Economic.assignment

Assignment on
Micro-credit and Poverty Reduction
Course Title: Economics
Course Code: ECO 314
Submitted By:
ID: 142-15-3677
ID: 142-15-3677
ID: 142-15-3677
ID: 142-15-3677
ID: 142-15-3677
ID: 142-15-3677
Section: B
Submitted To
Munmun Shabnam Bipasha
Senior Lecturer
Department of Business &
Engineering

Micro-credit and Poverty Reduction
Introduction:
Micro-credit refers to programs that are poverty focused and that provide financial
and business services to very poorpersons for generation of self-employment and
income. Credit is a powerful instrument to fight poverty. The role of micro-credit
in reducing poverty is now well recognized all over the world. It is no longer the
subject matter of micro-credit practitioners alone. Governments, donors,
development agencies, banks, universities, consultants, philanthropists and others
have increasing interest in it.
With the advent of Grameen Bank and other such programs micro-credit obtained
a new identity, a new meaning and a place in development literature. It is no more
a mere concept. It is now a worldwide movement. The total outreach of
Microcredit
Programs (MCP) as compiled by the Micro-credit Summit (MCS) is 54.9
million clients including 26.8 million very poorwhen they started with the
program. According to a guess estimate of Muhammad Yunus, however, the
number of poorestclients families reached by MCPs would be at least 35 million
by the end of 2002. This includes those who have not been reported by the MCS.
Credit creates opportunities for self-employment rather than waiting for
employment to be created. It liberates both poorand women from the clutches of
poverty. It brings the poorinto the income stream. Given the access to credit
under an appropriate institutional structure and arrangement, one can do whatever
one does bestand earn money for it. One can overcome poverty. One can become
the architect of one–s destiny and the agent of change not only for one–s family but
also for the society.
Microcredi:
Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished
borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit
history. It is designed not only to supportentrepreneurship and alleviate poverty,
but also in many cases to empower women and uplift entire communities by

extension. In many communities, women lack the highly stable employment
histories that traditional lenders tend to require. Many are illiterate, and therefore
unable to complete paperwork required to get conventional loans. As of 2009 an
estimated 74 million men and women held microloans that totalled US$38 billion.
Grameen Bank reports that repayment success rates are between 95 and 98 percent.
Microcredit is part of microfinance, which provides a wider range of financial
services, especially savings accounts, to the poor. Modern microcredit is generally
considered to have originated with the Grameen Bank founded in Bangladesh in
1983.[4] Many traditional banks subsequently introduced microcredit despite
initial misgivings. The United Nations declared 2005 the International Year of
Microcredit. As of 2012, microcredit is widely used in developing countries and is
presented as having "enormous potential as a tool for poverty alleviation.
Poverty :
Poverty is a global issue. Despite changes in development paradigms in the last
half of the 20th century, the promise to bring wellbeing to all human being
remained unfulfilled. As it stands, more than 100 million children of primary
schoolage have never stepped inside a class room, about 29000 children die each
day from largely preventable malnutrition and disease and more than 1.2 billion
people in the world are struggling to survive - at the margins of human existence “
on under a dollar a day.
Poverty is a problem for all the countries irrespective of their level of
development. It can be observed in many forms. It has both income and nonincome
dimensions. It may be a lack of income or resources, a lack of coping
capacity, a lack of basic human capabilities, a lack of institutional defenses or in
extreme cases a lack of all of these. In a wider sense, it may be a combination of
economic, social and political deprivations.
In consideration of poverty line, people in each country can broadly be divided
into 2 categories namely poorand non-poor. The non-poorare living above and
the poorare living below the poverty line. The poormay be divided into destitute
(bottom 10 percent below the poverty line), extreme poor(those in the bottom10
to 50 percentile of households below the poverty line), and moderate poor(the top
50 percent of households living below the poverty line). A further category of
vulnerable non-poor may also be recognized who may slip into category of poor

anytime.
Poverty and Women:
Poverty has a woman–s face. There are more women then men who suffer from
abject poverty. They live in severe deprivation and despair. In fact, hunger and
poverty are more female issues than male issues. According to an estimate, of
about 1.2 billion people in absolute poverty in the world, the majority are women.
Traditionally they have to manage the family with virtually nothing to manage
with. If any one has to go hungry in the family, it is usually the mother. In the
words of Muhammad Yunus, ”Mother has to go through the traumatic experience
of not being able to feed her children during the days of famine and scarcity„.
Despite progress in some areas like life expectancy, education, fertility rates,
maternal mortality rates etc. in different countries, women still face many barriers
to economic, social and political opportunities. In many countries, women are
facing continuing legal discrimination. They are not treated as equal to men
whether in property rights, rights of inheritance, laws related to marriage and
divorce, or the rights to acquire nationality, manage property or seek
employment.
For many women, life is shadowed by a threat of violence “ both physical and
psychological. For all these reasons, credit is much more significant
for women than men. With credit, poorwomen turn out to be better fighters. They
have immense potential to move up. They are hard working. They are concerned
about their human dignity, and about the future of their children. They are ready to
make personal sacrifices to increase benefits to their family and for building a
brighter future for their children. They do not like to see their children suffer form
poverty as they have suffered through out their own lives. Once they have access
to credit they are better equipped to maneuver the forces around them to their best
advantage. They try their best to earn more, to build and expand their capital base
and improve their quality of life. They are empowered. They are able to enjoy
their human right which is definitely a difficult and challenging task but which is
achievable.

Poverty and Micro-credit:
There is an on going debate whether credit alone or credit plus is needed for
poverty reduction. There are views that credit alone on its own is inadequate to
fight poverty. The need for other services is also important in this respect. Such
views, although, do not negate the role of credit, fail to appreciate the role of credit
on its own merit.
Nobodysays that credit alone is cure for all. Most of the practitioners believe that
credit plays a vital role as an instrument of intervention for a poorperson to
discover her potential and to stride for better living. Muhammad Yunus advocates
that Credit is a human right. Once this right is established, the entitlement to other
rights for leading a dignified life becomes easier. It empowers to break the vicious
cycle of poverty by instantaneously creating self-employment and generating
income. When in the ultimate analysis nothing can be said to be panacea, by
overemphasising that micro-credit is not a panacea is in a sense overreacting and
underestimating the role of credit as an instrument to combatpoverty. Micro-credit
is itself a very powerful tool. But if it is combined with others, it is definitely more
empowering.
How micro-credit can reduce poverty may better be understood by understanding
conceptually the mechanisms by which financial services can affect the lives of
the poor. It is important to consider the fulfillment of basic needs (food, clothing,
shelter, health, education and psychological well-being), the means to achieve
welfare at present and in the future, social networks and empowerment and
vulnerability to risk.
It is known that poorpeople live in a high risk and vulnerable conditions. Their
ability to take advantage of opportunities that will lead to increasing their income
or economic status, to protectthemselves against risks of crises, and to copewith
these when they occuris very important. Reduction of poverty is partly a process
of increasing income and economic stability which enables fulfillment of basic
needs and access to different kinds of services. This may also be understood in the
form of developing a range of assets that will reduce the vulnerability of the poor
to physical, economic and social shocks. Theseassets may be defined as financial
(income size, regularity and security, savings, loans or gifts), human (skills and
knowledge, ability to work, good health, self-esteem, bargaining power, autonomy
and controlover decisions), physical (housing, land, productive and nonproductive
possessions etc.)and social (networks, group and centre membership,

trust based relationship, freedom from violence and wider access to society and
social institutions.
Poverty reduction may also be considered from both short term and long term
perspectives. In the short term it can be understood with reference to individual
borrowers, their households and also the society at large. Different studies
conducted in Bangladesh and elsewhere show that there is positive correlation
between micro-credit programs and their accrued benefits in terms of employment,
income generation and promotion of social indicators.
Micro-credit Impact:
A recent study concluded by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and
the World Bank in Bangladesh provides a strong indication that Micro-credit do
help the poorin consumption smoothing as well as in asset building. The study
also suggests that micro-finance programs promote investment in human capital
like schooling. It raises awareness to reproductive health and increases both
individual and household welfare.
While the short run impact of micro-credit has been widely acknowledged, the
questions are raised about its long run and aggregate impacts. Is it sustainable
overtime? Given the high incidence of poverty in countries like Bangladesh where
micro-credit programs are widespread and successful, critics argue that this
reflects the limitations of micro-credit as an instrument for poverty reduction. The
question, however, remains whether high incidence of poverty is a result of failure
of micro-credit movement or it is an outcome of a low economic growth rate. It
may be argued if significant poverty reduction is mainly a function of sustained
high economic growth, what is then the net over all contribution of micro-credit
movement? These and so many other questions may be raised in connection with
impacts and effectiveness of micro-credit programs but the fact remains that it
helps the poorparticipants to overcome their poverty and also benefits the
nonparticipants because of its externality at the micro level.
If one considers the benefits of micro-credit programs enjoyed by different
categories of poorone gets mixed feelings. The ongoing debate whether
microcredit programs benefit the extreme poordeserves critical evaluation. While
many argue that the extreme poorget little benefit from it as they are mostly
excluded, a recent World Bank study in Bangladesh has come with encouraging

results. It reconfirms that micro-finance matters a lot for the very poorborrowers
and also for the local economy. It helps reduce extreme poverty more than
moderate poverty.
Many MCPs ignore their commitment to the bottompooron the grounds that
sustainability cannot be attained by providing financial services to the extreme
poor. They forget that sustainability is a directional goal. The immediate
nonnegotiable goal is to reach the poorestand enable them to lift themselves out of
poverty, which is the ultimate goal. One should not run for attaining sustainability
overnight at the costof those who are very poor. Evidences also show that serving
the poorestand at the same time attaining sustainability are not contradictory
goals. It needs appropriate planning. For a well designed program it is a matter of
time. Though it has a waiting time it is highly rewarding.
In order to meet the clients needs and satisfaction, it is important that MCPs
should have considered appropriate productdevelopment that will serve different
needs of clients and enables them to improve the quality of their lives. Given the
assumption that at the entry point all clients should come from the poorest, the
need for developing different products fordifferent levels of borrowers (1st , 2nd,
3rd time loanees and so on) is also important. Once this, as well as, appropriate
mechanism for credit delivery and recovery are in place, it will not only reduce
individual and aggregate poverty (may not be very significant) but will also help
create a strong foundation for sustainable operation of MCPs.
How micro-credit programs impact the lives of the poor, can be learnt from the
impact studies of Grameen Bank (GB), its partners and others who are poverty
focused.
Grameen Bank :
Grameen Bank, the pioneering institution in the field of poverty finance is now
serving 2.6 million borrowers with 95% as women. All it clients at the time of
their first loans were among the poorest. Given the access to credit, they have an
enabling environment to strive for better life to cross poverty line and to continue
to improve. The Grameen Generalised System (Grameen Bank II) provided them
more options and flexibility. It is tailor-made and tension free. It takes care of
many dimensions of poverty reduction. Its impact on the lives of its borrowers
may be examined from the economic, social and political points of views.

Economic Effects :
Grameen has been widely researched and recognized for making a difference in
the lives of its members. Studies show that the borrowers of Grameen Bank are
steadily moving out of poverty. One such study shows that it is at the rate of 5% a
year. According to another study based on a household survey in an area where
Grameen has been operating for more than a decade, about 50% of the Grameen
households have crossed the poverty line. Another 25% were about to cross it and
the rest was struggling mainly because of health reasons.
A study examining the economic effects of Grameen on the life of its borrowers,
compared the situations before and after, with and without Grameen. It
considered the effects of Grameen operation on capital accumulation,
employment, income and poverty alleviation. The study found that without any
capital base at the beginning, the Grameen borrowers started accumulating capital
as they joined Grameen which has not been possible by others. Grameen loan is
required to be paid back in small installments as per agreement. The borrowers
pay the installment from generated income, leaving the original capital intact.
Their capital baseusually increases in large amounts as they go for subsequent
loans that enable them to go for medium and long-term investments.
The study also found that 31 percent of the borrowers reported themselves as
unemployed before joining Grameen. Grameen created new employment for them
and especially for the female members who were earning nothing before. The
effect of Grameen loans on reducing unemployment is impressive. The borrowers
were found less underemployed than before. More than 91 percent of the
borrowers in the survey area reported that Grameen had made a positive
contribution to their standard of living. The bank has been able to lift a significant
proportion of its borrowers and their household members out of poverty. A World
Bank study found that profits from Grameen-financed businesses were increasing
borrowers– consumption by 18% per year, and that the percentage of Grameen
borrowers living in extreme poverty was reduced by 70% within 4.2 years of
joining. According to a recent survey conducted byGrameen Bank the cumulative
percentage of borrowers who have crossed the poverty line until 2002 is over 46%.
Such findings of the above mentioned studies are corroborated by many other
studies conducted in different areas and at different points of time.
Grameen is contributing directly and indirectly to the gross domestic productof

Bangladesh. During the period 1994-1996, its net contribution to GDP as a
percentage of total GDP in current prices has been more than one percent.
Grameen borrowers have been found to improve their conditions in terms of
housing and clothing too. They can afford more and warm clothes during winter
seasons. Till the end of April 2003, they have built 566333 houses with housing
loans from Grameen.Women are the owners of 95% of these houses. They hold
the title for the land of these houses. This was unthinkable for them before they
joined Grameen.
Coping Capacity:
If an increasing capacity to copewith calamities is considered to be an indicator of
improving poverty situation, the experiences of micro-credit programs show that
micro-credit members are in better positions to copewith such situations. During
two and a half months of devastating floods that hit Bangladesh in 1998, it was
found that Grameen borrowers were relatively less vulnerable and more capable to
deal with the situation both during and after the flood. They had their savings,
institutional back-up and peer support. They were able to go for rehabilitation
immediately after the floodwater receded.
Grameen, as a provider of micro-credit, had a key role in ensuring not only the
survival of its borrowers and their family members during flood but also during
their rehabilitation after it. The crisis management capacity of Grameen borrowers
was found to be higher than others.
In fact, the severe flood provided botha challenge and an opportunity for the
micro-credit program in Bangladesh. The challenge was to recover from the losses
caused by the flood and to bring the poorback onto the path of sustainable
development. The opportunity was to consolidate and improve upon the existing
modalities in order to bring the most affected families within the fold of the MCP
and to have more impact on the socio-economic condition of the poor. Grameen
and other MCPs could do more under such disastrous situations if they had access
to more funds. Such funds are needed to replenish their cash flow which gets
depleted due to withdrawal of savings by members, fresh loans to old borrowers,
new loans to new borrowers and non-recovery of loans from flood affected
borrowers.

Savings:
Saving has always been an integral part of the Grameen program. It is designed to
address productionand other risks as well as market imperfections. If saving is a
function of income, a balance of $ 135 million savings by Grameen borrowers is
definitely an indication of their increased income and capacity building.
Social Effects:
The poorhave little access to education, health, sanitation and other social
services. They are socially condemned, rejected and powerless. In the case of poor
women the situation is more deplorable. In many societies including Bangladesh,
women are generally confined to their homes. They are not supposed to be seen by
other than their family members. Their sphere of work is largely restricted.
Under these circumstances, Grameen provides them a forum, a network where
they are organized into groups and federated into centers. They becomedecision
makers, leaders and a social force. They become group and center leaders and also
members of the Board of Directors of Grameen Bank, which they own. In the
Board of Directors they are nine out of twelve members in total. The Grameen
borrowers go for implementation of social development programs under the "16
Decisions" that they have taken. The Grameen borrowers who became village
phone ladies by leasing cellular phones for providing village pay phone (VPP)
services to the neighborhood do not only earn more, but also enjoy a gracious
social status. These women have brought the world closer for themselves as well
as for their communities.
Grameen women have becomemobile. They are exposed to the outside world and
are active participants in social networking and commercialisation process by
attending center meetings, workshops, interacting with national and international
dignitaries, producing, selling and buying products.
Grameen borrowers become more conscious about their family size and family
welfare and are determined to improve their quality of life. Studies show that
infant mortality among Grameen families has decreased by 34%, and the adoption
of family planning among them is double the national average for Bangladesh. In
terms of education, Grameen borrowers– families are also ahead of others. In

Grameen families, all school-age children are going to school. After the
introduction of the Higher Education Loan (HEL) there are no case of children
being deprived access to higher education due to financial constraints.
Whatever indicators suchas respectfrom neighbors and spouses, self-esteem,
selfconfidence,
self-expression, ability to protestsocial injustice, capacity to solve
social issues are applied to measure changes in social conditions of poorwomen,
Grameen borrowers are found better off than others. The process is continuing and
progress is visible. This has all been possible because of their access to credit.
Political Participation:
Poverty alleviation does not only mean meeting basic food and non-food
requirements but also exercising political rights and enjoying political freedom.
Freedom of speech, choice, human rights, casting and seeking votes for public
office and other posts are some of the indicators by which it may be measured
whether the poororganized under Grameen have a better understanding of their
political rights and obligations.
Although it is a modest beginning, it is significant to note that Grameen borrowers
and their household members are taking part in larger numbers as voters and
candidates in local and central government elections. They are encouraged to
discuss their rights at their center meetings before elections and to take decision to
vote for candidates who according to their judgement will advocate for and serve
their cause.
Many Grameen members contested and were elected during the local government
elections held in 1997 and 2003. According to reports, in the 2003 local
government elections 6759 Grameen members contested for the postof chairman
and members of whom 4179 candidates got elected as members. The percentage
of Grameen members in the local Govt. bodies is more than 8%.
Grameen Partners :
Grameen partners worldwide believe in the great power of micro-credit. They are
not only interested in providing credit but also in visible and measurable changes

that are taking place in the lives of the poorbecause of credit. Many of the
partners have developed their own impact assessment indicators. They conduct
case studies. Some of them have made internal evaluation studies of their program
and some of them have been exposed to external studies. The studies reveal and
reaffirm the fact that poverty is reduced with micro-credit as the input.
An evaluation study of Integrated Development Foundation (IDF) which is
working with the poorestwomen in Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong City in
Bangladesh states that 35% of its borrowers have already crossed the poverty line.
A practioner-led impact assessment of Activist for social Alternatives (ASA)
which is working in Tamil Nadu, India reveals that its micro-finance services-as a
combination of credit, savings and insurance products have provided its clients
economic empowerment in terms of increased income, economic security and risk
management mechanisms.
An external study conducted to assess the impact of Society for Helping
Awakening Rural Poorthrough Education (SHARE) which is operating in Andhra
Pradesh, India states that three out of four (76.8%) of its mature clients have
experienced significant reduction in their poverty over the pastfour years. Half of
these are no longer poor. The study also states that nearly four out of ten (38.4%)
have moved from being very poorinto moderate poverty, while exactly the same
proportion have come right out of poverty.
An impact study of Center for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD),
Philippines also reconfirms that the problem of poverty can be successfully
addressed with micro-finance. According to an estimate 75% of the poor
households served by CARD have already crossed the poverty line.
Estimates are also available for many other partners. To mention a few, Lift
Above Poverty (LAPO), Nigeria reported that 60% of the poorhouseholds served
by it have already crossed the poverty line. The percentage of poorhouseholds
crossing the poverty line is also 60% as reported by Mitra Karya East Java
(MKEJ) which is providing financial services to the pooresthouseholds in East
Java, Indonesia.
Given the above findings and the experiences of Grameen Trust worldwide, it can
be concluded that the role of micro-credit as a tool for poverty reduction is now
widely established and recognised. How far its power can be successfully utilised
to build a poverty free world will depend on measures that can be taken to create

an enabling enverionment to increase its outreach. The more outreach and the
more credit for the poorwill mean more reduction in poverty -not only of the
economic, but also the other kinds.
Conclusion :
Poverty reduction is undoubtedly a doable proposition. It can be significantly and
rapidly reduced with Grameen type micro-credit programs provided:
1. required funds are available to the nascent micro-credit industry at
reasonable costs,
2. a professionally, competent and motivated staff is engaged in performing
the operational tasks,
3. the communication or knowledge gap between donors and practitioners is
minimised.
4. the gap between words and deeds, assurances and actions, is narrowed
down and
an enabling environment is created by removing the obstacles that stand in the
way of growth of micro-credit industry.
References:
1.P2P lending vs microcredit
2.Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc. (2009-12-01). "MicroBanking Bulletin
Issue #19, December, 2009, pp. 49". Microfinance Information Exchange, Inc.
3.Grammen Bank report
4. a b c d e f g h i Bateman, Milford (2010). Why Doesn't Microfinance Work?.
Zed Books.
5.Jason Cons and Kasia Paprockiof the Goldin Institute, "The Limits of
Microcredit—A Bangladeshi Case", Food First Backgrounder (Institute for Food
and Development Policy), Winter 2008, volume 14, number 4.
6. Gina Neff:Microcredit, microresults The Left Business Observer #74, October
1996

7.Banerjee, Abhijit; Esther Duflo; Rachel Glennester; Cynthia Kinnan. "The
miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation". Retrieved 17
April 2012.
8.Aidan Hollis (University of Calgary); Arthur Sweetman (University of Victoria)
(March 1997). "Complementarity, Competition and Institutional Development:
The Irish Loan Funds through Three Centuries" (PDF). Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
9.Spooner, Lysander (1846). "Poverty: Its illegal causes and legal cure.". Boston.
Retrieved 30 January 2012.
10. Deutscher Raiffeisenverband:The Raiffeisen organization: Beginnings, tasks,
current developments, March 2011
11.Jump up to: a b c d Drake, Deborah (2002). The Commercialization of
Microfinance. Kumarian.
12. a b c d e f Armendariz, Beatriz (2005). The Economics of Microfinance.
Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
13. Nobel Prize.org:The Nobel Peace Prize 2006:Muhammad Yunus, Grameen
Bank, retrieved on 13 February 2012
14 .http://www.zawadisha.org/explore.html
15.Microfinance - Healthy Clients http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/pro-mujer-why-
microfinance-institutions-should-offer-healthcare-services-too
16.University of Michigan, Urban and Regional Planning Economic Development
Handbook: Microcredit strategies for assisting neighborhood businesses, 22 March
2005, retrieved on 13 February 2012
17. "Bank of America Issues Grants for Microloans". Wall Street Journal. October
6, 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
18.http://www.accion.org/our-impact/us-network
19.Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, The Creditworthiness of the Poor:A
Model of the Grameen Bank, April 2010

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