Earthquake load as per nbc 105 and is 1893
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This document provides an overview of earthquake resistant design philosophy and concepts in building codes. It discusses key topics such as: - The goal of earthquake resistant rather than earthquake proof design, allowing some damage to occur and dissipate energy. - Designing structures to resist minor, moderate, and major earthquakes without collapse through ductility and overstrength. - Methods of seismic analysis including static coefficient and response spectrum approaches. - Factors influencing earthquake forces such as seismic hazard, structural properties, and performance objectives. - Detailing requirements for ductile moment frames and bracing systems.
Earthquake load as per nbc 105 and is 1893
- 1. Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy & behavior of RC structure Training to LB technical staff on Nepal National Building Code Binay Shrestha
- 2. Earthquake Resistant Design Pholisophy Earthquake Loads on building according to NBC105 and comparison with IS1893:2002 Behavior of RC structure during Earthquake Loading Content
- 4. do we accept… Kashmir Earthquake
- 7. do we accept… Taplejung Earthquake
- 8. Why ? Life safety criteria : If the building has not partly or fully collapsed, life is saved Reparability criteria : If the building is still standing, it can be repaired and/or strengthened
- 10. Design Philosophy a)Under minor shaking, structural members should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
- 11. Design Philosophy b) Structure should be able to resist occasional moderate ground shaking without significant damage
- 12. Design Philosophy c) Structure should be able to resist major earthquakes without collapse
- 13. Earthquake Resistant Design We thrive for Earthquake resistant design & construction not Earthquake proof
- 14. Earthquake Resistant Design No earthquake-proof buildings that will not get damaged even during the strong earthquake - Instead, earthquake resistant building. such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.
- 15. Damage - Unavoidable Different types of damage occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are not. earthquake resistant design involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels at a reasonable cost. Damages during earthquakes should be of the acceptable variety, and also that they occur at the right places and in right amounts. To save the building from collapsing, you need to allow some pre-determined parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage.
- 16. What does this mean ? Buildings and other structures are designed for much lesser load than imparted by a large earthquakes Why? – Affordability – Large earthquakes are rare – Properly designed Buildings has Ductility, Redundancy – Building has over strength due to considered safety factors in loads and materials
- 17. Actual Design EQ Force Level
- 18. Recommended seismic behavior objectives, Vision 2000 = Basic or conventional facility, such as offices or homes = Essential or hazardous facility or component, such as telephone switchboards and buildings with toxic materials stored inside = Critical security, as in hospitals and fire stations, Transmission tower ATC (Report 33-03). Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. 75% Submittal, Third Draft, 3 Volumes. Redwood City, 1995. NEHRP Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 273)
- 19. Kashmir Earthquake. October 8, 2005 Earthquake load as per code
- 20. In Ordinary Load design (dead/ Imposed, wind etc), it is expected that structure will essentially remain elastic even during severe most design loading Ordinary Load vs Earthquake Load Where as in earthquake resistant design it is expected that structure could go in inelastic regime and suffer severe damage during a major earthquake
- 21. Gravity Loading Dead Load: self-weight, superimposed load - The dead loading is calculated from the designed member sizes and estimated material densities Imposed load: occupancy type - The magnitudes of live loading specified in the codes are estimates based on a combination of experience and results of typical field surveys
- 22. Lateral Loading Earth pressure – Predominantly static type of loading; calculated from density and depth Wind – Dynamic - pressure on exposed surface area Earthquake – Dynamic - Random motion of the ground at the base
- 23. Earthquake vs. Wind Loading Dynamic actions are caused on buildings by both wind and earthquakes. But, design for wind forces and for earthquake effects are distinctly different.
- 24. Earthquake vs. Wind Loading
- 25. Design for Wind Loading wind design: – is force-type loading - use force design, wherein the building is subjected to a pressure on its exposed surface area.
- 26. Design for Earthquake Loading the building is subjected to random motion of the ground at its base - which induces inertia forces in the building that in turn cause stresses. Displacement loading
- 28. Earthquake Loading Concentrates particularly on the translational inertia forces, whose effects on a building are normally more significant than the vertical or rotational shaking component Earthquake loading consists of the inertial forces of the building mass that result from the shaking of its foundation by a seismic activity.
- 29. Earthquake induced inertia force: • The mass of the building. • Building Stiffness. Elastic behavior without damage render the project economically unviable. As a consequence, it may be necessary for the structure to undergo damage and thereby dissipate the energy input to it during the earthquake.
- 30. Thus the basic philosophy: a) Minor (and frequent) shaking with no damage to structural and non-structural elements; b) Moderate shaking with minor damage to structural elements, and some damage to non-structural elements; and c) Severe (and infrequent) shaking with damage to structural elements, but with NO collapse (to save life and property inside/adjoining the building).
- 31. Buildings are designed only for a fraction (~8-26%) of the force that they would experience, if they were designed to remain elastic during the expected strong ground shaking, and thereby permitting damage. But, sufficient initial stiffness is required to be ensured to avoid structural damage under minor shaking.
- 32. Thus the basic philosophy:
- 33. The design for only a fraction of the elastic level of seismic forces is possible, only if the building can stably withstand large displacement demand through structural damage without collapse and undue loss of strength. (Ductility)
- 34. It is relatively simple to design structures to possess certain lateral strength and initial stiffness by appropriately proportioning the size and material of the members. But, achieving sufficient ductility is more involved and requires extensive laboratory tests on full-scale specimen to identify preferable methods of detailing.
- 35. Thus, seismic design balances reduced cost and acceptable damage, to make the project viable. This careful balance is arrived based on extensive research and detailed post-earthquake damage assessment studies. design against earthquake effects is called as earthquake-resistant design and not earthquake-proof design.
- 36. An earthquake-resistant building has four virtues – Good Seismic Configuration – Minimum Lateral Stiffness – Minimum Lateral Strength – Good Overall Ductility
- 37. Steps – Configuration (simple geometry, plan aspect ratio, slenderness ration) – Adopt a structural system that will resist the vertical and lateral loads offering direct load paths in both plan directions of the building
- 38. Steps – Identify a desired collapse mechanism – analysis – Verify, if the desired mechanism is generated in the building (push over/ time history) – Detailing
- 39. Static - Seismic Coefficient Method • Simple regular configuration buildings, H < 40m Dynamic - Response Spectrum Method • Irregular buildings in plan and/ or elevation • Buildings with abrupt change in strength and stiffness in plan and elevation • Buildings with unusual shape, size, importance Dynamic - Time History Method Analysis Methods
- 40. Static - Seismic Coefficient Method
- 41. Fundamental period of Building Building pulled with a rope tied at its rope Oscillation of building on cutting the rope Free vibration response of a building (The back and forth motion is periodic) / 2 / n n n k m T
- 42. Fundamental Time Period The time taken (in seconds) for each complete cycle of oscillation (i.e., one complete back-and- forth motion) is the same and is called Fundamental Natural Period “T” of the building. “T” depends on the building flexibility and mass. More the flexibility, the longer is the T, and more the mass, the longer is the T. In general, taller buildings are more flexible and have larger mass, and therefore have a longer T. On the contrary, low- to medium-rise buildings generally have shorter T.
- 43. Equivalent Static Lateral Force Determine design base shear based on seismic hazard, building use group, total building mass, and building fundamental period
- 44. Equivalent Static Lateral Force Distribute base shear to building stories based on story masses and elevations Design for story forces applied in each orthogonal direction Also, ensure inelastic story drift does not exceed code requirement
- 45. Seismic Lump mass Wi Design Live load Percentage of Design Live load Up to 3 KPa Above 3 KPa For roof 25 50 Nil – Dead Load – preliminary member sizes, unit weights – Live Load – Building occupancy – Earthquake Load = Dead load + Appropriate imposed load
- 46. Design Earthquake Load Horizontal Base Shear NBC 105 IS1893-2002 b hV A Ws d iV C W Wi = Seismic Weight of the Building = Dead Load + Appropriate % of Live Load The seismic weight at each level, Wi, shall be taken as the sum of the dead loads and the seismic live loads between the mid-heights of adjacent storeys
- 47. Earthquake Load NBC 105 IS1893-2002 2 a h SZ I A R g dC CZIK Cd = Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient C = Basic Seismic Coefficient Z = Zone factor I = Importance factor K = Structural performance factor Ah = Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Sa/g = Average Response Acceleration Coefficient Z = Zone Factor I = Importance factor R = Response Reduction Factor
- 48. The basic seismic coefficient, C & Sa/g, shall be determined from for the appropriate site subsoil category using the fundamental time period determined Basic Seismic Coefficient NBC 105 IS 1893: 2002
- 49. The periods of vibration, Ti, shall be established from properly substantiated data, or computation, or both Where the Seismic Coefficient Method is used, the fundamental translation period in the direction under consideration, T1, shall be determined from T1 = 2 π (Σ Wi di 2 /g Σ Fi di ) For the purposes of initial member sizing, the following approximate formulae for Ti may be used T1 = 0.085 H ¾ for steel frames T1 = 0.06 H ¾ for concrete frames T1 = 0.09H / D For other structures If T1 calculated using these equations is greater than 120 percent of that finally calculated using Equation, the seismic forces shall be re-assessed. Period of Vibration NBC 105
- 50. Approximate fundamental Natural Period Ta Ta = 0.075 H 0.75 for steel frames (NBC=0.085 H ¾) Ta = 0.085 H 0.75 for concrete frames (NBC= 0.06 H ¾) Ta = 0.09H / D For other structures (NBC= 0.09H / D ) h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement story, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement story, when they are not so connected. d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of the lateral force Period of Vibration IS1893
- 51. Type I: Rock or Stiff Soil Sites Sites with bedrock, including weathered rock with an unconfined compression strength greater than 500kPa, overlain by less than 20 m very stiff cohesive material with an unconfined compression strength greater than 100 kPa, or very dense cohesion less material with N > 30, where N is the standard penetration (SPT) value Such sites will typically have a low amplitude natural period of less than 0.2 s Site Subsoil Category (NBC105)
- 52. Type II: Medium Soil Sites – Sites not described as either Type I or Type III Site Subsoil Category
- 53. Type III: Soft Soil Sites Site Subsoil Category Cohesive Soil Classification Representative undrained shear strength (kPa) Minimum Depth of Soil (m) Soft 12.5 - 25 20 Firm 25 - 50 25 Stiff 50 - 100 40 Very Stiff 100 - 200 60
- 54. The seismic zoning factor, Z, shall be obtained from Figure for the appropriate location Seismic Zoning Factor Seismic Zone II III IV V Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36 NBC 105 IS 1893: 2002
- 55. Importance Factor (I) Type of Building Importance Factor (a) Monumental Buildings 1.5 (b) Essential facilities that should remain functional after an earthquake 1.5 (c) Distribution facilities for gas or petroleum products in urban areas. 2.0 (d) Structures for the support or containment of dangerous substances 2.0 (such as acids, toxic substances, etc.). (e) Other structures 1.0 Type of Building Importance Factor Important service and community buildings, such as hospitals; schools; monumental structures; emergency buildings like telephone exchange, television stations, radio stations, railway stations, fire station buildings; large community halls like cinemas, assembly halls and subway stations, power stations 1.5 Other Buildings 1.0 NBC 105 IS 1893: 2002
- 56. Governing Factor for I Functional Use of Structure Hazardous consequence of its failure Post earthquake functional needs Historical Value Economic Importance
- 57. The minimum permissible value of the structural performance factor, K, and associated detailing requirements Structural Performance Factor Item Structural Type Minimum Detailing Requirements K 1.(a) Ductile moment-resisting frame Must comply with the detailing for ductility requirements of IS4326 and for steel frames, the additional requirements of NBC 111-94 1.00 (b) Frame as in 1(a) with reinforced concrete shear walls For frames : as for 1(a). Reinforced concrete shear walls must comply with appropriate3detailing for ductility requirements. 1.00 2.(a) Frame as in 1(a) with either steel bracing members detailed for ductility or reinforced concrete infill panels For frames : as for 1(a). Steel bracing members must comply with the detailing for ductility requirements NBC 111-94. Reinforced concrete infill panels must comply with the detailing requirements of NBC 109-94. 1.50
- 58. Structural Performance Factor Item Structural Type Minimum Detailing Requirements K (b) Frame as in 1(a) with masonry infills Must comply with the detailing for ductility requirements of: IS 4326 2.00 3 Diagonally-braced steel frame with ductile bracing acting in tension only Must comply with the detailing for ductility requirements of Nepal Steel Construction Standard 2.00 4 Cable-stayed chimneys Appropriate materials Standard 3.00 5 Structures of minimal ductility including reinforced concrete frames not covered by 1 or 2 above, and masonry bearing wall structures. Appropriate materials Standard 4.00
- 59. Response Reduction Factor Building Frame Systems R Ordinary RC moment‐resisting frame ( OMRF ) 3 Special RC moment‐resisting frame ( SMRF ) 5 Steel frame with a) Concentric braces b) Eccentric braces 4 5 Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 5 Load bearing masonry wall buildings) a) Unreinforced b) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars at corners of rooms and jambs of openings 1.5 2.5 3 Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 3 Ductile shear walls 4 Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3 Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4 Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5 Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5
- 60. Governing Factor for K or R Over Strength Ductility Redundancy
- 61. Distribution of EQ Load Distribution of Story Shears into different frames – Frame forces proportional to the stiffness of the frames – Additional forces due to torsional effects Eccentricity – difference in center of mass and center of rigidity
- 62. Distribution of Base Shear 2 i 2 1 Wh F i i B n j j j V W h i i i i Wh F Wh i V NBC 105 IS 1893: 2002 Design Seismic Force at each level i Where hi = floor height
- 63. Load Combination NBC105 Design Method Combination Working Stress Method DL + LL ± E 0.7 DL ± E DL +SL ± E Limit State Method DL + 1.3 LL ± 1.25 E 0.9 DL ± 1.25 E DL + 1.3 SL ± 1.25 E
- 64. Load Combination IS1893 1.5DL + 1.5 LL 1.2DL + 1.2 LL ± 1.2 E 1.5 DL ± 1.5 E 0.9 DL ± 1.5 E
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