the importance of financial inclusion. The new avenue for research in
finance is - making financial inclusion practical.
Patrick Honohan in his research developed an index to measure access to finance in 160 countries. If
the index is put on a world map it can be clearly seen that those economies having higher indices are generally
those, which we term as developed economies. It is not obscure that financial inclusion alone has led to the
development but is a very important factor with crucial role to play.
The policymakers have set up their committees to understand how financial inclusion can be achieved
including advanced economies like United Kingdom. India also set up a committee under the chairmanship of
Mr. C. Rangarajan to suggest measures to increase financial inclusion which is hence called the Rangarajan

Need for Financial Inclusion and challenges ahead - an Indian Perspective
Committee on Financial Inclusion. The World Bank had organized a conference in March 2007 and has released
a report titled "Finance for All" in November 2007. The report questions that why cannot financial inclusion
happen on its own, why there is a need to make number of policies to increase the same, like any other product
or service, why can't it find a market of its own, The reasons are –
II. Financial Exclusion
It has been found that financial services are used only by a section of the population. There is demand
for these services but it has not been provided. The excluded regions are rural, poor regions and also those living
in harsh climatic conditions where it is difficult to provide these financial services. The excluded population
then has to rely on informal sector i, e, moneylenders, for availing finance that is usually at very expensive rates.
It leads to a sadistic cycle. First, high cost of finance implies that first poor person has to earn much more than
someone who has access to lower cost finance. Second, the major portion of the earnings is paid to the
moneylender and the person can never come out of the poverty.
Lack of knowledge – It can be observed that majority of the people are not aware of the services and facilities
available even exclusively for them as they have not came to know the monetary and other benefits that can be
derived from them.
High cost - It has also been seen that poor living in urban areas don't utilize the financial services as they find
financial services are costly and thus are unaffordable. Hence, even if financial services are available, the high
costs deter the poor from accessing them.
Non-price barriers: Access to formal financial services also requires documents of proof regarding a persons'
identity, income etc. The poor people do not have these documents and thus are excluded from these services.
They may also subscribe to the services initially but may not use them as actively as others because of high
distance between the bank and residence, poor infrastructure etc.
Behavioral aspects: Research in behavioral economics has shown that many people are not comfortable using
formal financial services. The reasons are difficulty in understanding language, various documents and
conditions that come with financial services etc.
The first-ever Index of Financial Inclusion to find out the extent of reach of banking services among 100
countries, India has been ranked 50. Only 34% of Indian individuals have access to or receive banking services.
In order to increase this number the Reserve Bank of India had the Government of India take innovative steps.
One of the reasons for opening new branches of Regional Rural Banks was to make sure that the banking
service is accessible to the poor. With the directive from RBI, our banks are now offering “No Frill” Accounts
to low income groups. These accounts either have a low minimum or nil balance with some restriction in
transactions. The individual bank has the authority to decide whether the account should have zero or minimum
balance. With the combined effort of financial institutions, six million new „No Frill‟ accounts were opened in
the period between March 2006-2007. Banks are now considering FI as a business opportunity in an overall
environment that facilitates growth.
III. Financial Inclusion- Need
It is now widely acknowledged that financial exclusion leads to non-accessibility, non-affordability and
non-availability of financial products. Limited access to funds in an underdeveloped financial system restricts
the availability of their own funds to individuals and also leads to high cost credit from informal sources such as
moneylenders. Due to lack of access to a bank account and remittance facilities, the individual pays higher
charges for basic financial transactions. Absence of bank account also leads to security threat and loss of interest
by holding cash. All these impose real costs on individuals. Prolonged and persistent deprivation of banking
services to a large segment of the population leads to a decline in investment and has the potential to fuel social
tensions causing social exclusion. Thus, financial inclusion is an explicit strategy for accelerated economic
growth and is considered to be critical for achieving inclusive growth in the country. The following statistics
justifies the need for Financial Inclusion
• Indian Economy growing at the rate of 8.5 % to 9 % pa
• Industry and Services contributing most
• Agriculture growing at only 2%
• Limited access to affordable financial services (credit/Insurance/Remittance) behind it.
• To provide access to safe formal payment system savings / Deposit insurance to all
• Provides formal Identity
• Aids social and political stability
IV. Policy Of Reserve Bank Of India On 'Financial Inclusion'
RBI places a lot of emphasis on financial inclusion to make banks to give desired attention. With
proactive role for enhancing the financial inclusion, RBI in its Annual Policy Statement of the year 2005- 2006,

urged banks to review their existing practices to align them with the objective of financial inclusion. The
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently said that financial inclusion is not restricted merely to opening of bank
accounts and should imply provision of all financial services like credit, remittance and overdraft facilities for
the rural poor.
D Subbarao, Governor of RBI said that the accounts must be operational to provide benefits beyond
deposit of money like availability of credit, remittance facility and overdraft among others, Though RBI is
trying to push the pilot project across the country, it favours learning through intensive experiment in Karnataka.
The bank is encouraging all the states to take the financial inclusion process forward. He also refused to forecast
the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the third quarter stating that the RBI will revisit the
subject in its January-2012 policy. Declining credit-deposit (CD) ratio, identification of un-banked areas,
opening of bank branches in those areas, inadequate flow of credit to agriculture, MSMEs, handicrafts and
handloom sectors were cited as areas of concern.
V. Challenges Of Financial Inclusion In India
The above research points to the importance of financial inclusion and highlights various policies that
have been adopted in India to increase the same. There is another very important point to the entire exercise -
the spirit of financial inclusion. A few commentators have also pointed to the similarity between sub-prime
crisis and financial inclusion. The sub-prime market was originated to provide finance to people with weak
credit histories i. e, financial inclusion, enabling them to buy their homes i. e, real sector inclusion. In emerging
markets as the population is largely financially excluded some analysts have commented that financial sector
need to be careful. The similarity is there but it was more to do with greed in US than the objective of financial
inclusion. If the objective were inclusion, then we wouldn't have seen such far-reaching losses in the system.
Financial Inclusion has far reaching consequences, which can help many people come out of hopeless poverty
conditions. The financial markets must act responsibly and ensure that the spirit of financial inclusion is not
breached in the future. The following points witnesses the challenges of financial inclusion in India -
01. Agent and vendor risk.
02. Consumption oriented expenditure patterns.
03. Dormant accounts.
04. Inadequate awareness levels.
05. Lack of infrastructure.
06. Low literacy rates.
07. Measuring actual extent of financial exclusion.
08. Poor saving habits.
09. Recovery related issues.
10. Small ticket transactions & high transaction costs.
11. Sustainability factor.
12. Varied local conditions.
VI. Conclusions
Despite the laudable achievements in the field of rural banking, issues such as slow progress in
increasing the share of institutional credit, high dependence of small and marginal farmers on non-institutional
sources, skewed nature of access to credit between developed regions and less developed regions loom larger
than ever before. Therefore, the key issue now is to ensure that rural credit from institutional sources achieves
wider coverage and expands financial inclusion. For achieving the current policy stance of “inclusive growth”
the focus on financial inclusion is not only essential but a pre-requisite. And for achieving comprehensive
financial inclusion, the first step is to achieve credit inclusion for the disadvantaged and vulnerable sections of
our society. The state has to play an important role in financial markets. The role itself is necessitated due to
pervasive market failures which in the current globalised scenario are not a rare occurrence. In developing
countries both market and government as institutions have their limitations, but it is necessary to design
government policies that are attentive to those limitations. Financial Inclusion is one such intervention that seeks
to overcome the frictions that hinder the functioning of the market mechanism to operate in favor of the poor
and underprivileged. One way to proceed towards a solution is to encourage experiments in limited geographical
spheres and with select groups of people, under strict monitoring, to see how different mechanisms can work. In
addition to satisfying all the characteristics of a credible payment system, these experiments must encourage the
excluded from participating in the use of these mechanisms. By incorporating all the above measures process of
financial inclusion can achieve the goal of the slogan ‘let’s connects everyone’.
References

[1]. Amol Agrawal “The need for Financial Inclusion with an Indian perspective” Economic Research IDBI March 3, 2008
[2]. Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes, 2000, Levine,Loayza, Norman, Beck, Thorsten, Journal of Monetary
Economics 46.
[3]. Committee on Financial Sector Reforms (Draft Report), 2008, Planning Commission, Government of India.
[4]. Finance for All? Policies and Pitfalls in Expanding Access, World Bank Policy Research Report, 2008, World Bank, Washington
[5]. Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda, June 1997, Ross Levine, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.
XXXV.
[6]. The Economics of Microfinance, 2007, Beatrize, Armendariz and Jonathan Morduch, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
[7]. How can Technology Facilitate Financial Inclusion in India? - A Discussion Paper February 16, 2009.

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