Earth Science Types of Rocks
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The document discusses the different types of rocks: 1) Rocks are classified based on their formation, composition, and texture. They are formed through igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes. 2) Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, and can be intrusive or extrusive. Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and compression of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to pre-existing rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions. 3) The document provides examples of different types of rocks for each category, and describes their key characteristics such as mineral composition, grain size, layering, and whether they contain aligned mineral grains.
Earth Science Types of Rocks
- 1. Types of Rock Mr. Thompson Earth Science
- 2. A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock cycle Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 3. Igneous rock begins as magma. Magma can form: ▪ When rock is heated ▪ When pressure is released ▪ When rock changes composition Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C Magma is a mixture of many minerals Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 4. Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 5. Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained Felsic Granite Rhyolite Mafic Gabbro Basalt Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 6. Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 7. Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock Felsic or Mafic? Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained? Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive? Mafic, fine grained, extrusive Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 8. Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion. Sediments are moved from one place to another Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom The layers become compacted and cemented together Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 9. Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the Earth’s surface No heat and pressure involved Strata – layers of rock Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 10. Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartz Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 11. Breccia Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 12. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed Chemical sedimentary – primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in minerals crystallize out of the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow solution to become rock marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 13. Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that Organic sedimentary – forms from the accumulation and remains of plants and preservation of plant materials, usually in animals a swamp environment. Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 14. Meaning to change shape Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid Usually takes place deep in the Earth Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 15. Hornfels is a fine-grained Contact Metamorphism – non-foliated metamorphic heated by nearby magma rock produced by contact Increased temperature metamorphism changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 16. Regional Metamorphism – pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth Large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 17. Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 18. Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 19. Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 20. Determine if the following rock samples are foliated or non-foliated: Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite Foliated Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class
- 21. The End Review at www.ScienceByThompson.com Mr Thompson's Earth Science Class