E-commerce security.ppt
- 2. Learner Activities Read on /watch cyberwar: MAD2.0 Watch the movie: we are legion Research on the iphone app called : spyphone
- 3. The E-commerce Security Environment Overall size and losses of cybercrime unclear Reporting issues Computer Crime and Security Survey 2022 95 percent of cybersecurity breaches are caused by human error. 68 percent of business leaders feel their cybersecurity risks are increasing. On average, only five percent of companies’ folders are properly protected. Approximately 70 percent of breaches in 2021 were financially motivated, while less than five percent were motivated by espionage. How do companies protect itself from this hostile environment? Slide 5-3
- 4. Cyberwar: MAD 2.0 What is the difference between hacking and cyberwar? Why has cyberwar become more potentially devastating in the past decade? Why has Google been the target of so many cyberattacks? Is it possible to find a political solution to MAD 2.0? Slide 5-4
- 5. Myths of information security Protection against hackers Mainstream Websites Are Safe to Visit-scam sites? Segregation of external threats Antivirus and Cyber-Security Software is Good Enough Complex Passwords Cannot Be Cracked-programs for hacking My Data Isn’t Worth Anything-social media adverts and marketing? Data can be materialized for crime, such as theft, impersonation, and physical harm. If it’s valuable for some, it’s valuable for many. Scams and Phishing Are Glaringly Obvious-social media trust issues Slide 5-5
- 6. Security issues From the user’s perspective: Is the Web server owned and operated by a legitimate company? Does the Web page and form contain some malicious or dangerous code or content? Will the Web server distribute unauthorized information the user provides to some other party? Slide 5-6
- 7. Factors influencing E- commerce Security? To achieve highest degree of security New technologies Organizational policies and procedures Industry standards and government laws Other factors Time value of money Cost of security vs. potential loss Security often breaks at weakest link Slide 5-7
- 8. Security issues cont’ From the company’s perspective: Will the user not attempt to break into the Web server or alter the pages and content at the site? Will the user will try to disrupt the server so that it isn’t available to others? Slide 5-8
- 9. Security issues cont’ From both parties’ perspectives: Is the network connection free from eavesdropping by a third party “listening” on the line? Has the information sent back and forth between the server and the user’s browser been altered Slide 5-9
- 10. The E-commerce Security Environment Fi Slide 5-10
- 11. Security requirements Authentication The process by which one entity verifies that another entity is who they claim to be Authorization The process that ensures that a person has the right to access certain resources Auditing The process of collecting information about attempts to access particular resources, use particular privileges, or perform other security actions Confidentiality Keeping private or sensitive information from being disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes Integrity As applied to data, the ability to protect data from being altered or destroyed in an unauthorized or accidental manner Non-repudiation The ability to limit parties from refuting that a legitimate transaction took place, usually by means of a signature Slide 5-11
- 12. Slide 5-12
- 13. The Tension Between Security and Other Values Discussion What will you end up doing, if every time… You have to unlock 10 locks to get home You have to lock 10 door before you leave Risk and Security measures should be balanced Ease of use The more security measures added, the more difficult a site is to use, and the slower it becomes Public safety and criminal uses of the Internet Use of technology by criminals to plan crimes or threaten nation-state Slide 5-13
- 14. A simple case When you take a vacation, you supervisor asks you to provide your password .. Should you comply? Can you refuse? On what basis? Slide 5-14
- 15. Security Threats in the E-commerce Environment Three key points of vulnerability in e-commerce environment: 1. Client 2. Server 3. Communications pipeline (Internet communications channels) Slide 5-15
- 16. A Typical E-commerce Transaction Figure 5.2, Page 256 Slide 5-16
- 17. Vulnerable Points in an E-commerce Transaction Figure 5.3, Page 257 Slide 5-17
- 18. Most Common Security Threats in the E-commerce Environment Malicious code (malware, exploits) Drive-by downloads Viruses Worms Ransomware Trojan horses Backdoors Bots, botnets Threats at both client and server levels Slide 5-18
- 19. Most Common Security Threats (cont.) Potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) Browser parasites Adware Spyware Phishing Social engineering E-mail scams Spear-phishing Identity fraud/theft Slide 5-19
- 20. Most Common Security Threats (cont.) Hacking Hackers vs. crackers Types of hackers: White, black, grey hats Hacktivism Cybervandalism: Disrupting, defacing, destroying Web site Data breach Losing control over corporate information to outsiders Slide 5-20
- 21. We Are Legion What organization and technical failures led to the data breach on the PlayStation Network? Are there any positive social benefits of hacktivism? Have you or anyone you know experienced data breaches or cybervandalism? Slide 5-21
- 22. Most Common Security Threats (cont.) Credit card fraud/theft Spoofing and pharming Spam (junk) Web sites (link farms) Identity fraud/theft Denial of service (DoS) attack Hackers flood site with useless traffic to overwhelm network Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack Slide 5-22
- 23. Most Common Security Threats (cont.) Sniffing Eavesdropping program that monitors information traveling over a network Insider attacks Poorly designed server and client software Social network security issues Mobile platform security issues Vishing, smishing, madware Cloud security issues Slide 5-23
- 24. Think Your Smartphone Is Secure? What types of threats do smartphones face? Are there any particular vulnerabilities to this type of device? What did Nicolas Seriot’s “Spyphone” prove? Are apps more or less likely to be subject to threats than traditional PC software programs? Slide 5-24
- 25. Technology Solutions Protecting Internet communications Encryption Securing channels of communication SSL, VPNs Protecting networks Firewalls Protecting servers and clients Slide 5-25
- 27. Tools Available to Achieve Site Security Slide 5-27
- 28. Encryption Encryption Transforms data into cipher text readable only by sender and receiver Secures stored information and information transmission Provides 4 of 6 key dimensions of e- commerce security: Message integrity Nonrepudiation Authentication Confidentiality Slide 5-28
- 29. Symmetric Key Encryption Sender and receiver use same digital key to encrypt and decrypt message Requires different set of keys for each transaction Strength of encryption Length of binary key used to encrypt data Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Most widely used symmetric key encryption Uses 128-, 192-, and 256-bit encryption keys Other standards use keys with up to 2,048 bits Slide 5-29
- 30. Public Key Encryption Uses two mathematically related digital keys Public key (widely disseminated) Private key (kept secret by owner) Both keys used to encrypt and decrypt message Once key used to encrypt message, same key cannot be used to decrypt message Sender uses recipient’s public key to encrypt message; recipient uses private key to decrypt it Slide 5-30
- 31. Public Key Cryptography: A Simple Case Figure 5.6, Page 279 Slide 5-31
- 32. Public Key Encryption using Digital Signatures and Hash Digests Hash function: Mathematical algorithm that produces fixed-length number called message or hash digest Hash digest of message sent to recipient along with message to verify integrity Hash digest and message encrypted with recipient’s public key Entire cipher text then encrypted with recipient’s private key—creating digital signature—for authenticity, nonrepudiation Slide 5-32
- 33. Public Key Cryptography with Digital Signatures Figure 5.7, Page 281 Slide 5-33
- 34. Digital Envelopes Address weaknesses of: Public key encryption Computationally slow, decreased transmission speed, increased processing time Symmetric key encryption Insecure transmission lines Uses symmetric key encryption to encrypt document Uses public key encryption to encrypt and send symmetric key Slide 5-34
- 35. Creating a Digital Envelope Figure 5.8, Page 282 Slide 5-35
- 36. Digital Certificates and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Digital certificate includes: Name of subject/company Subject’s public key Digital certificate serial number Expiration date, issuance date Digital signature of CA Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): CAs and digital certificate procedures PGP Slide 5-36
- 37. Digital Certificates and Certification Authorities Figure 5.9, Page 283 Slide 5-37
- 38. Limits to Encryption Solutions Doesn’t protect storage of private key PKI not effective against insiders, employees Protection of private keys by individuals may be haphazard No guarantee that verifying computer of merchant is secure CAs are unregulated, self-selecting organizations Slide 5-38
- 39. Securing Channels of Communication Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) Establishes secure, negotiated client–server session Virtual Private Network (VPN) Allows remote users to securely access internal network via the Internet Wireless (Wi-Fi) networks WPA2 Slide 5-39
- 40. Secure Negotiated Sessions Using SSL/TLS Figure 5.10, Page 286 Slide 5-40
- 41. Protecting Networks Firewall Hardware or software Uses security policy to filter packets Two main methods: Packet filters Application gateways Proxy servers (proxies) Software servers that handle all communications from or sent to the Internet Intrusion detection systems Intrusion prevention systems Slide 5-41
- 42. Firewalls and Proxy Servers Figure 5.11, Page 289 Slide 5-42
- 43. Protecting Servers and Clients Operating system security enhancements Upgrades, patches Anti-virus software Easiest and least expensive way to prevent threats to system integrity Requires daily updates Slide 5-43
- 44. Management Policies, Business Procedures, and Public Laws Worldwide, companies spend more than $65 billion on security hardware, software, services Managing risk includes: Technology Effective management policies Public laws and active enforcement Slide 5-44
- 45. A Security Plan: Management Policies Risk assessment Security policy Implementation plan Security organization Access controls Authentication procedures, including biometrics Authorization policies, authorization management systems Security audit Slide 5-45
- 46. Developing an E-commerce Security Plan Figure 5.12, Page 291 Slide 5-46
- 47. The Role of Laws and Public Policy Laws that give authorities tools for identifying, tracing, prosecuting cybercriminals: National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 USA Patriot Act Homeland Security Act Private and private-public cooperation CERT Coordination Center US-CERT Government policies and controls on encryption software OECD, G7/G8, Council of Europe, Wassener Arrangement Slide 5-47
- 48. Security policy and integrated security A security policy is a written statement describing: • Which assets to protect and why they are being protected • Who is responsible for that protection • Which behaviors are acceptable and which are not First step in creating a security policy • Determine which assets to protect from which threats Slide 5-48
- 49. Cont’ Elements of a security policy address: Authentication Access control Secrecy Data integrity Audits Slide 5-49
- 50. Security policy continued The security policy may cover issues like: What service types (e.g., web, FTP, SMTP) users may have access to? What classes of information exist within the organization and which should be encrypted before being transmitted? What client data does the organization hold. How sensitive is it? How is it to be protected? What class of employees may have remote access to the corporate network? Roles and responsibilities of managers and employees in implementing the security policy. How security breaches are to be responded to? Slide 5-50
- 51. Security policy cont’ The security policy should also consider physical aspects of network security. For example, Who has access to the corporate server? Is it in a locked environment or kept in an open office? What is the procedure for determining who should be given access? The security policy regulates the activities of employees just as much as it defines how IT infrastructure will be configured. The policy should include details on how it is to be enforced How individual responsibilities are determined? Slide 5-51
- 52. Cont’ For it to be effective, the policy needs regular testing and review to judge the security measures. The review process needs to take into account any changes in technology or business practices which may have an influence upon security. Lastly, the policy itself needs to be regarded as a living document which will be updated at set intervals to reflect the evolving ways in which the business, customers and technology interact. Slide 5-52
- 53. Security standards There are various standards pertaining to the security aspects of enterprises. Some of them are ISO 17799 (Information technology – Code of practice for information security management). (ISO/IEC 2000). SSE-CMM (Systems security engineering – Capability maturity model). (SSE-CMM 2003). COBIT (Control objectives for information and related technology). (COBIT 2000). Slide 5-53
- 54. Organisations that promote Computer security CERT Responds to thousands of security incidents each year Helps Internet users and companies become more knowledgeable about security risks Posts alerts to inform the Internet community about security events Slide 5-54
- 55. Other organisations SANS Institute A cooperative research and educational organization SANS Internet Storm Center Web site that provides current information on the location and intensity of computer attacks Microsoft Security Research Group Privately sponsored site that offers free information about computer security issues Slide 5-55
- 56. Homework Read on Firewall Digital signatures Digital certificates Slide 5-56