Earth architecture
- 1. EARTH ARCHITECTURE TO EMPHASIS THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTH ARCHITECTURE IN BUILDING INDUSTRY AND CONTEMPORARY SCENARIO Submitted by: Kritika bartwal III yr Submitted to: Iram
- 2. Aneartharchitectureisabuilding orotherstructuremade largelyfromsoil.Sincesoilisawidelyavailablematerial, it hasbeenusedinconstruction sinceprehistoric times.It maybecombined withothermaterials, compressedor bakedtoaddstrength.Soilisstillaneconomicalmaterial impactbothduring andafterconstruction.
- 4. • To understand ideology of earth materials. • To study the various earth construction techniques. •Earth dug out •Earth cut •fill in •Covered earth •Traditional rammed earth •Soil identification • To analyse the contemporary earth architecture in repeat to its construction. • To review the possible innovation earth construction methods and study the minor details that can help improve its use. • To review the appropriateness of the earth as building material in present scenario. OBJECTIVES
- 5. METHODOLOGY • Understanding traditional earth construction techniques. • Gathering secondary data. • Conducting interviews with experts. • Identifying problems with the methods construction techniques and maintenance. • Doing case studies. INTRODUCTION :
- 6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION There are various aspects of earth architecture, but the focus in this presentation is to study the earth construction and innovation in it, advantages and some built examples.
- 7. NECESSACITY OF RESEARCH ON EARTH CONSTRUCTION • To get knowledge about material and promote earth construction. • To create awareness about earth construction.
- 8. EARTH CONSTRUCTION AREA OF THE WORLD
- 9. Ziggurat of Ur-in- khaldea Taos pueblo, New Mexico Dejenne Mosque of Mali, Mopti Tabo monastery, India 996AD Ramasseum, Egypt – 1300BC Fortified city, Draa valley, Morocco
- 10. Archaeological site of Mari Syria Dakhla oasis, Egypt Bazaar, Sirdjan, Iran Great Wall of China Citadel of bam, Iran, before the earthquake
- 11. TRADITIONAL EARTH CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
- 12. • The earth is dug out to create shelters. In most of cases dwellings are dug out in soft soils, tuffs, porous lava in areas with hot and dry climate. • The horizontal dug out create caves on the side of the hills, which are accessed by staircase and galleries. • The vertical dug out are created in areas such as plateaus or plains. A kind of open courtyard is dug out a few meters deep and then room are dug out like caves on the side of this courtyard. Access to the dwelling is done by a staircase, often very steep. EARTH DUG OUT
- 13. Tunisia, Matmata China, Nxiang region China – plan of dug out dwelling China, Nxiang region –Han Jia Bao
- 14. EARTH DUG OUT • In areas where the soil was cohesive and contained concretions of carbonates (a natural chemical which give cohesion) the soil was cut in the shape of blocked and used like bricks or stones. Such examples are found typically in tropical areas where lateritic soils give a wonderful building material. • Lateritic soils can be found in two natural states: − Soft soils, which will harden when exposed to air due to chemical reaction of the soil constituent with the air. − Such soils can be found on the west coast of India, from Kerala to Goa. − Hard crust which was long ago in soil form and has already hardened through the ages. Burkina Faso in Africa and Orissa in India show wonderful examples of such soil and blocks.
- 15. Uruguay, Montevideo-sod house India, panaji- ex palace 16th C. Burkina Faso, Quarry of Kari India, Orissa, Near Narangarh- Cutting petroplinthte by hand India, Kerala, Near Soranad- shaping a plinthite block India, Goa – Basilica Bom Jesus
- 16. FILLED IN (EARTH BAG CONSTRUCTION) • This method was developed from the bunkers made by the military. • The basic construction method began by digging a trench. • Rows of woven bags (or tubes) are filled with available inorganic material. • After the foundation is laid, each successive layer will have one or more strands of barbed wire placed on top. • The weight of this earth filled bag pushes down on the barbed wire strands, locking the bag in place on the row below. • The most popular type of bag is made of woven polypropylene. • Humid soil was traditionally poured into wooden lattice works. Thus, it gave some thermal mass to light structures as well as some acoustic insulation.
- 17. USA, California, Col-Earth-Eco-domes Inside view from the dome Exterior view without plaster USA, California, Cal-Earth-plastering the Eco-dome
- 18. INNOVATION IN EARTH CONSTRUCTION Hourding roofing used in auroville earth institute to create flat earth slabs. • The hourdi block produced by the Auram press 3000 is used to create floors and roofs. • These blocks rest either on reinforced concrete T beams or on ferrocement channels. • As these blocks are hollow they create roofs which are more comfortable under a hot climate. • The resistance of these blocks is extremely high. • The series of these blocks is rested on the edges of ferrocement channels and then earth filling is done to make even surface on top surface which combines the channels with the blocks. 1. Flat roofs are not possible and so multi-storeys cannot be made:
- 19. Aurovillle earth institute, hourdi roofing Adjusting hourdi blocks in between ferrocement channels Vault structure on top of hourdi roofing Casting an earth concrete: 1 cement : 2 soil : 3 sand : 4 gravel
- 20. 2. Aesthetics and insulation: Pottery for insulation and aesthetics. • Pottery is a developed craft of kutch. To use clay items for construction was to find new ways of building methods. • The clay plates and bowls are used for wall and roof insulation and pots as visual objects for design. • The local convex circular clay plates are claded on the external wall for insulation. • small holes are made in plates for ventilation and arranged in different patterns. • The triangular spaces between them are filled with small mirrors for the reflection of heat. thus, the entire surface of wall is taken care of heat insulation. • Inverted bowls used for ceiling pattern. They also act as lamp fixtures lighting up the entire ceiling.
- 23. 3. Wood does not adhere with the earth walls and mostly create gaps between the wall and the frame of the window: There is an alternative where pivoted windows re used where there is no need of wooden frames and so the windows are directly attached by pivots to the two sides of the walls 4. Flat Earth flooring • Oxide flooring is used now adays by which various colours flooring cab be produced from earth techniques. • Rammed earth flooring with covering of wooden blocks and strips are also a good solution to achieve flat floors from earth.
- 24. 5. Vaults and domes of earth masonry requires skilled labours:
- 25. CONCLUSION • Earth is one of the most ancient construction materials and is still proved appropriate and viable in the contemporary construction. The continued and widespread use earth across the world is testimony to its success as a building material. • There is a wide range of structures made out of earth. There are single storey, multi storey, temporary structure, permanent structure, monuments and heritage sites. The range lies from toys dwellings, resorts to institution, places and forts. • Nowadays there is a wide scope of working with earth materials because there are various techniques developed and innovated. There are many alterations and additions done in traditional methods that improves the earth construction and widen its use.
- 26. ADVANTAGES • Cheap compared to other modern materials. • Locally available and local labour • No transportation because all the process are on site. • Lowest embodied energy compared to other materials. • Passive and active cooling possible. • Material from adobe construction can be reused and from other techniques the materials directly can merge with the ground soil after the structure is collapsed and hence no wastage of the material. • Any shape is possible and choice of various techniques is available for construction and designing.
- 27. BUILT EXAMPLE Handmade school- straw bale-adobe and cob
- 31. Chapel of Reconciliation, Berlin, Germany- Rammed Earth
- 32. THANK YOU