Effect of grafting cucumber onto some rootstocks for controlling root knot nematodes

Minufiya J. Agric. Res. Vol.39 No. 3: 1109-1129 (2014) "http://www.mujar.net"
1109
GRAFTING CUCUMBER ONTO SOME ROOTSTOCKS FOR
CONTROLLING ROOT- KNOT NEMATODES
A. A. S. A. El-Eslamboly(1)
and A. A. A. Deabes(2)
(1)
Protected Cultivation Dept., Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture, Research Center,
Egypt
(2)
Fungicides, Bactericides and Nematicides Dept., Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab., ARC,
Egypt
(Received: Apr. 16, 2014)
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted during the seasons of 2011 and 2012 at a Private
Farm in infested area with root-knot nematodes M. incognita in El-Katta village, Giza, Egypt.
Using eleven grafting treatments in addition to non grafting cucumber (control) in a randomized
complete blocks design experiment with three replicates. Cucumber Lama hybrid was grafted
onto rootstocks namely i.e., Bottle gourd, Calabash gourd, Emphasis (Lagenaria siceraria), the
Cucurbita rootstocks pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), fig leaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché),
the interspicific hybrids rootstocks Shintosa, Ercole Nun 6001, Ferro RZ F1, Super Shintosa
(Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata), Balsam pear Momordica charantia and Horned
cucumber )Cucumis metuliferus( by using tongue approach grafting method.
The obtained results showed that, all rootstocks showed high compatibility with cucumber. All
grafting treatments had a significant increment in yield and vegetative growth compared with the
control. Horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus ) rootstocks only can be considered as
resistant rootstocks, nevertheless, this rootstock gave lower yield when compared with the other
studied rootstocks. Other rootstocks under study may be considered tolerant to nematodes.
Lagenaria rootstocks had a significant increment in plant length, internodes length, mean fruit
weight and total yield but gave less marketable yield than interspicific hybrids Super Shintosa
rootstock in the first season. In both seasons, Lagenaria rootstocks led to a shortage of dry
matter and the content of total soluble solids and decreasing the number of branches and early
yield compared with other rootstocks. All interspicific hybrids (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita
moschata) gave a significant increment in vegetative growth, marketable yield and fruit
characteristics especially Super Shintosa followed by Ercole Nun 6001. Cucurbita moschata
may be arranged in moderate level for tolerance to nematode and compatibility with cucumber
and their effect on vegetative growth, yield and fruit characteristics. Momordica charantia gave
lower survival rate compared with all rootstocks under study. Grafting cucumber Lama hybrid
had lower values in most vegetative growth and yield characteristics.
The grafted cucumber onto fig leaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) rootstock showed a
significant increment in most characteristics such as vegetative growth, early and total yield, fruit
characteristics as compared with nongrafted cucumber (control).
Key words: Cucumber, Grafting, Rootstocks, Nematode, Resistant, Tolerant, Yield, Fruit
Quality.
INTRODUCTION
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an
important vegetable crop, it's highly
susceptible to root-knot nematodes
(Fernández, et al. 1998). Root-knot
nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. cause high
levels of economic loss in a multitude of
agricultural crops worldwide (Sigüenza et
al., 2005). Root-knot is predominantly
caused by four Meloidogyne species i.e M.
incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, and M.
hapla (Fassuliotis, 1982). Resistant
cucumber cultivars are not available. Root-
knot nematodes is the most economically
cucumber disease which causes an average
annual yield loss of about 11 % (St. Amand
and Wehner, 1991).
Grafting is an easier and faster approach
than plant breeding to take advantage of
both existing resistant plants, especially wild

El-Eslamboly and Deabes
1110
cultivars, and high-bred cultivars (Khah et al
2011). Grafting of resistant rootstocks to
susceptible scions has been used for
management of root-knot nematodes on
annual crops.
Grafting is an alternative technique often
recommended for the cucumber crop in root-
knot nematodes infested areas (Wilcken, et
al., 2010). Grafting on resistant rootstock is
an often recommended technique for
cucumber culture in areas infested with root-
knot nematodes (Salata, et al., 2012). In
China ZhenDe, et al (2012) found that,
grafting cucumber on rootstock had
significant effects on controlling southern
root-knot nematode, with 67.8%-79.7%
effect higher in spring and 12.7%-44.7%
effect higher in autumn.
Rootstocks of Cucurbita maxima×
Cucurbita moschata have become the most
used hybrids for several watermelon, melon
and cucumber cultivars, because of their
properties related to the resistance or high
tolerance to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, F.
oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Phomopsis sp., M.
cannonballus, Verticillium dahliae, MNSV
and Nematodes (Tello and Camacho, 2010).
Bur cucumber and the African horned
cucumber have the best nematode tolerance
using for cucurbit grafting (Lee and Oda,
2003). Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L.)
grafted on C. moschata reduced Root-knot
nematodes (M. incognita race 3) galling
incidence but did not limit final nematode
populations in the soil, whereas Cucumis
metuliferus rootstocks offered similar
benefits and reduced nematode levels
observed at harvest. The later rootstock
allowed egg production and was therefore
considered moderately resistant (Sigüenza
et al., 2005). Bur cucumber is also effective
for RKN management in cucumber and
offers resistance to fusarium wilt but is
susceptible to damping off (Sakata et al.,
2008).
In Asia, Europe and the Middle East,
bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and hybrid
squash (Cucurbita moschata x C. maxima)
were widely used as rootstocks in
watermelon production due to their
resistance to fusarium wilt (Cohen et al.,
2007). However, the fusarium-wilt resistant
rootstocks were highly susceptible to M.
incognita (Thies et al., 2010).
Despite the presence of nematodes of
the genus Meloidogyne in the soil, the yield
of plants grafted onto ‘Shintoza’ was the
same in fumigated and non-fumigated soils
This agrees with the results of Miguel and
Maroto (1996), who reported higher yields of
the ‘Queen’ cultivar grafted onto ‘Shintoza’
and grown in nematode-infested soils than
for non-grafted plants grown in fumigated
soils.
Granges and Leger (1996) showed that
when susceptible tomato were grafted on to
rootstocks having resistance to species of
Meloidogyne and various root pathogens,
yield increased 50 and 30% at the beginning
and end of harvest when compared with the
non-grafted plants, respectively.
Grafting susceptible melons on C.
metuliferus rootstocks also reduced levels of
root galling, prevented shoot weight losses,
and resulted in significantly lower nematode
levels at harvest. Thus, C. metuliferus may
be used as a rootstock for melon to prevent
both growth reduction and a strong
nematode buildup in M. incognita-infested
soil (Sigüenza et al 2005).
The aim of the present study is to
evaluate eleven commercial and local
rootstocks to resistance to (M. incognita)
nematodes and these rootstocks
compatibility with cucumber (scion) under
natural infection conditions in infested soil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out during
the two seasons of 2011 and 2012 at highly
nematode infested Farm at El-Katta, Giza,
Egypt to evaluate the compatibility of some
commercial and local rootstocks with
cucumber (scion), also for screening and
determining the resistant or tolerant
rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (M.
incognita ) under natural infection condition
in infested soil. The nematode initial
population was 99400 second stage
juveniles/250gm soil.

Grafting cucumber onto some rootstocks for controlling root- knot…………
1111
Plant materials
a. Cucumber hybrid
Cucumber, Lama hybrid from Seminis
seed company was used as a scion.
b. Eleven commercial and local rootstocks
were also used in this study (Table a).
Nursery of scions and rootstocks
Cucumber Lama hybrid was grafted on to
these eleven rootstocks by tongue approach
method. Cucumber seeds (scions) were
sown in the nursery greenhouse at
Experimental Farm of Kaha, Kalubia
Governorate on 28
th
of February in 2011, in
the first season and 9
th
of March in 2012 in
the second season. After five days from
seed sowing of the cucumber scions, the
seeds of different rootstock i.e, Bottle gourd,
Calabash gourd, Emphasis (Lagenaria
siceraria) and the Cucurbita rootstocks
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), Fig leaf
gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) and the
interspicific rootstocks Shintosa, Ercole Nun
6001, Ferro RZ F1 and Super Shintosa
(Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata)
were sown in speedling trays with 84 cells
filled with a mixture of peat-moss and
vermiculite at the ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Three
hundred grams of ammonium sulphate, 400
g calcium superphosphate, 150 g potassium
sulphate, 50 ml. nutrient solution and 50 gm
of a fungicide were added for each 50 kg of
the peat-moss. After seven days, all
seedlings of rootstocks and cucumber
(scions) were transformed onto plastic pots
of 8 cm diameter, filled with the same
previously culture mixture (one seedling of
the rootstocks with one seedling of
cucumber (scions) in the same pot). While
the Bitter melon Balsam pear (Momordica
charantia) and Horned cucumber (Cucumis
metuliferus ) rootstocks were sown at the
same time with the cucumber seeds. The
grafting was performed in all rootstocks and
cucumber (scions) when the stem diameter
reached about 4mm. Before grafting, the
scions and rootstocks were irradiated by the
sunlight for 2-3 days and the soil was kept
dry to avoid spindly growth as recorded by
Oda (1999).
The tongue approach grafting
The tongue approach grafting method
which is called approach graft (TAG), is
relatively simple and is the oldest grafting
style. This method is preferred by
inexperienced growers because of its high
success rate, and low care requirement.
This method originated in the Netherlands
(Ishibashi, 1965), and is now widespread in
Japan, Spain, France, and Italy (Lee and
Oda, 2003). It is easy to use, has a high
success rate, and the grafted seedlings
have a uniform growth rate (Davis et al
2008).
Table a : The commercial and local rootstocks used in this study.
Rootstocks Source
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), PI 534556 01 SD USDA gene bank
Calabash gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) Local variety
Emphasis hybrid (Lagenaria siceraria) Syngenta Seed Company
Fig leaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) PI 512680 02 SD USDA gene bank
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) PI 525174 01 SD USDA gene bank
Shintosa F1 hybrid (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) Sakata Seed Company
Ercole F1 hybrid (C. maxima × C,moschata) Nun 6001F1 Nunhems Seed Company
Ferro RZ F1 hybrid (C. maxima × C. moschata) Rijk Zwaan Seed Company
Super Shintosa F1 hybrid (C. maxima × C. moschata) G.S.I. Seed Company
Bitter melon (Balsam pear) Momordica charantia Local variety
Horned cucumber Cucumis metuliferus PI 482454 USDA gene bank

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Grafting steps
The scions and rootstocks should be
approximately the same diameter in the
TAG method. Therefore, the cucumber
seeds were planted seven days before the
rootstock seeds. At the first true leaf stage,
the cut was made by using a sharp blade, in
both stems of the cucumber and rootstocks.
The rootstock was cut through the hypocotyl
at a 35◦ to 45◦ angle. The scions were cut
from bottom to the top, while the rootstocks
were cut from top to bottom. This is usually
the case after the rootstock has fully
developed cotyledons and the scion has
cotyledons and the first true leaf. Each slit
was like a tongue, and were fitted together
and sealed with an aluminum wrap and
grafting clips to allow healing to take place .
Healing was begun after five days and
the rootstock stem was removed. Ten days
after grafting the cucumber root was cut.
The metal strips were remained on the plant
once the plant has healed, while the grafting
clips were removed 15–20 days after
grafting .
Grafted seedlings were removed after
grafting immediately into shaded plastic low
tunnel for healing and hardening. A
polyethylene sheet was laid on the floor of
low tunnels and covered with a shallow layer
of water. Grafted seedlings were placed
above speedling trays which placed on
bricks to support the plants above the water
layer. The plastic tunnel was closed to
achieve a temperature 25-32 ºC and (>85%
RH) humidity. Four to five days after
grafting, the hardening process began by
peeling away the top layer of shade net. The
water was drained out of the floor pan.
Meanwhile, the plastic covered was
gradually removed for four to five days.
Grafted plants were moved out of the
tunnel and placed into a screen house,
twelve days after grafting until ready for
transplanting. The plants were stayed in the
screen house for seven to eight days after
removing the scion roots for further
development and hardening. The entire
process took 30 to 35 days from
transplanting.
Grafted cucumber seedlings were
transplanted in April 13th, 2011 and 22
nd
of
April, 2012 for the first and the second
seasons, respectively. Grafted plants were
transplanted in rows 10 meter in length and
1.2 meter in width. The space between
plants was 0.5m. at a density of 7000 plants
per feddan. Each single treatment contained
20 plants in one row.
The graft union of grafted seedlings was
kept above the soil line, to avoid
development of adventitious roots from the
scion that penetrate the soil and cause
disease bypassing of resistant rootstock that
may lead to infection and death of the entire
plant. The conventional agricultural practices
i.e., irrigation, fertilization, and weeding and
pest control followed standard commercial
practices, were done as recommended by
the Ministry of the Agriculture in Egypt, for
cucumber production. Plots were first
harvested after 35 days from transplanting
then every two days interval. Fruits were
graded, counted and weight. Fruits (of about
12-15 cm in length) having a regular shape
were classified as marketable fruits, while
the diseased and malformed fruits were
considered as unmarketable. At the end of
each season, the following data were
calculated.
Meloidogyne incognita, Nematodes
After 75 days from planting, three plants
from each plot were uprooted from the field
carefully and washed. The root system of
each plant was submerged in a 15%
solution of McCormick’s red food color
(Thies et al., 2002) for 15 to 20 min to stain
the egg masses. The root system was
carefully rinsed under running tap water and
evaluated for number of galls and egg mass
production. Then approximately, the total
root weight was recorded and root-knot
nematode eggs were extracted from the root
sample using 1.0% (NaOCl) sodium
hypochlorite solution (Hussey and Barker,
1973). The average number of eggs per ten
egg masses was counted using a
stereomicroscope. The initial number of
nematode’s population density in the
infested field was estimated by modified

1113
sieving and Bearman’s plats technique
(Viglierchio and Schmitt, 1983). The root
systems were carefully washed under
running tap water.
Root gall index for M. incognita was
estimated by counting the gall or egg-
masses on the root system, and calculated
according to the scale given by Taylor and
Sasser (1978) as follows: 0= no galls or egg-
masses, 1=1-2 galls or egg- masses, 2=3-10
galls or egg-masses, 3=11-30 galls or egg-
masses, 4=31-100 galls or egg-masses, 5=
more than 100 galls and egg-masses.
Category of host was measured by gall
index (G.I.) and egg-mass index (E.I.)
according to Hadisoeganda and Sasser
(1982) as follows: (G.I.) or (E.I.) range of
0.0-1.0= highly resistant (HR), 1.1-3.0= very
resistant (VR), 3.1-3.5= moderately resistant
(MR), 3.6-4.0= slightly resistant (SR) and
4.1-5= susceptible (S).
Studied characteristics
1. Survival rates:
Survival rates were measured after 12
days from the grafting by counting the
survive seedlings and divided on the total
number of the grafted seedlings.
The following data were recorded during
growth period until the end of harvesting.
2. Vegetative growth characteristics
Vegetative growth characters, were
recorded after 75 days from transplanting of
three plants randomly chosen from each plot
as follows
a. Plant length (cm)
b. Average internodes length (cm)
c. Leaf area (cm
2
): It was expressed as the
mean leaf area in cm
2
using the fresh
weight method. The leaves were cleaned
from dust and then weight to nearest
0.001 g. Therefore 20 disks of known
area were separated as weight.
cm
2
=
×20×area of disk
Where, the area of a disk is about 1.0 cm
d. Number of leaves per plant
e. Stem diameter (cm)
f. Number of branches/plant
g. Plant fresh weight (g)
h. Plant dry weight (g): It was measured as
the weight of the same plants used for
plant fresh weight after being dried out in
an oven with driven hot air at 70
°
C until a
constant weight.
i. Plant dry matter percentage: It was
measured by this equation
Plant dry weight(g)
Plant dry matter% = 100
Plant fresh weight(g)

3. Yield and its components
a. Total weight of fruits /plant
b. Total number of fruits/plant
c. Early yield (ton/feddan)
d. Early yield (number/feddan)
e. Total yield (ton/feddan)
f. Total number of fruits/feddan
g. Marketable yield
h. Percentage of decreasing yield
4. Fruit characteristics
a. Fruit length (cm)
b. Fruit diameter (cm)
c. Fruit shape index: It was calculated by
dividing fruit length on fruit diameter.
d. Average fruit weight (g)
e. Total soluble solids (T.S.S. %): They
were measured in fruit juice by using a
hand refractometer. Five fruits were
taken at random from each treatment for
this test. This was estimated according to
the methods of A.O.A.C. (1975).
f. Fruit dry matter %: It was determined by
allowing 100 g of fruit fresh weight to dry
in an oven at 70°C till a constant weight.
g. Determination of leaf pigments: Green
color reading: It was determined by using
a SPAD 501 leaf chlorophyll meter (for
using the greenness measurements) for
fully expanded leaves (the fifth leaf from
the shoots growing tip without destroying
them) (Yadava, 1986).
Experimental design and
statistical analysis
The experiment was layout as
randomized complete blocks design with
three replications. Data were statistically
analyzed using analyses of variance by the
technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA)

1114
with the Stat soft statistical package
(MSTATC) software program (Michigan
State University,. East Lansing, MI, USA).
Probabilities of significance among
treatments and means were compared with
least significant difference L.S.D. (P≤0.05)
were used to compare means within and
among treatments according to Gomez and
Gomez (1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Survival rates
Data in Table (1) indicate that Momordica
charantia had lower values of survival rate
which were (77.38 and 79.76%) in the first
and the second seasons respectively.
These results may be due to the partial
incompatibility with cucumber. The highest
survival rate was obtained when cucumber
plants were grafted onto Super Shintosa
followed by grafted cucumber on both
Calabash gourd, Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché,
Shintosa, Ercole Nun 6001 and Ferro RZ
F1, in the first season while, in the second
season Calabash gourd, Emphasis,
Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, Shintosa, Ercole
Nun 6001, Ferro RZ F1 and Super Shintosa
gave the same values (95.24%).
Grafted cucumber on horned cucumber
(Cucumis metuliferus) had (92.86 and
94.05%) in the first and the second seasons
respectively. The Bottle gourd rootstock
gave 94.05% in both seasons. While
(Cucurbita moschata) gave (92.86 and
94.05%) in the first and the second seasons
respectively. These results agree with that of
Al-Debei et al., (2012) who found that,
cucumber cultivar Zezia grafted on
Strongtosa, Shintosa supreme and
Tetsukabuto by tongue approach or by top
grafting (hole-insertion) methods had 100%
survival rate as compared to non-grafted
plants. On the other hand, graft success rate
was 100% from plants grafted on Shintosa
supreme and Strongtosa whereas, it was
76.66% for plants grafted on Tetsukabuto
once top-grafting method was used.
Table 1. Effect of grafting cucumber Lama hybrid onto eleven rootstocks on survival rate
percentage of seedlings, in 2011 and 2013 seasons.
Treatments
2011 2012
Number of
grafted plant
No. of
survive
Survival
%
Number of
grafted plant
No. of
survive
Survival
%
Control 84 82 97.62 84 82 97.62
Lagenaria
Bottle gourd 84 79 94.05 84 79 94.05
Calabash gourd 84 80 95.24 84 80 95.24
Emphasis 84 79 94.05 84 80 95.24
Cucurbita
Moschata 84 78 92.86 84 79 94.05
Ficifolia Bouché 84 80 95.24 84 80 95.24
Shintosa 84 80 95.24 84 80 95.24
Ercole Nun 6001 84 80 95.24 84 80 95.24
Ferro RZ F1 84 80 95.24 84 80 95.24
Super Shintosa 84 81 96.43 84 80 95.24
Momordica charantia 84 65 77.38 84 67 79.76
Cucumis metuliferus 84 78 92.86 84 79 94.05

1115
Data in Table (2) indicate that, there were
significant increment in plant vigor of grafted
plants compared to ungrafted (control) of the
cucumber Lama hybrid under the nematode
infested soil in both seasons. This was
shown in plant length (cm), stem diameter,
mean internodes length (cm), leaf area (cm
2
)
and number of branches and leaves per
plant. Grafting cucumber on Lagenaria
rootstocks (Emphasis, Bottle and Calabash
gourd) gave a significant increment in plant
length and internodes length, in both
seasons. While grafting cucumber on
interspecific hybrid rootstocks (Cucurbita
maxima Cucurbita moschata) rootstocks
such as Shintosa, Super Shintosa, Ercole
and Ferro RZ F1 gave a significant
increment in stem diameter, leaf area,
number of branches and leaves number
followed by grafting on Cucurbita pepo,
Cucurbita Ficifolia Bouché, followed by
Cucumis metuliferus and Momordica
charantia, in both seasons.
Cultivation grafting cucumber in an
infested field with nematode showed good
vegetative growth compared with ungrafted
plants. This agrees with that of Salam et al.
(2002) in watermelon, they reported that,
both length of vine and number of lateral
branches produced in the grafted plants
were higher than those of the ungrafts.
Differential hormone synthesis (cytokinins,
abscisic acid, ethylene, gibberellins, auxins)
controlled by root systems could lead to
variations in growth and root to shoot ratios
(Zijlstra et al., 1994).
Zhang et al (2006) found that, the values
of plant height, leaf area, number of leaves,
stem diameter and number of nodes were
intermediate in cucumber plants grafted on
bur cucumber compared with those grafted
on black seed pumpkin and self-rooted
plants. They added that cold resistance and
photosynthetic rate as well as yield,
fusarium wilt resistance and root-knot
nematode resistance were highest in plants
grafted on bur cucumber.
Data in Table (3) indicate that, in infested
soil with root knot nematode (Meloidogyne
spp), grafting cucumber on all rootstocks
had a significant increment in both fresh and
dry weights compared with the control plants
in both seasons. The dry matter percentage
had a significant decrease when grafting
cucumber on Lagenaria rootstocks (Bottle
gourd, Calabash gourd and Emphasis)
compared with control plants, at the same
time the cucumber plants grafted on
interspecific hybrid rootstocks (Shintosa,
Ercole Nun 6001, RZ and Super Shintosa)
gave a significant increment in dry matter
percentage when compared with the control
in the first season. While in the second
season, no significant differences were
obtained from grafting cucumber on
interspecific hybrids (Shintosa, Ercole Nun
6001, RZ and Super Shintosa), and on
Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita ficifolia,
Momordica charantia and Cucumis
metuliferus compared with control. Grafting
cucumber on pumpkin, fig leaf gourd
(Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché) balsam pear
(Momordica charantia) and Cucumis
metuliferus did not have any significant
differences compared with ungrafted
cucumber, in the first season.
In the second season, grafting cucumber
on Lagenaria rootstocks gave a significant
decrease in dry matter percentage when
compared with grafting cucumber on other
rootstocks and control plants. These results
agree with that of Huang et al. (2009), they
showed that reduction of cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.) shoot dry weight can
be alleviated by grafting onto bottle gourd
rootstock i.e, ‘Chaofeng 8848 (L. siceraria
Standl). Grafted cucumber Zezia cultivar on
two rootstocks Strongtosa, Shintosa
supreme resulted in more vigorous
cucumber plants. For instance, the total dry
weight of vegetative parts was 112-123%
higher than non-grafted plants in the first
season and 131-152% in the second season
(Al-Debei et al., 2012).
Data in the same table illustrate that, the
total chlorophyll content as (SPAD value)
showed significant differences between
grafted and ungrafted cucumber, in both
seasons. Grafting cucumber on interspecific
hybrid rootstocks showed highest values, in
both seasons followed by the cucumber
plants which were grafted on Momordica
charantia and Cucumis metuliferus followed

1116

1117
Table 3. Effect of grafting cucumber Lama hybrid on eleven rootstocks on plant fresh and
dry weights and dry matter percentage under infested soil with root knot
nematodes, in 2011 and 2012 seasons.
Treatments
2011 2012
Plant (gm) Dry
matter
%
Spad
Index
Plant (gm) Dry
matter
%
Spad
indexFresh Dry Fresh Dry
Control 546.0 56.11 10.28 34.81 556. 7 56.60 10.18 37.48
Lagenaria
Bottle gourd 814.0 78.37 9.63 45.98 820. 3 77.12 9.40 45.14
Calabash gourd 818.0 78.25 9.56 46.35 831. 3 80.08 9.63 44.66
Emphasis 829.7 80.35 9.69 46.31 827. 3 78.87 9.53 45.86
Cucurbita
Moschata 873.7 89.60 10.26 49.57 860. 7 85.00 9.88 48.95
Ficifolia Bouché 930.0 97.23 10.45 51.27 902. 7 91.13 10.10 52.18
Shintosa 986.0 107.13 10.86 54.52 919. 7 93.07 10.12 54.28
Ercole Nun 6001 983.0 108.33 11.02 52.48 946.0 95.98 10.15 53.96
RZ 1005.3 110.47 10.98 54.03 955.7 96.67 10.11 54.00
Super Shintosa 1015.3 114.30 11.25 53.77 976.0 100.37 10.28 54.23
Momordica charantia 817.0 80.70 9.87 50.47 798.0 79.53 9.97 49.34
Cucumis metuliferus 818.7 82.73 10.11 49.92 816.3 82.57 10.10 49.35
LSD at t 0.05 32.55 6.59 0.45 2.82 32.36 3.42 0.23 2.99
by the grafted cucumber on Lagenaria
rootstocks, while the control plants had the
lowest values, in the first and the second
seasons. SPAD values have been shown to
have a strong correlation with leaf
chlorophyll content (Yadava, 1986).
FengMing et al. (2002) studied the effect
of grafting of some species of watermelon
on three different rootstocks. The results
showed that there was no difference in the
chlorophyll content. Huang et al. (2009 and
2010) showed that reduction of cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.) shoot dry weight can
be alleviated by grafting onto bottle gourd
rootstock ‘Chaofeng 8848 (L. siceraria
Standl.).
Results in Table (4) show that there were
significant differences between the grafted
and ungrafted plants in early, total yield as a
weight and number of fruits per plant or per
feddan as well as marketable yield. The fruit
yield was significantly higher in the grafted
plants than the ungrafted plants. Early yield
from all grafting treatments showed a
significant earliness compared with the
control plants which gave 0.23 and 0.26
kilogram per plant in the first and the second
seasons respectively. Grafting cucumber on
Lagenaria rootstocks (Bottle and Calabash
gourd or Emphasis) gave a significant
increment in total yield as weight and
marketable yield.
Unmarketable yield when grafting
cucumber on Lagenaria rootstocks
significantly increased compared to all
grafted cucumber on other rootstocks and
control. The number of fruits per plant or per
feddan yielded from grafting cucumber on
Lagenaria rootstocks (Bottle gourd,
Calabash gourd and Emphasis) showed
lower values compared with cucumber
grafted on other rootstocks, Cucurbita
moschata, Cucurbita ficifolia rootstocks and
all interspecific hybrids (Cucurbita
maxima Cucurbita moschata), Momordica

1118

1119

1120
charantia and Cucumis metuliferus. These
results may be due to the effect of Lagenaria
rootstocks on vegetative growth as these
rootstocks gave a lower number of branches
than all other rootstocks but gave a highest
value on plant length. The increase in total
yield when using Lagenaria rootstocks may
be due to the increase in fruit weight; length
and diameter as a result of grafting on
Lagenaria rootstocks (Bottle gourd,
Calabash gourd and Emphasis). Grafting
cucumber on interspecific hybrid rootstocks
(Shintosa, Ercole Nun 6001, RZ and Super
Shintosa) gave significant increment on yield
characters except the total yield as a weight.
The lowest percentage of unmarketable
yield was produced from cucumber plants
which grafted on the interspecific hybrid
rootstocks (Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita
moschata), specially by grafting cucumber
on RZ and super shintosa it gave (4.44 and
4.57) in the first season and (4.1 and 4.0) in
the second season respectively. These
results agree with that of Al-Debei et al.
(2012) who found that when grafted
cucumber cultivar Zezia on (Strongtosa,
Shintosa supreme and Tetsukabuto) by
tongue approach or by top grafting (hole-
insertion) methods, grafting cucumber on
two rootstocks resulted in more vigorous
cucumber plants.
For instance, the total dry weight of
vegetative parts was 112-123% higher than
non-grafted plants in the first season and
131-152% in the second season. The more
vigorous growth resulted in higher
marketable yield ranging from 37% to 134%
of that of non-grafted plants. In addition,
both rootstocks showed a significant
increase in fruit yield when compared to
plants grafted on the Tetsukabuto rootstock.
However, Tetsukabuto rootstock showed a
higher marketable yield which ranged from
22% to 85% than that of non-grafted plants.
All plants were severely infested with
nematodes with no significant differences in
galling index, even though Strongtosa had
the lowest galling index and showed
enhanced resistance against the root knot
nematode. Therefore, it is recommended to
use Strongtosa and Shintosa supreme as
rootstocks for 'Zezia' cucumber that
improves plant vigor and yield, which confer
tolerance to root knot nematode.
The obtained results are in agreement
with those of some researchers.
In Turkey, Özarslandan et al. (2011)
found that all bottle gourds genotypes were
susceptible to root-knot nematodes.
Watermelon plants which grafted onto bottle
gourd rootstocks showed better plant growth
performance and produced higher yield than
ungrafted watermelon plants in field
contaminated with root-knot nematodes. It
was concluded that bottle gourd rootstocks
were not directly resistant to nematodes but
they can tolerate nematodes with their rapid
growth, at low soil temperature nematodes
are multiplication is reduced.
Cansev and Ozgur, (2010) reported that,
in general, the yield and growth of non-
grafted plants were significantly reduced,
compared with grafted plants. Earliness and
total yield were increased in grafted
cucumber cultivars (by 53-120% and 87-
209%, respectively, in cv. Marathon F1 and
by 20-100% and 54-154%, respectively, in
cv. Assos F1), compared with control plants.
Likewise, plant-growth and development
parameters were improved in grafted plants,
compared with controls. These results
suggest that grafted plants prevent the
reduction in cucumber yield caused by
continuous cropping due to soil-borne
pathogens. Grafting on resistant rootstock is
a technique often recommended for
cucumber crop in root-knot nematodes
infested areas. Higher fruit yield was
obtained in cucumber grafted on 'Shelper',
for both nematode species, while cucumber
grafted on 'Excitte Ikki' did not differ from
non grafted plants for total fruit weight. Both
nematode species reduced fruit yield, which
was more evident when M. javanica was
inoculated. Grafted and non grafted plants
were susceptible, because they enabled the
multiplication of nematodes, with a
reproduction factor, at 72 days after
inoculation, ranging from 3.57 to 15.04, with
the highest value in cucumber nongrafted
inoculated with M. javanica (Salata, et al.,
2012). The highest numbers of early yield

1121
were produced from the cucumber plants
grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks
while the lowest value of early yield was
produced from control. In this respect
(Walters and Wehner, 1997) reported that,
root knot nematodes are a major problem of
cucumber production in north Carolina, as
well as in other southern states.
Meloidogyne spp. can cause yield losses of
over 30% in various vegetable crops
(Netscher and Sikora, 1990).
Zhang, et al. (2006) found that cucumber
plants grafted on bur cucumber rootstock
(Sicyos angulatus) showed earlier first
female flowering and first harvesting date
than those grafted on black seed pumpkin
rootstock (Cucurbita ficifolia) and self-rooted
plants. Higher fruit yield was obtained in
cucumber grafted on squash hybrid Shelper,
for both nematode species, while cucumber
grafted on squash hybrid Excitte Ikki did not
differ from non grafted plants for total fruit
weight (Salata, et al., 2012).
In China ZhenDe, et al. (2012) reported
that generally speaking, cucumber grafted
with 'Xindongli' and 'Huangzhen No.3'
rootstocks has higher yield, better quality
and good control effect of southern root-knot
nematode. In Georgia, RKN significantly
reduced fruit yield of ‘Cooperstown’
seedless watermelon grown in non-treated
soil beds compared to that grown in methyl
bromide treated soil beds (Davis, 2007).
Root knot nematodes can cause substantial
damage to cucurbits. All cucurbits are
susceptible to root knot nematodes.
Damage is typically greatest in warm
regions with light, sandy soils. Nematode-
infested plants may have reduced growth,
lower yield and fruit quality, and tend to wilt
earlier under moisture stress. Meloidogyne
spp. can cause yield losses of over 30% in
various vegetable crops (Netscher and
Sikora, 1990). This agrees with the results of
Miguel and Maroto (1996) who reported
higher yields of the watermelon hybrid
‘Queen’ cultivar grafted onto ‘Shintoza’
rootstocks and grown in nematode-infested
soils than for non-grafted plants grown in
fumigated soils. The main advantages of
‘Shintoza’ as a rootstock have been reported
by Lee and Oda (2003).
Data in Table (5) indicate that, in infested
soil, grafting cucumber on Lagenaria
rootstocks had the highest values of mean
fruit weight , fruit length and fruit diameter,
while the lowest values were detected with
ungrafting (control) followed by grafting
cucumber hybrid on Cucumis metuliferus
and Momordica charantia rootstocks. Data
in the same table indicate that there were
significant differences between different
grafting treatments and control in average
fruit weight, length and diameter, total
soluble solids and fruit dry matter
percentage, while, no significant differences
were detected in fruit shape index between
the grafting treatments on other rootstocks
and the nongrafted cucumber (control). That
significant difference in fruit weight, length
and diameter showed insignificant
differences between all treatments in fruit
shape index in both seasons. Grafting
cucumber on Bottle gourd, Calabash gourd
and Emphasis had a significant decrease in
total soluble solids (TSS) which had (3.33,
3.53 and 3.47) in the first season and (3.17,
3.30 and 3.17) in the second season,
respectively. Similar results were detected in
fruit dry matter percentage by grafting on
Lagenaria rootstocks, in both seasons.
Grafting cucumber on all rootstocks under
study expect the Lagenaria rootstocks had
great fruit dry matter percentage when
compared with the control plants, while
Lagenaria rootstocks gave the lowest value
in fruit dry matter percentage compared with
other rootstocks and the control. The use of
rootstocks could increase the fruit yield of
cucumber (Zhu et al., 2008), and our
previous studies suggested that grafting
(rootstock) has no significant effect on fruit
dry matter and soluble sugar content of
cucumber under unstressed conditions
(Zhong and Bie, 2007). Both nematode
species (Meloidogyne javanica or M.
incognita race 2) reduced fruit yield, which
was more evident when M. javanica was
inoculated. Grafted and non grafted plants
were susceptible, because they enabled the
multiplication of nematodes, with a
reproduction factor, at 72 days after
inoculation, ranging from 3.57 to 15.04, with
the highest value in cucumber nongrafted
inoculated with M. javanica (Salata, et. al.,
2012).

1122

1123
Grafted watermelon plants flowered
about 10 days earlier and showed more
vigorous vegetative growth than the control
plants. Grafted plants had up to 148%
higher fresh weights than control plants.
Similarly, grafted plants showed 42–180%
higher dry weight, 58–100% more leaves
and larger leaf area as compared with the
control. In total yield, Lagenaria type
rootstocks produced a higher yield. While
control plants gave a
lower yield, Lagenaria type rootstocks
produced 27–106% higher yield than the
control (Yetisir and Sari 2003).
Data in Table (6) indicate that, all
rootstocks except Cucumis metuliferus were
susceptible to root-knot nematodes, (M.
incognita) that were obvious in nematode
characters under study such as numbers of
galls, egg-masses and eggs per root system
and gall index or egg masses index that
were detected in both seasons. Where, it
was very resistant and highly resistant in the
first season and very resistant in the second
one according to gall index and egg masses
index parameters, respectively. Generally,
data show that, grafting can improve
tolerance to root-knot nematodes, it has
been demonstrated that many common
rootstocks (both Lagenaria gourds,
Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita ficifolia
interspecific Cucurbita hybrids and
Momordica charatia) are completely
susceptible, but provide tolerance by having
an extensive root system as recorded by
(Giannakou and Karpouzas, 2003). Such
tolerance should be used with caution since
these rootstocks may allow a buildup of
nematodes that could potentially infect
succeeding crops. However, there is
evidence that some rootstocks have genetic
resistance that can be utilized to improve
rootstock nematode resistance (Davis, et al.,
2008).
Grafting susceptible melons on C.
metuliferus rootstocks also reduced levels of
root galling, prevented shoot weight losses,
and resulted in significantly lower nematode
levels at harvest. Thus, C. metuliferus may
be used as a rootstock for melon to prevent
both growth reduction and a strong
nematode build-up in M. incognita- infesting
soil (Sigüenza et al., 2005).
The African horned cucumber is highly
resistant to root-knot nematodes. Norton and
Granberry (1980) reported that C. metuliferus
was highly resistant to the root-knot
nematodes (M. incognita, M. arenaria, and M.
javanica). Wehner et al. (1991) found that, C.
sativus‘Sumter’ was more susceptible than C.
metuliferus to M. incognita, M. arenaria, and
M. javanica. Other Cucumis species, including
C. anguria L., C.ficifolius A. Rich., C. longipes
Hook., and C. heptadactylus Naud,. are
resistant to Meloidgyne spp. (Fassuliotis,
1967). Resistance to root-knot nematodes
was found in C. metuliferus, but attempts to
incorporate this resistance into C. melo have
not been successful (Granberry and Norton
1980). Cucumis metuliferus and hybrids of
C. melo and C. metuliferus have proven to
be good candidates for root-knot nematode
resistant rootstocks suitable for grafting onto
commercial muskmelon cultivars (Sigũenza
et al., 2005). Attempts to incorporate this
nematode resistance into C. melo using
traditional plant breeding approaches have
not been successful (Chen and Adelberg,
2000). Kokalis-Burelle and Rosskopf (2011)
recorded that, in muskmelon trials, only C.
metuliferus rootstock reduced galling in
nematode infested soil. Under cold stress
conditions in 2009, inoculation with
nematodes negatively impacted almost all
growth and disease parameters measured,
increasing disease and reducing plant
growth. Tetsukabuto (Cucurbita maxima ×
C. moschata) did not reduce numbers of
second stage juveniles of M. incognita either
soil or roots in either year of the study, and
should not be considered as a good
rootstock for fields infested with M.
incognita. C. metuliferus provided a higher
level of resistance to nematode population
development and galling than the other
tested rootstocks. Finding alternative
rootstocks for nematode control is an
important area of research and burr and
African horned cucumbers (Cucumis
metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin) are
considered promising (Igarashi et al., 1987).
Grafting reduced nematode gall formation in
cucumber (Giannakou and Karpouzas,

1124
2003), watermelon (Miguel et al., 2004), and
melon fields (Sigüenza et al., 2005). In some
cases, the rootstocks appear to provide
tolerance by providing extensive root area
and vigor (Miguel et al., 2004), but some
rootstocks have genetic resistance that is
exhibited in the grafted plants (Sigüenza et
al., 2005).
Rootstocks of C. maxima × C. moschata
have become the most used hybrids for
several watermelon, melon and cucumber
cultivars, because of their properties related
to the resistance or high tolerance to F.
oxysporum f. sp. melonis, F. oxysporum f.
sp. niveum, Phomopsis sp., M.
cannonballus, Verticillium dahliae, MNSV
and Nematodes (Tello and Camacho, 2010).
Cucumis metuliferus is highly resistant to M.
hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica and M.
arenaria, but the development of hybrids
with Cucumis spp has failed. Resistance to
M. incognita and M. arenaria was identified
in Cucumis anguria and others wild
cucurbits (Galatti, et al., 2013).
The mechanism of resistance in Cucumis
metuliferus PI 482454 to root-knot nematode
may be due to reducing the development
into later stage (J3s and J4s) of nematode
life cycle, whereas in C. metuliferus PI
482454, high numbers of J2s for all root-
knot nematodes were observed with few
developing into later stages (J3s or J4s).
The reasons for the reduced detection of J3
or J4 stages could be J2 death or emigration
from roots. Although giant cells develop after
root-knot nematode penetration in resistant
C. metuliferus roots, resistance is most likely
associated with feeding site development as
the giant cells in resistant roots tended to be
elongated in shape. These sites probably
result in abnormal nematode development
as these parasites depend on the nutrient
supply from fully developed giant cells to
complete their life cycle (Walters et al.,
2006).
Conclusion
From the mentioned results it can be
concluded that:
1. Grafting is a good method for reducing
the great losses causes by soil born
disease especially root knot nematode
in cucumber.
2. For managing root knot nematode, it is
necessary for this aim, to select the wild
material followed by evaluating it and
breeding the immunity, resistant or
tolerant rootstocks
3. There is no resistant varieties for
nematodes and fumigation by methyl
bromide and different nematicides are
expensive, change the soil environment
and unfriendly with sustainable
agriculture in addition to the dangerous
effects on the environment, animal and
human. So grafting is one of the best
methods to control diseases.
4. Eleven evaluated rootstocks showed
different degrees of tolerant to
nematodes, some of these rootstocks
are local varieties.
5. Horned cucumber Cucumis metuliferus
was highly resistant for nematode than
other rootstocks under study and it
must be used as a rootstock with highly
infested soil for reducing the number of
initial population, whereas C.
metuliferus reduced the life cycle
development however it gave a lower
yield compared with the other
rootstocks under study.
6. Grafted cucumber gave higher,
vegetative growth, early yield, total
yield, and marketable yield than
ungrafted plants.
7. The studies recommend grafting
cucumber that will be grown in highly
infested soils with root knot nematode
(M. incognita) soil.
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resistance against Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood and
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Root-knot Nematodes. CAB International.
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Ricàrdez-Salinas, M., M.V. Huitr n-Ramírez,
J.C. Tello-Marquinac and F. Camacho-
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Salam, M. A., A. S. M. H. Masum, S. S.
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Salata, A. C., E. V. Bertolini, F. O. Magro,
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Effect of grafting on cucumber production
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1128
‫تطعيم‬‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫نيماتودا‬ ‫لمكافحة‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫على‬ ‫الخيار‬
‫أ‬‫الوهاب‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫سيد‬ ‫الهادي‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫حمد‬‫االسالمبولي‬(1)
،‫أ‬‫دعبس‬ ‫احمد‬ ‫المحسن‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫حمد‬(2)
(1)
‫معدلة‬ ‫جوية‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫الخضر‬ ‫انتاج‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫قسم‬-‫البساتين‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫معهد‬-‫اعية‬‫ر‬‫الز‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫مركز‬
(2)
‫النيماتودية‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫البكتي‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫الفط‬ ‫المبيدات‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫قسم‬-‫للمبيدات‬ ‫ي‬‫المركز‬ ‫المعمل‬-‫اعية‬‫ر‬‫الز‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫مركز‬
‫الم‬‫ل‬‫العربي‬ ‫خص‬
‫الخيا‬( ‫ر‬Cucumis sativus L‫الخيار‬ .‫مصر‬ ‫في‬ ‫ع‬‫تزر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الهامة‬ ‫الخضر‬ ‫محاصيل‬ ‫من‬ ‫احد‬‫و‬ ‫هو‬ )‫حساس‬
‫ب‬ ‫لالصابة‬ ‫جدا‬( ‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫نيماتودا‬ .‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫نيماتودا‬Meloidogyne spp.‫عالية‬ ‫اقتصادية‬ ‫خسائر‬ ‫تسبب‬ )
‫أضر‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ .‫العالم‬ ‫أنحاء‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫اعية‬‫ر‬‫الز‬ ‫المحاصيل‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫في‬‫ال‬ ،‫الخيار‬ ‫نباتات‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بالغة‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫مقاوم‬ ‫خيار‬ ‫اصناف‬ ‫يوجد‬‫نيماتودا‬ ‫على‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫للسيط‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫المبتك‬‫و‬ ‫الفعالة‬ ‫التقنيات‬ ‫من‬ ‫احد‬‫و‬ ‫التطعيم‬ .‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫لنيماتودا‬ ‫ة‬
‫الخضر‬ ‫تطعيم‬ .‫عالية‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫تجا‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اض‬‫ر‬‫االم‬‫و‬ ‫للنيماتودا‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫اصول‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المطعومة‬ ‫النباتات‬ .‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬
‫مقاومة‬ ‫اصول‬ ‫على‬‫عائل‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫أو‬‫للنيماتودا‬ ‫مفضل‬‫المرضية‬ ‫المسببات‬‫و‬‫الناجم‬ ‫الضرر‬ ‫من‬ ‫تحد‬‫عن‬‫اض‬‫ر‬‫األم‬
‫تقييم‬ ‫الي‬ ‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫هدفت‬ ‫ولذلك‬ .‫للغاية‬ ‫فعالة‬ ‫وسيلة‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تنتقل‬ ‫التي‬11‫للمقاومة‬ ‫اثي‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫تركيب‬
‫الموسمين‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫يت‬‫ر‬‫أج‬ .‫الخيار‬ ‫مع‬ ‫افق‬‫و‬‫الت‬‫و‬ ‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫لنيماتودا‬2011‫و‬2012‫خاصة‬ ‫عة‬‫مزر‬ ‫في‬
‫بني‬ ‫موبؤة‬ ‫بمنطقة‬‫باالضافة‬ ‫تطعيم‬ ‫معاملة‬ ‫عشر‬ ‫أحدي‬ .‫مصر‬ ،‫ة‬‫ز‬‫الجي‬ ‫بمحافظة‬ ‫القطا‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫ماتودا‬
‫هجين‬ ‫تطعيم‬ ‫تم‬ .‫ات‬‫ر‬‫مكر‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫في‬ ‫ائية‬‫و‬‫العش‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫في‬ )‫مطعوم‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫(الخيار‬ ‫الكنترول‬ ‫الى‬
‫على‬ ‫الما‬ ‫الخيار‬‫اصول‬ ‫ثالثة‬( ‫اليقطين‬ ‫من‬Lagenaria siceraria‫وهي‬ )Bottle gourd‫و‬Calabash
gourd‫الهجين‬ ‫و‬Emphasis‫و‬( ‫العسلي‬ ‫ع‬‫القر‬Cucurbita moschata‫الفسيفوليا‬ ‫و‬ )Cucurbita ficifolia
Bouché)( ‫النوعية‬ ‫الهجن‬ ‫من‬ ‫بعة‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ،)Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫شينتو‬ ‫وهي‬ )
‫إركولي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫شينتو‬ ‫سوبر‬6001‫فيرو‬ ‫و‬RZ F1( ‫ى‬‫الكمثر‬ ‫بلسم‬ ‫و‬Momordica charantia‫يقي‬‫ر‬‫االف‬ ‫الخيار‬‫و‬ )
(Cucumis metuliferus).‫اللساني‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫يقة‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫باستخدام‬
‫التطعيم‬ ‫معامالت‬ ‫كل‬ .‫الخيار‬ ‫مع‬ ‫افق‬‫و‬‫الت‬ ‫من‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫أظهرت‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أظهرت‬
‫الخيا‬ ‫اصل‬ .‫الكنترول‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫بالمقا‬ ‫المحصول‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫الخضر‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كبي‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫اعطت‬‫يقي‬‫ر‬‫االف‬ ‫ر‬(Cucumis
metuliferus)‫نة‬‫ر‬‫مقا‬ ‫اقل‬ ‫محصول‬ ‫االصل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫علي‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫أعطى‬ ،‫ذلك‬ ‫مع‬ ,‫للنيماتودا‬ ‫مقاوما‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫اعتبا‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫فقط‬
.‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫لنيماتودا‬ ‫متحملة‬ ‫اصول‬ ‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫اعتبار‬ ‫ويمكن‬ .‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫مع‬
‫اصول‬ ‫علي‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫ادي‬Lagenaria‫ز‬ ‫الي‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الثم‬ ‫ووزن‬ ‫السالميات‬ ‫طول‬ ‫و‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫طول‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كبي‬ ‫يادة‬
‫االصول‬ ‫علي‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫التسويقي‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫اقل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫التسويقي‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫المحصول‬
‫النوعي‬ ‫للهجين‬ ‫التابعة‬Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata‫كال‬ ‫في‬ .‫األول‬ ‫الموسم‬ ‫في‬ )
‫ع‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫أدى‬ ‫الموسمين‬‫اصول‬ ‫لي‬Lagenaria‫الكلية‬ ‫الذائبة‬ ‫الصلبة‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫الم‬ ‫ومحتوى‬ ‫الجافة‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫إلى‬
‫النوعية‬ ‫الهجن‬ ‫علي‬ ‫التطعيم‬ ‫أعطى‬ .‫ة‬‫ر‬‫المختب‬ ‫ى‬‫االخر‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫مقا‬ ‫المبكر‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬‫الفرو‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫و‬

1129
‫التسويقي‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثمار‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫وصفات‬ ‫المحصول‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫الخضر‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كبي‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬‫المطعوم‬ ‫الخيار‬ ‫باالخص‬
‫إركولي‬ ‫االصل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المطعوم‬ ‫ويليها‬ ‫ا‬‫ز‬‫شينتو‬ ‫سوبر‬ ‫اصل‬ ‫علي‬6001.
‫العسلي‬ ‫ع‬‫القر‬Cucurbita moschata‫الجذور‬ ‫تعقد‬ ‫لنيماتودا‬ ‫التحمل‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫اعتبا‬ ‫يمكن‬‫مع‬ ‫افق‬‫و‬‫الت‬ ‫وكذا‬
‫أعطى‬ . ‫للثمار‬ ‫الجودة‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫و‬ ‫المحصول‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫الخضر‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫على‬ ‫ها‬‫تأثير‬ ‫ناحية‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫الخيار‬‫اصل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫التطعيم‬
‫بدون‬ ‫الما‬ ‫الخيار‬ ‫هجين‬ ‫الكنترول‬ ‫اعطي‬ . ‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬ ‫قيد‬ ‫االصول‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫بالمقا‬ ‫البقاء‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫في‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫البلسم‬
‫الثمار‬ ‫وخصائص‬ ‫انتاجية‬‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫خضر‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫في‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫تطعيم‬.
‫الفسيفوليا‬ ‫اصل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المطعوم‬ ‫الخيار‬ ‫اعطي‬Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché)‫صفات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫كبي‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ )
.)‫المطعوم(الكنترول‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الخيار‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫بالمقا‬ ‫الثمار‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫و‬ ‫المبكر‬ ‫المحصول‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫الخضر‬ ‫النمو‬

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